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Systems Engineering Guide: 7 Considerations for Systems Engineering 8 in a System of Systems Environment 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 System of Systems 6 Systems Engineering Guide: 7 Considerations for Systems Engineering 8 in a System of Systems Environment 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Version 1.0 DRAFT 22 14 December 2007 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Director, Systems and Software Engineering 31 Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology) 32 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense 33 (Acquisition, Technology and Logistics) 34 35 1 36 Preface 37 38 The Department of Defense (DoD) continually seeks to acquire material solutions to 39 address capability needs of the war fighter in military operations and to provide efficient 40 support and readiness in peacetime. A growing number of these capabilities are 41 achieved through a system of systems (SoS) approach. As defined in the DoD Defense 42 Acquisition Guidebook [2004], an SoS is “a set or arrangement of systems that results 43 when independent and useful systems are integrated into a larger system that delivers 44 unique capabilities.” 45 46 Systems engineering (SE) is a key enabler of systems acquisition. SE practices and 47 approaches historically have been described with a single system rather than an SoS in 48 mind. This guide examines the SoS environment as it exists in the DoD today and the 49 challenges it poses for systems engineering. Specifically, the guide addresses the 16 50 DoD Technical Management Processes and Technical Processes presented in the 51 Defense Acquisition Guidebook [2004] Chapter 4 “Systems Engineering” in the context 52 of SoS. Based on the lessons learned, this guide identifies seven core SoS SE elements 53 needed to deploy and sustain SoS capabilities. The Department recognizes that this 54 guide only begins to address the broad set of SoS SE challenges. Subsequent versions 55 of the guide will increase in scope and detail. 56 57 This guide assumes an understanding of SE and is intended as a reference only and not 58 as a comprehensive SE manual. The OSD will update the guide periodically to expand 59 the scope of SoS SE topics addressed, to reflect advances in SoS SE application, and to 60 capture additional best practices and lessons learned. 2 61 CONTENTS 62 63 Preface .................................................................................................................. 2 64 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 8 65 1.1. Purpose....................................................................................................... 8 66 1.2. Background ................................................................................................. 8 67 1.3. Scope........................................................................................................ 10 68 1.4. Approach to Development of the Guide........................................................ 11 69 1.5. Definition of Terms..................................................................................... 12 70 1.5.1. System of Systems .............................................................................. 12 71 1.5.2. System of Systems Engineering ............................................................ 13 72 1.5.3. Net-Centricity and Systems of Systems.................................................. 13 73 2. Comparison of Systems and Systems of Systems ................................................. 15 74 2.1. Management and Oversight ........................................................................ 16 75 2.2. Operational Environment ............................................................................ 17 76 2.3. Implementation ......................................................................................... 18 77 2.4. Engineering and Design Considerations........................................................ 18 78 3. SoS and SoS SE In the DoD Today ..................................................................... 20 79 3.1. DoD SoS Environment ................................................................................ 20 80 3.2. Core Elements of SoS SE ............................................................................ 21 81 3.3. Emerging Principles for SoS SE.................................................................... 24 82 3.4. Relationship of Current SE Technical and Technical Management Processes to 83 SoS SE Core Elements ................................................................................. 26 84 4. SE Process Applied in SoS Environments ............................................................. 28 85 4.1. Core Elements of SoS ................................................................................. 28 86 4.1.1. Translating SoS Capability Objectives Into High Level Requirements Over 87 Time .................................................................................................... 30 88 4.1.2. Understanding Systems and Their Relationships Over Time..................... 33 89 4.1.3. Assessing Extent to Which Performance Meets Capability Objectives Over 90 Time .................................................................................................... 39 91 4.1.4. Developing, Evolving and Maintaining a Design for The SoS .................... 42 92 4.1.5. Monitoring and Assessing Potential Impacts of Changes on SoS 93 Performance......................................................................................... 49 94 4.1.6. Addressing New SoS Requirements and Solution Options........................ 53 95 4.1.7. Orchestrating Upgrades to SoS ............................................................. 57 96 4.2. SE Process Support for System of Systems Engineering................................. 64 97 4.2.1. Requirements Development.................................................................. 64 98 4.2.2. Logical Analysis ................................................................................... 66 99 4.2.3. Design Solution ................................................................................... 67 100 4.2.4. Implementation................................................................................... 68 101 4.2.5. Integration.......................................................................................... 69 102 4.2.6. Verification.......................................................................................... 69 103 4.2.7. Validation ........................................................................................... 70 104 4.2.8. Transition ........................................................................................... 71 3 105 4.2.9. Decision Analysis ................................................................................. 71 106 4.2.10. Technical Planning............................................................................. 72 107 4.2.11. Technical Assessment ........................................................................ 74 108 4.2.12. Requirements Management ................................................................ 76 109 4.2.13. Risk Management .............................................................................. 77 110 4.2.14. Configuration Management................................................................. 79 111 4.2.15. Data Management ............................................................................. 79 112 4.2.16. Interface Management ....................................................................... 80 113 5. Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................. 81 114 5.1. Summary................................................................................................... 81 115 5.2. SoS SE in the DoD Today............................................................................ 81 116 5.3. Future Considerations................................................................................. 82 117 References........................................................................................................... 84 118 Annex A: Support of 16 SE Processes to SoS SE Core Elements ................................ 86 119 Annex B: Summary of Pilot Practitioner Programs..................................................101 120 121 4 122 FIGURES 123 124 Figure 1-1: Political and Management Considerations Impact SoS SE ....................... 17 125 Figure 3-1: MILSATCOM Systems and Owners........................................................ 21 126 Figure 3-2: Responsibility Partitioning in FCS........................................................... 25 127 Figure 4-1: Core SoS SE Elements and their Relationships........................................ 29 128 Figure 4-2: An example depiction of processes in the Air Operations Center ............. 31 129 Figure 4-3: Relationship of “Translating Capability Objectives” to other SoS SE Core 130 Elements.................................................................................................... 31 131 Figure 4-4: Example of an organizational view of an SoS: AOC ................................ 34 132 Figure 4-5: Example of an operational view of an SoS: NIFC-CA .............................. 35 133 Figure 4-6: Example of a communications interface view: USMC CAC2S ................... 35 134 Figure 4-7: Example of a stakeholder view: DoDIIS ............................................... 36 135 Figure 4-8: Relationship of “Understanding Systems and Relationships” to other SoS 136 SE Core Elements
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