S C Breeding Crops to Reduce Pesticide Dependence Raoul A. Robi.nson Errata for Return to Resistance Errata for Return to Resistance By Raoul A. Robinson By Raoul A. Robinson TWO KINDS TWO KINDS Chapter 1 OF GENETICS Chapter 1 OF GENETICS Biometricians \etricians Mendelian/ Mendelian/ TWO KINDS This is the correct version of Chapter 2 TWO KINDS This is the correct version of OF BREEDING Chapter 2 OF BREEDING the diagrams on pages 48, 56, the diagrams on pages 48, 56, Population 62, 66. *These terms were inad- Population 62, 66. *These terms were inad- Pedigree/ breeding breeding vertently reversed. Pedigree \ vertently reversed. breeding breeding TWO KINDS KINDS Chapter 3 Chapter 3 TWO OF RES STANCE OF RESISTANCE \ Horizontal Horizontal Vertical/ resistance \ Vertical \ resistance resistance \\\ resistance \\\ TWO KINDS TWO KINDS Chapter 4 4 OF INFECTION Chapter OF INFECTION \ Auto-infection Auto-infection Allo-infection/ Allo-infection/ TWO KINDS Chapter 5 TWO KINDS OF INTERACTION Chapter 5 OF INTERACTION Matching Matching Non-matching \ interaction Non-matching interaction interaction \ interaction TWO KINDS TWO KINDS Chapter 6 Chapter 6 OF EPIDEMIC OF EPIDEMIC \tinuous Continuous Continuous Discontinuous epidemics Discontinuous epidemics epidemics 1 epidemics 1 TWO KINDS TWO KINDS Chapter 7 Chapter 7 OF POPULATION OF POPULATION Genetic *Genetic *Genetic/ \ uniformity / \ uniformity diversity diversity TWO KINDS Chapter 8 TWO KINDS OF FLEXIBILITY Chapter 8 OF FLEXIBILITY *Genetic *Genetic/ inflexibility *Genetic inflexibility flexibility \ flexibility \ TWO KINDS Chapter 9 Chapter 9 OF DAMAGE OF"" DAMAGE """"' Injury Frequency \ Frequency/ \ _ TWO KINDS KINDS Chapter 10 Chapter 10 TWO OF PATHOSYSTEM OF PATHOSYSTEM / *Crop p *Wild p thosystem *wildpath pathosystem pathosystem pathosystem Return to Resistance Breeding Crops to Reduce Pesticide Dependence Raoul A. Robinso agAccess Davis, California in association with International Development Research Centre Ottawa 1996 Copyright © 1996 by Raoul A. Robinson All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written consent of the publisher. Published in the United States of America by agAccess, 603 Fourth St., Davis CA 95616 and Published in Canada by the International Development Research Centre P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9 agAccess is an agricultural and horticultural publishing company dedicated to enhancing sustainable food production through the worldwide publication and distribution of high quality, practical information. We publish scientific, technical and popular books, and welcome proposals for new publications. For more information and a free catalog, please contact us. agAccess, 603 Fourth St., Davis, CA 95616 Phone: (916) 756-7177 FAX: (916) 756-7188 ISBN 0-932857-17-5 (agAccess) ISBN 0-88936-774-4 (IDRC) Canadian Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Robinson, R.A. Return to resistance : breeding crops to reduce pesticide dependence. Ottawa, ON, IDRC ; Davis, CA, agAccess, 1995. 500p. /Plant breeding/, /plant genetics/, /disease resistance/, /pest control/ - / Green Revolution/, /crops/, /parasites/, /farmers' associations/, /case studies/, / evaluation/, references. UDC: 631.52 A microfiche edition is available. Cover design by DelRae Roth Book design by Timothy Rice Printed in the United States of America This book is dedicated to Luigi Chiarappa and Roberto Garcia Espinosa Contents Acknowledgments ................................ viii Introduction ...................................... ix Part One: Explanations 1. Genetics: Biometricians and Mendelians ............... 3 2. Plant Breeding: Pedigree Breeding and Population Crossing ............................ 11 3. Resistance: Vertical and Horizontal .................. 19 4. Infection: Allo-Infection and Auto-Infection ........... 27 5. Host-Parasite Interaction: Matching and Non-Matching ........................ 33 6. Epidemics: Discontinuous and Continuous ............ 39 7. Populations: Genetically Uniform and Genetically Diverse ............................ 49 8. Response to Selection Pressure: Genetic Flexibility and Inflexibility ................... 57 9. Damage: Frequency and Injury ...................... 63 10. Pathosystems: Wild Plants and Crops ................ 67 11. The Disadvantages of Vertical Resistance ............. 75 12. Horizontal Resistance Compared ................... 83 13. The Erosion of Horizontal Resistance ................ 95 14. Three Sources of Error ........................... 101 15. The Disadvantages of Crop Protection Chemicals ..... 113 16. So How Did Things Get So Out of Hand? ............ 119 17. Cultivar Cartels ................................. 123 Part Two: Examples 18. A Short History of Potato Parasites ................. 133 Introduction 133. Potato Blight 135. Forty Years of Blight Damage 140. Bordeaux Mixture 142. Forty Years of Bordeaux Mixture 145. Forty Years of Scientific Potato Breeding 147. Sex in the Blight Fungus 148. Tuber-Borne Diseases of Potato 151. Potato Breeding in Mexico 154. Potato Breeding in Scotland 158. Colorado Beetle 158. 19. Why Did the Green Revolution Run Out of Steam? ...161 Dwarf Varieties 163. International Research Centres 165. Secondary Problems in the Green Revolution 167. No New Green Revolutions 169. Genetic Conservation 171. 20. Maize in Tropical Africa .......................... 173 175 Lesson l: The bankruptcy of the pedigree breeders' resistance Lesson 2: The vindication of the biometricians 176 Lesson 3: The erosion of horizontal resistance 177 Lesson 4: Genetic flexibility 178 Lesson 5: Population breeding 179 Lesson 6: The nature of the resistance 180 Lesson 7: Transgressive segregation 181 Lesson 8: On-site selection 182 Lesson 9: No source of resistance 183 Lesson 10: Selection pressures 184 Lesson 1 1: The number of screening generations 185 Lesson 12: The holistic approach 185 Lesson 13: Parasite interference 188 Lesson 14: Size of the screening population 188 Lesson 15: The range of levels of horizontal resistance 189 Lesson 16: Comprehensive horizontal resistance 191 Lesson 17: Selection pressures for other qualities 191 Lesson 18: Seed screening 192 Lesson 19: Demonstration of horizontal resistance 193 Lesson 20: Measurement of horizontal resistance 194 Lesson 21: Maize streak virus 194 Lesson 22: Hybrid maize 197 Lesson 23: Other things we did not learn from the maize in Africa 199 21. The Loss of Resistance in Coffee ................... 201 The Origins of Coffee 201. The World Distribution of Coffee 206. Coffee Berry Disease 211. Genetic Conservation 217. Vertical Resistance in an Evergreen Perennial 219. 22. Sugarcane ......................................223 A Very Ancient Crop 223. Re-Encounter Parasites 224. Sugarcane Breeding 226. 23. Ancient Clones .................................. 233 Aroids 237. Banana 238. Black Pepper 240. Citrus 241. Dates 241. Figs 243. Garlic 243. Ginger 244. Grapes 244. Hops 246. Horseradish 247. Olives 247. Pineapple 248. Saffron 248. Sisal 249. Turmeric 249. Vanilla 250. Yams 250. Part Three: Solutions 24. Plant Breeding Clubs ............................ 253 Introduction 253. A Typical Plant Breeding Club 255. Aims & Objectives 256. LISA 257. Plant Breeders' Rights 258. Allocation of Breeders' Royalties 260. Basic Organisation 261. Constitution 262. Size of Club 262. Categories of Membership 262. Qualifications for Membership 264. Obligations of Membership 266. Membership Fees 266. Breeding Strategy 266. Hands-on Experience 267. Prepare for Disappointments 268. Club Property 268. Ownership of Cultivars and Breeders' Rights 269. Complaints from Neighbours 269. Illegal Parasites 270. Newsletters 271. Associations of Clubs 271. Professional Societies 272. Specialist Advisors 272. Scientific Publication 272. Financial Audits 273. University Breeding Clubs 273. Mexico 274. Charitable Clubs 275. Tropical Farmer Participation Schemes 276. 25. Techniques ..................................... 277 Bees 277. Breeding Parents 278. Bulk Breeding 279. Catalogues 279. Categories of Parasite 279. Cereals, Selection Procedures 280. Clonal Multiplication 280. Club Jury 281. Commercial Contracts 282. Comprehensive Horizontal Resistance 282. Conflicts Between Local and Cosmopolitan Cultivars 282. Contamination of Members' Land 284. Crop Protection Chemicals 284. Cross-pollination 284. Cross-pollination of Cereals 286. Cross-pollination of Grain Legumes 286. Crossing Generation 287. Cultivar Characteristics 288. Cultivar Multiplication 288. Cyclone Separation 289. Dangers of Foreign Pollen 290. Designated Hosts 290. Designated Pathotypes 291. Designation 291. Early Selection 293. Early Selection Breeding Cycle 293. Emasculation 293. Emergency Reserve 294. Equipment 294. Extension Services 295. Family Selection 295. Farm Machinery 295. Farmer Selection of Seed 296. Field Screening 296. Field Trials 299. Grafting 300. Greenhouse Screening 300. Greenhouses 301. Grid Screening 304. Harvesting 305. Head to Row Selection 305. Head to Row Sowing Equipment 305. Horizontal Resistance, Demonstration of 305. Horizontal Resistance, Measurement of 306. Hybrid Varieties 307. Hydroponics 307. Inbreeding Cereals 308. Inoculation 309. Insect Culture 311. Inter-leaved Breeding Programs 312. International Agricultural Bureaux 312. Jury Selection 313. Laboratory 313. Laboratory Equipment 313. Laboratory Screening 316. Late Selection and Early Selection 318. Library 320. Lupins 320. Male Gametocides 320. Marker Genes 322. Mechanical Planters 322. Mist Propagators 323. Multiplication