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Conformal Body-Worn Smart Antenna System for Wideband UHF Operation

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Conformal Body-Worn Smart Antenna System for Wideband UHF Operation Conformal Body-Worn Smart Antenna System for Wideband UHF Operation Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gil Young Lee, M.S., B.S. Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: John L. Volakis, Advisor Chi-Chih Chen, Co-Advisor Fernando L. Teixeira Dimitris Psychoudakis c Copyright by Gil Young Lee 2012 Abstract There is much interest in developing body-centric wireless communication systems (BWCS) for mobile health care systems. However, the realization of a BWCS is chal- lenging due to the body’s interference with the antenna’s operation. More specifically, body-worn antennas suffer from impedance detuning, pattern deformation, and gain reduction caused by the body. Therefore, it is important to consider these effects in evaluating body-worn antennas. In this regard, a diversity technique is proposed to improve body-worn antenna performance. More specifically, a channel decomposition method (CDM) is proposed and used to evaluate body-worn antenna systems. The CDM significantly reduces computa- tion time when evaluate body-worn antennas and is applicable to various surrounding environments without recalculation of the more complex interaction. A second con- tribution of this dissertation is design of a diversity systems which automatically determines the minimum number of antennas while maximizing performance. This approach is employed to design body-worn antenna diversity systems for given com- munication scenarios. The results obtained via this process demonstrated that this simple method can substantially reduced computation time in designing body-worn antenna diversity system. As a demonstration of the proposed methodology, a vest- mounted UHF body-worn antenna diversity system (BWADS) is developed using 4 light-weight antennas. The proposed BWADS is transparent and unobtrusive to the ii users but provides performance superior to commercial antennas. A variety of tests were performed to validate the proposed BWADS. It was found that the proposed BWADS provided 7 dB (outdoor) to 16.5 dB (indoor) of higher gain as compared to commercial antennas. The dissertation concludes by proposing other applications of the developed body-worn antennas and design methods. iii To my wife, daughters, and son iv Acknowledgments First and the foremost, I would like to thank Almighty God for bestowing His blessings upon me and giving me the strength to carry out and complete this work. I would especially like to thank my advisor Professor John L. Volakis for all of the support and invaluable guidance that he provided in completing this work and in pursuing my Ph.D. degree. I cannot help admiring him for his integrity and diligence. It is an honor for me to be his student. I am also extremely grateful to my co-advisor Professor Chi-Chih Chen for all his support and advice in the technical details of my dorctoral work. He encouraged me to overcome many issues I have faced during my research and I really enjoyed academic discussion with him. He is like a brother to me and I look forward to working with him in future. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to my good friend and colleague, Dr. Dimitris. Psychoudakis, who has been very supportive and generous in sharing his knowledge. My gratitude is extended to Professor Fernando L. Teixeira and Professor Philip Schniter for serving my committee and providing insightful ideas and suggestions. Their lectures also were always great and I learned a lot of valuable knowledges in electromagentics and signal processing from them. v I offer my blessings to all the staff and fellow students of the ElectroScience Lab- oratory. I really want to thank for their valuable discussion and friendship. Spe- cial thanks to officemates - Jae-Young Chung, Yijun Zhou, Jing Zhao, Ming Chen, Mustafa Kuloglu, Ugur Olgun, Erdinc Irci, Ioannis Tzanidis, and Tao Peng. My gratitude is also extended for other friends at ESL - Chun-Sik Chae, James Park, Jun Seok Lee, Keum-Su Song, Kyung-young Jung, Haksu Moon, Pil Sung Park, Youngseo Ko, Justin Kasemodel, Praphun Naenna, and William Moulder. Finally, I would like to thank my family. The unconditional love and support of my parents and parents-in-law have been the greatest motivation during the graduate study. And most importantly, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to my wife, In Kyung, who always loved, encouraged, and supported me. I also thank to my two daughters and a son - Ye Eun, Ye Won, and Jum beom. You are all of my pleasures and hopes. I love you! vi Vita January 11, 1975 ...........................Born - Kwangchon, Chungnam-Do, Korea March, 1997 ................................B.E., Electronics Eng., Korea Air-Force Academy, Cheongju, Chungbuk-Do, Korea February, 2001 ............................. B.S., Electrical Eng. & Computer Sci., Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea February, 2004 ............................. M.S., Electrical Eng. & Computer Sci., Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea June, 2011 ..................................M.S., Electrical & Computer Eng., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Publications G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, D. Psychoudakis, and J. L. Volakis, “MIMO for Body-Worn Antennas: Approach and Measurements,” IEEE International Symposium on An- tennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, Jul. 5–11, 2008. D. Psychoudakis, G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, and J. L. Volakis, “Body-worn diversity antennas for Squad Area Networks (SAN),” XXIXth General Assembly of Union Radio Science International (URSI), Chicago, IL, USA, Aug. 07-16, 2008. G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, D. Psychoudakis, and J. L. Volakis, “Diversity Evaluation for Multiple Body-Worn Antennas,” URSI-National Radio Science Meeting, Boulder, CO, USA, Jan. 5–8, 2009. vii J. L. Volakis, G.-Y. Lee, D. Psychoudakis, and C.-C Chen, “Multiple Body-Worn Antenna Diversity,” IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, Santa Monica, CA, USA, Mar. 2–4, 2009. D. Psychoudakis, G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, and J. L. Volakis, “Diversity Evaluation for Multiple Body-Worn Antennas,” 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propa- gation, Berlin, Germany, Mar. 23–27, 2009. G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, D. Psychoudakis, and J. L. Volakis, “A Novel Evaluation Method for Body-Worn Radio Systems,” IEEE International Symposium on Anten- nas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Charleston, SC, USA, Jun. 1–5, 2009. G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, D. Psychoudakis, and J. L. Volakis, “Systematic Design Approach for Diversity Antenna Systems,” 31st Antenna Measurement Techniques Association (AMTA) Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, Nov. 1–6, 2009. D. Psychoudakis, G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, and J. L. Volakis, “Military UHF Body- Worn Antennas for Armored Vests,” 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 12–16, 2010. G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, D. Psychoudakis, and J. L. Volakis, “A Computationally Efficient Method for Body-Worn Antenna Diversity Design,” 26th Applied Computa- tional Electromagnetics Society (ACES) conference, Tampere, Finland, Apr. 26–29, 2010. G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, D. Psychoudakis, and J. L. Volakis, “Body-Worn Antenna Diversity Design using FEKO,” 26th Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) conference, Tampere, Finland, Apr. 26–29, 2010. G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, D. Psychoudakis, and J. L. Volakis, “Multiple Antenna Design Method for Mobile Platform Diversity Systems,” IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Toronto, Canada, Jul. 11–17, 2010. G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, D. Psychoudakis, and J. L. Volakis, “Channel Decomposition Method for Designing Body-Worn Antenna Diversity Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 254–262, Jan. 2011. viii G.-Y. Lee, C.-C Chen, D. Psychoudakis, and J. L. Volakis, “Omnidirectional Vest- Mounted Body-Worn Antenna System for UHF Operation,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 10, pp. 581–583, Jun. 2011. Fields of Study Major Field: Electrical and Computer Engineering Studies in: Electromagnetics and Antenna Design Communications and Signal Processing ix Table of Contents Page Abstract....................................... ii Dedication...................................... iv Acknowledgments.................................. v Vita ......................................... vii ListofTables.................................... xiii ListofFigures ................................... xiv 1. Introduction.................................. 1 2. Human Body Model for Body-Centric Wireless Communication . .... 9 2.1 Introduction .............................. 9 2.2 Review of Electromagnetic Properties of the Human Body . 10 2.2.1 Numerical Expression of the Dielectric Properties for Human Tissues ............................. 10 2.2.2 Dielectric Properties of Human Tissue . 11 2.3 Propagation Modes for Body-Centric Wireless Communications . 15 2.3.1 Penetrating and Reflecting Wave Analysis . 17 2.3.2 Creeping Wave Analysis . 20 2.3.3 Space Wave Analysis for Off-Body Communication . 22 2.4 EM Human Torso Model for Body-Centric Wireless Communication 25 2.4.1 Human Torso Model for In-Body Communication . 25 2.4.2 Human Torso Model for On-Body Communication . 28 2.4.3 Human Torso Model for Off-Body Communication . 30 2.5 Summary ................................ 31 x 3. Body-WornAntennaEvaluationMethod
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