A Review on Advances in Design and Development of Complex Adaptive Systems for Healthcare Using Concept Maps
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What Is a Complex Adaptive System?
PROJECT GUTS What is a Complex Adaptive System? Introduction During the last three decades a leap has been made from the application of computing to help scientists ‘do’ science to the integration of computer science concepts, tools and theorems into the very fabric of science. The modeling of complex adaptive systems (CAS) is an example of such an integration of computer science into the very fabric of science; models of complex systems are used to understand, predict and prevent the most daunting problems we face today; issues such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, energy consumption and virulent disease affect us all. The study of complex adaptive systems, has come to be seen as a scientific frontier, and an increasing ability to interact systematically with highly complex systems that transcend separate disciplines will have a profound affect on future science, engineering and industry as well as in the management of our planet’s resources (Emmott et al., 2006). The name itself, “complex adaptive systems” conjures up images of complicated ideas that might be too difficult for a novice to understand. Instead, the study of CAS does exactly the opposite; it creates a unified method of studying disparate systems that elucidates the processes by which they operate. A complex system is simply a system in which many independent elements or agents interact, leading to emergent outcomes that are often difficult (or impossible) to predict simply by looking at the individual interactions. The “complex” part of CAS refers in fact to the vast interconnectedness of these systems. Using the principles of CAS to study these topics as related disciplines that can be better understood through the application of models, rather than a disparate collection of facts can strengthen learners’ understanding of these topics and prepare them to understand other systems by applying similar methods of analysis (Emmott et al., 2006). -
Managing Requirements for a System of Systems
Orchestrating a Systems Approach Managing Requirements for a System of Systems Ivy Hooks Compliance Automation, Inc. As we encounter more system of systems (SOS) and more complex SOS, we must consider the changes that will be required of our existing processes. For example, requirements management has been focused on a system or a product. This article looks at how the SOS has evolved, including what parts of requirements management apply to the SOS and where the process will need revision. It also discusses the need for dynamic scope for the SOS and more use of standards to interface the sys- tems. Challenges definitely exist in SOS, not just in the Department of Defense but also in every aspect of the networked world. Our existing requirements management process is necessary, but not sufficient for the SOS. here is much in literature depicting ent data processing systems – one for each new systems to accomplish their mission system of systems (SOS) [1]. I will use satellite program. The person providing without reinventing the wheel or duplicat- theT characteristics Maier [2] has defined the tour had no idea why things were like ing capabilities. Writing requirements to (in boldface below), followed by my sum- they were, but I later talked to a NASA interface to these existing systems is gen- mary of each. headquarters person who explained it very erally straightforward, involving an under- 1. Operational Independence of the clearly. “Of course fewer systems would standing of what the new system must do Individual Systems. If you decom- be better, but we can’t take the risk. -
Adaptive Capacity and Traps
Copyright © 2008 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. Carpenter, S. R., and W. A. Brock. 2008. Adaptive capacity and traps. Ecology and Society 13(2): 40. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art40/ Insight Adaptive Capacity and Traps Stephen R. Carpenter 1 and William A. Brock 1 ABSTRACT. Adaptive capacity is the ability of a living system, such as a social–ecological system, to adjust responses to changing internal demands and external drivers. Although adaptive capacity is a frequent topic of study in the resilience literature, there are few formal models. This paper introduces such a model and uses it to explore adaptive capacity by contrast with the opposite condition, or traps. In a social– ecological rigidity trap, strong self-reinforcing controls prevent the flexibility needed for adaptation. In the model, too much control erodes adaptive capacity and thereby increases the risk of catastrophic breakdown. In a social–ecological poverty trap, loose connections prevent the mobilization of ideas and resources to solve problems. In the model, too little control impedes the focus needed for adaptation. Fluctuations of internal demand or external shocks generate pulses of adaptive capacity, which may gain traction and pull the system out of the poverty trap. The model suggests some general properties of traps in social–ecological systems. It is general and flexible, so it can be used as a building block in more specific and detailed models of adaptive capacity for a particular region. Key Words: adaptation; allostasis; model; poverty trap; resilience; rigidity trap; transformation INTRODUCTION it seems empty of ideas, it will be abandoned or transformed into something else. -
Systems That Adapt to Their Users
Systems That Adapt to Their Users Anthony Jameson and Krzysztof Z. Gajos DFKI, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Introduction This chapter covers a broad range of interactive systems which have one idea in common: that it can be worthwhile for a system to learn something about individual users and adapt its behavior to them in some nontrivial way. A representative example is shown in Figure 20.1: the COMMUNITYCOMMANDS recommender plug-in for AUTO- CAD (introduced by Matejka, Li, Grossman, & Fitzmau- rice, 2009, and discussed more extensively by Li, Mate- jka, Grossman, Konstan, & Fitzmaurice, 2011). To help users deal with the hundreds of commands that AUTO- CAD offers—of which most users know only a few dozen— COMMUNITYCOMMANDS (a) gives the user easy access to several recently used commands, which the user may want to invoke again soon; and (b) more proactively suggests com- mands that this user has not yet used but may find useful, Figure 20.1: Screenshot showing how COMMUNITY- given the type of work they have been doing recently. COMMANDS recommends commands to a user. (Image supplied by Justin Matejka. The length of the darker bar for a com- Concepts mand reflects its estimated relevance to the user’s activities. When the user A key idea embodied in COMMUNITYCOMMANDS and the hovers over a command in this interface, a tooltip appears that explains the command and might show usage hints provided by colleagues. See also other systems discussed in this chapter is that of adapta- http://www.autodesk.com/research.) tion to the individual user. -
Emergent Behavior in Systems of Systems John S
Emergent Behavior in Systems of Systems John S. Osmundson Thomas V. Huynh Department of Information Sciences Department of Systems Engineering Naval Postgraduate School Naval Postgraduate School 1 University Circle 1 University Circle Monterey, CA 93943, USA Monterey, CA 93943, USA [email protected] [email protected] Gary O. Langford Department of Systems Engineering Naval Postgraduate School 1 University Circle Monterey, CA 93943 [email protected] Copyright © 2008 by John Osmundson, Thomas Huynh and Gary Langford. Published and used by INCOSE with permission. Abstract. As the development of systems of systems becomes more important in global ventures, so does the issues of emergent behavior. The challenge for systems engineers is to predict and analyze emergent behavior, especially undesirable behavior, in systems of systems. In this paper we briefly discuss definitions of emergent behavior, describe a large-scale system of system that exhibits emergent behavior, review previous approaches to analyzing emergent behavior, and then present a system modeling and simulation approach that has promise of allowing systems engineers to analyze potential emergent behavior in large scale systems of systems. Introduction Recently there has been increased interest in what has been become known as systems of systems (SoS) and SoS engineering. Examples of SoS are military command, control, computer, communications and information (C4I) systems (Pei 2000), intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) systems (Manthrope 1996), intelligence collection management systems (Osmundson et al 2006a), electrical power distribution systems (Casazza and Delea 2000) and food chains (Neutel 2002.), among others. Much of this current interest in SoS is focused on the desire to integrate existing systems to achieve new capabilities that are unavailable by operation of any of the existing single individual systems. -
Enabling Constructs and Methods from the Field of Engineering Systems
Architecting the System of Systems Enterprise: Enabling Constructs and Methods from the Field of Engineering Systems The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Rhodes, D.H., A.M. Ross, and D.J. Nightingale. “Architecting the system of systems enterprise: Enabling constructs and methods from the field of engineering systems.” Systems Conference, 2009 3rd Annual IEEE. 2009. 190-195. © Copyright 2009 As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815796 Publisher Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Version Final published version Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60049 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. IEEE SysCon 2009 —3rd Annual IEEE International Systems Conference, 2009 Vancouver, Canada, March 23–26, 2009 Architecting the System of Systems Enterprise: Enabling Constructs and Methods from the Field of Engineering Systems Donna H. Rhodes, Adam M. Ross, and Deborah J. Nightingale Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building E38-572 Cambridge, MA 02139 http://seari.mit.edu Abstract. Engineering systems is a field of scholarship focused on engineering, calling for identifying “Considerations for developing fundamental theories and methods to address the SoS/Enterprise Engineering” as one of six recommended challenges of large-scale complex systems in context of their socio- research initiatives. Experts attending this workshop agreed technical environments. The authors describe facets of their recent that system-of-systems engineering and complex enterprise and ongoing research within the field of engineering systems to engineering present new challenges in identifying and develop constructs and methods for architecting enterprises engaged in system-of-systems (SoS) engineering,. -
System-Of-Systems Viewpoint for System Architecture Documentation
System-of-Systems Viewpoint for System Architecture Documentation John Klein∗ and Hans van Vliet† VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands Revised 11 Nov 2017 Abstract Context: The systems comprising a system of systems (SoS) are inde- pendently acquired, operated, and managed. Frequently, the architecture documentation of these existing systems addresses only a stand-alone perspective, and must be augmented to address concerns that arise in the integrated SoS. Objective: We evaluated an architecture documentation viewpoint to address the concerns of a SoS architect about a constituent system, to support SoS design and analysis involving that constituent system. Method: We performed an expert review of documentation produced by applying the viewpoint to a system, using the active review method. Results: The expert panel was able to used a view constructed using the baseline version of the viewpoint to answer questions related to all SoS architect concerns about a constituent system, except for questions concerning the interaction of the constituent system with the platform and network infrastructure. Conclusions: We found that the expert panel was unable to answer certain questions because the baseline version of the viewpoint had a gap in coverage related to relationship of software units of execution (e.g., processes or services) to computers and networks. The viewpoint was revised to add a Deployment Model to address these concerns, and is included in an appendix. arXiv:1801.06837v1 [cs.SE] 21 Jan 2018 Keywords: architecture documentation; system of systems; viewpoint defi- nition; active review; expert panel; design cycle 1 Introduction A system of systems (SoS) is created by composing constituent systems. -
Higher Education As a Complex Adaptive System: Considerations for Leadership and Scale
Hartzler, R., & Blair, R. (Eds.) (2019). Emerging issues in mathematics pathways: Case studies, scans of the field, and recommendations. Austin, TX: Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin. Available at www.dcmathpathways.org/learn-about/emerging-issues-mathematics-pathways Copyright 2019 Chapter 6 Higher Education as a Complex Adaptive System: Considerations for Leadership and Scale Jeremy Martin The Charles A. Dana Center The University of Texas at Austin Abstract As state policies, economic pressures, and enrollment declines increase pressure on higher education systems to rapidly improve student outcomes in mathematics, many institutions have transformed the way they do business and have adopted mathematics pathways at scale. At the same time, many systems of higher education have struggled to move from piloting mathematics pathways to implementing reforms at a scale that supports every student’s success in postsecondary mathematics. Drawing on complexity science, this chapter presents a conceptual framework for leaders at all levels of higher education systems to design change strategies to adopt mathematics pathways principles at scale. How leaders think about the systems that they work in has material consequences for designing, implementing, and sustaining scaling strategies. The chapter offers a framework and recommendations for understanding higher education as a complex adaptive system and the role of strategic leadership in designing, implementing, and sustaining reforms at scale. Emerging Issues in Mathematics Pathways: Case Studies, Scans of the Field, and Recommendations 57 Introduction Higher Education as a Complex Adaptive System After decades of innovation and research on improving student success in postsecondary The term system refers to a set of connected parts mathematics, a convincing body of evidence that together form a complex whole. -
Systems of Systems Engineering and the Internet of Things Or “Your Iot App Is Only As Good As It’S Least Stable Interface”
Systems of Systems Engineering and the Internet of Things Or “Your IoT App is only as good as it’s least stable interface” GJ Bleakley ([email protected]) M Hause ([email protected]) Elemental Links Agenda • Introduction – What are systems of systems – The IOT as a special class of Systems of System – Perceived approach to developing IOT Systems • Architecture and Engineering the I/IoT – Challenges of I/IoT – IIC Reference Architecture – UAF Elemental Links 2 What is a SoS • A SoS is an integration of a finite number of constituent systems which are independent and operatable, and which are networked together for a period of time to achieve a certain higher goal. (Jamshidi 2009) 3 Systems vs. Enterprise vs. SoS • System Engineering is like specifying a building, e.g. a swimming pool • Enterprise Architecture is like urban planning • – Need for the swimming pool driven by council/government health objectives • The Swimming Pool is only part of the solution • Other means to reach the objective, e.g.. running tracks, cycle lanes • Need to integrate these solutions into existing services • Provide service infrastructure to support and maintain them Elemental• EA Links is about managing and developing Systems of Systems 4 Example: Traffic Management Case Study Scenarios (from DANSE) •Trip Preparations •City traffic – Interactions with other autonomous cars – Interactions with pedestrians – Overtaking Situations •Autonomous Parking •Public Driverless Taxi •PDL back to the airport •Private Car comes home •Billing Elemental Links 5 traits of SoS – Maier (2+3) • Operational independence – The constituent systems can operate independently from the SoS and other systems. -
Systems Engineering Guide: 7 Considerations for Systems Engineering 8 in a System of Systems Environment 9 10 11
1 2 3 4 5 System of Systems 6 Systems Engineering Guide: 7 Considerations for Systems Engineering 8 in a System of Systems Environment 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Version 1.0 DRAFT 22 14 December 2007 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Director, Systems and Software Engineering 31 Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology) 32 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense 33 (Acquisition, Technology and Logistics) 34 35 1 36 Preface 37 38 The Department of Defense (DoD) continually seeks to acquire material solutions to 39 address capability needs of the war fighter in military operations and to provide efficient 40 support and readiness in peacetime. A growing number of these capabilities are 41 achieved through a system of systems (SoS) approach. As defined in the DoD Defense 42 Acquisition Guidebook [2004], an SoS is “a set or arrangement of systems that results 43 when independent and useful systems are integrated into a larger system that delivers 44 unique capabilities.” 45 46 Systems engineering (SE) is a key enabler of systems acquisition. SE practices and 47 approaches historically have been described with a single system rather than an SoS in 48 mind. This guide examines the SoS environment as it exists in the DoD today and the 49 challenges it poses for systems engineering. Specifically, the guide addresses the 16 50 DoD Technical Management Processes and Technical Processes presented in the 51 Defense Acquisition Guidebook [2004] Chapter 4 “Systems Engineering” in the context 52 of SoS. -
Transformations)
TRANSFORMACJE (TRANSFORMATIONS) Transformacje (Transformations) is an interdisciplinary refereed, reviewed journal, published since 1992. The journal is devoted to i.a.: civilizational and cultural transformations, information (knowledge) societies, global problematique, sustainable development, political philosophy and values, future studies. The journal's quasi-paradigm is TRANSFORMATION - as a present stage and form of development of technology, society, culture, civilization, values, mindsets etc. Impacts and potentialities of change and transition need new methodological tools, new visions and innovation for theoretical and practical capacity-building. The journal aims to promote inter-, multi- and transdisci- plinary approach, future orientation and strategic and global thinking. Transformacje (Transformations) are internationally available – since 2012 we have a licence agrement with the global database: EBSCO Publishing (Ipswich, MA, USA) We are listed by INDEX COPERNICUS since 2013 I TRANSFORMACJE(TRANSFORMATIONS) 3-4 (78-79) 2013 ISSN 1230-0292 Reviewed journal Published twice a year (double issues) in Polish and English (separate papers) Editorial Staff: Prof. Lech W. ZACHER, Center of Impact Assessment Studies and Forecasting, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland ([email protected]) – Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dora MARINOVA, Sustainability Policy Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia ([email protected]) – Deputy Editor-in-Chief Prof. Tadeusz MICZKA, Institute of Cultural and Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland ([email protected]) – Deputy Editor-in-Chief Dr Małgorzata SKÓRZEWSKA-AMBERG, School of Law, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland ([email protected]) – Coordinator Dr Alina BETLEJ, Institute of Sociology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland Dr Mirosław GEISE, Institute of Political Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland (also statistical editor) Prof. -
Language Is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper
Language Learning ISSN 0023-8333 Language Is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper The “Five Graces Group” Clay Beckner Nick C. Ellis University of New Mexico University of Michigan Richard Blythe John Holland University of Edinburgh Santa Fe Institute; University of Michigan Joan Bybee Jinyun Ke University of New Mexico University of Michigan Morten H. Christiansen Diane Larsen-Freeman Cornell University University of Michigan William Croft Tom Schoenemann University of New Mexico Indiana University Language has a fundamentally social function. Processes of human interaction along with domain-general cognitive processes shape the structure and knowledge of lan- guage. Recent research in the cognitive sciences has demonstrated that patterns of use strongly affect how language is acquired, is used, and changes. These processes are not independent of one another but are facets of the same complex adaptive system (CAS). Language as a CAS involves the following key features: The system consists of multiple agents (the speakers in the speech community) interacting with one another. This paper, our agreed position statement, was circulated to invited participants before a conference celebrating the 60th Anniversary of Language Learning, held at the University of Michigan, on the theme Language is a Complex Adaptive System. Presenters were asked to focus on the issues presented here when considering their particular areas of language in the conference and in their articles in this special issue of Language Learning. The evolution of this piece was made possible by the Sante Fe Institute (SFI) though its sponsorship of the “Continued Study of Language Acquisition and Evolution” workgroup meeting, Santa Fe Institute, 1–3 March 2007.