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Problematizing the Promises of the American Library Association's The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Education PROBLEMATIZING THE PROMISES OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION’S AWARDS THAT RECOGNIZE DIFFERENCE A Dissertation in Curriculum & Instruction by Cuthbert Rowland-Storm © 2018 Cuthbert Rowland-Storm Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2018 The dissertation of Cuthbert Rowland-Storm was reviewed and approved* by the following: Vivian Yenika-Agbaw Professor of Education (Literature and Literacy) Chair of Committee Dissertation Advisor Patrick Shannon Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Education (Language and Literacy) Steven Herb Librarian Emeritus Wanda Knight Associate Professor of Art Education, African American Studies, and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Gwendolyn Lloyd Director of Graduate Studies (Curriculum and Instruction) *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT The American Library Association presents several awards for children’s literature that represent difference. Through critical content analysis, this study examines the criteria and five recent winners of the Coretta Scott King, Pura Belpré, Schneider, and Stonewall awards, as well as the Newbery award, to understand how they represent difference. This study considers ways challenges and strengths are represented, as well as how the books represent normalcy and others who are considered different, through a theoretical framework built on Williams’ theory of a selective tradition, Lemert’s crisis, Fraser’s status model, critical theories of identity, and critical multicultural theory. By their very nature the books reify identity boundaries, but Pura Belpré winners also question the importance of those borders. Characters from many of the books desire normalcy, and that normalcy is contrasted against how other groups are represented. Normalcy is desired by these characters because it seems to afford equal status to those who are considered normal. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface.. .................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1 Theoretical Foundations and Project Overview ..................................................... 1 Theoretical Foundations ................................................................................................... 3 The selective tradition .............................................................................................. 4 The Crisis ................................................................................................................. 5 Representation, recognition, and status .................................................................... 7 Intersectionality ........................................................................................................ 10 Critical Race Theory ................................................................................................ 12 LatCrit ...................................................................................................................... 14 Disability Studies ..................................................................................................... 15 Queer Theory ............................................................................................................ 17 Critical Multiculturalism .......................................................................................... 19 The Problem ..................................................................................................................... 23 Definition of Terms .......................................................................................................... 25 “Difference” ............................................................................................................. 26 “Normalcy” .............................................................................................................. 28 Labels ....................................................................................................................... 30 Project Overview .............................................................................................................. 31 Cautions and Potential Limitations .......................................................................... 42 Chapter 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................... 44 The Selective Tradition in Children’s Literature ............................................................. 44 The Outsiders of the American Revolution: The Selective Tradition in Children’s Fiction ............................................................................................. 45 The Brownies’ Book: Challenge to the Selective Tradition in Children’s Literature .......................................................................................................... 46 The Selective Tradition in Teachers' Choice of Children's Literature: Does It Exist in the Elementary Classroom? ................................................................ 48 Towards a Theory of the Fairy-Tale Film: The Case of Pinocchio. ........................ 49 Constructing the Canon of Children's Literature: Beyond Library Walls and Ivory Towers. ................................................................................................... 51 The All-White World of Children's Books .............................................................. 53 Children’s Literature Awards ........................................................................................... 55 Prizing Children's Literature: the Case of Newbery Gold ....................................... 55 Critical Reviews of Award-Winning Books .................................................................... 57 Ten Years of the Newbery Medal ............................................................................ 57 The Black Experience in Children's Fiction: Controversies Surrounding Award- winning Books .................................................................................................. 58 The Newbery Medal: Books about Africa ............................................................... 61 v “Other” Characters: The Gendering and Racialization of “Disability” within Newbery Award-winning Books, 1922-2012 .................................................. 63 Already on the Shelf: Queer readings of Award-winning Children’s Literature ..... 65 An Author as a Counter-storyteller: Applying Critical Race Theory to a Coretta Scott King Award Book ................................................................................... 68 Analysis of Latino Award Winning Children’s Literature ....................................... 69 Disabling Assumptions: Teaching Disability Studies with Five Flavors of Dumb ................................................................................................................ 70 Representations in Award-winning LGBTQ Young Adult Literature from 2000–2013 ........................................................................................................ 71 Chapter 3 The American Library Association and Its Award Criteria ................................... 73 The American Library Association Children’s Librarians .............................................. 74 The American Library Association’s Children’s Book Awards ...................................... 76 Procedures for Book Nomination ............................................................................. 84 Procedures for Committee Member Nomination ..................................................... 86 Difference in the Criteria ................................................................................................. 92 The Challenges of Difference .................................................................................. 93 Difference as Strength .............................................................................................. 96 Normalcy .................................................................................................................. 104 Others’ Difference .................................................................................................... 104 Difference and Normalcy in the Newbery Criteria .................................................. 107 Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 109 Chapter 4 Difference in American Library Association Award Winning Books ................... 117 Coretta Scott King Winners ............................................................................................. 119 Challenges of Being Considered Different .............................................................. 120 Celebrating Strength and Uniqueness ...................................................................... 124 Normalcy .................................................................................................................. 128 Pura Belpré Winners ........................................................................................................ 129 Challenges of Being Considered Different .............................................................. 131 Celebrating Strength
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