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U.S. DEPARTMENT of JUSTICE LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMI~ISTRATION NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE Washington, D.C

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U.S. DEPARTMENT of JUSTICE LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMI~ISTRATION NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE Washington, D.C If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. · " Aerospace Report No. TOR ··007 3( 3653 -01)-1 .~.s..~~E>?M~NT.oF :rECBNOLOGYAPPLICABLE TO BODY -MOUNTED ANTENNAS This microfiche was produced from documents received for inclusion in the NCJRS data base. Since NCJRS cannot exercise control over the physical condition of the documents submitted, Prepared by the individual frame quality will vary. Tha resolution chart on H. E. King and C. O. Yowell this frame may be used to evaluate the ,document quality, Electronic s Re search Laboratory Laboratory Operations ',.\., ~, . ) } . \~. .' MARCH 1973 I 1.0 I This project was supported by Air Force Contract Number F0470 1-C -0073 ·1 " ; through an inter-agency agreement, IAA No. LEAA-J -IAA-035-2, between --1.1 the Space andMissiles Systems Organization, Air Force Systems Command 11111'1,8 and the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.S. Department of == Justice, under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as 16 amended. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of I IIIII~ 11111,.411111 . the authors and donot necessarily represent the official position or policies' of the U. S. Department of Justice. Law Enforcement Development Group MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL SOREAU Of STANDARDS-1963·A THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION El Segundo, California Microfilming procedures used to create this fiche comply with Prepared for the standards set forth in 41CFR 101·11.504 LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Points of view or oPInions stated in this document are those of HIe authorls) and do not represent the official Contract No. F04701-72-C-0073 position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMI~ISTRATION NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE WASHiNGTON, D.C. 20531 ~-.~~- --'.--....----- -----.... P__ ~.~ __ e f i I m e di Aerospace Report No. Aerospace Report No. • TOR-0073(3653 -01)-1 TOR-0073(3653 -01)-1 ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY APPLICABLE TO BODY -MOUNTED ANTENNAS ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY APPLICABLE TO BODY -MOUNTED ANTENNAS Prepared by H. E. King and C. O. Yowell Electronic s Re search Laboratory Laboratory Operations Prepared by MARCH 1973 ~!f//( This project was supported by Air Force Contract Number F0470 1-C -0073 H. E. King,~ead through an inter-agency agreement, IAA No. LEAA-J -IAA-035 -2, between Antenna and Propagation Department the Space and Missiles Systems Organization, Air Force Systems Command Electronic s Re search Laboratory and the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U. S. Department of Justice, under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of " the authors and donot necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. • Approved by Law Enforce:rnent Development Group THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION A. H. Silver, Director El Segundo, California Electronic s Re search Laborato:ry Prepared for LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE John O. EyIar, Jr. Director, Law Eniorcement Development Group Contract No. F04701-72-C-0073 •I • I Aerospace Report No. TOR-0073( 3 653 -0 1)-1 ABSTRACT An assessment of the technology of body- mounted antennas is presented ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY APPLICABLE TO that includes a survey of the radiators applicable to the Law Enforcement BODY -MOUNTED ANTENNAS Assistance Administration (LEAA) police personal radio. A discussion of electrically small antennas provides an understanding of the limita- tions in antenna efficiency, bandwidth, and of the near environment. The antenna technology is drawn from the open literature and from DOD and NASA Prepared by experiences with their manpack antennas for the foot soldier and Apollo astro- i nauts. The effect of the human body on the antenna radiation patterns is shown. Data are included for the antenna at waist level and in a, hand-held position. Antenna and Propagation Department Electronics Research Laboratory Other factors, such as biological effects from a transmitting antenna very near .e i·e ,to the human body, propagati,on losses, and RF noise in the VHF- UHF spectrum, are discussed briefly. Approved by A test plan for laboratory measurements of candidate antennas and body effects experiments is outlined. These tests will be performed by the Elec- A. H. Silver, Director tronics Research Laboratory of The Aerospace Corporation. Electronics Research Laboratory John O. Eylar, Jr. Director, Law Enforcement Development Group -iii- .4 CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . iii ABSTRACT •.••. 1. Comparison of radiation patterns for a resonant and a vii . II • • PREFACE .••..••. short dipole . • . • • • eo. 0 • 0 • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • 4 . ix SUMMARY .. Z. Loading techniques for whip antenna ••••••••••••••• 12 1 INTRODUC TION .. CHAPTER 1. 3. Thin antenna constrqction . • • • 13 3 CHAPTER II. ELEC TRICALL Y SMALL ANTENNAS 4. Sle eve monopole antenna configuration. • • • • • • • • • • . 14 . 9 CHAPTER III., ANTENNA TYPES 5. Folded monopole configurations . ., . 14 9 A. General .....• 6. Multiturn loop schematic .• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 10 Antenna Configurations . B. 7. Halo or hula-hoop antenna concept •••••••••••••••• 17 . 10 . 1. Whip antennas · 8. Experimental helmet 'l.ntennas •••••••••••••••••• 19 . 15 2. Loop antennas · . 9. Radiation patterns of the body-antenna system ••••••••• 22 E' . 18 " 3. Helmet antennas . 10. Peak antenna gain vs electrical whip length ••••••••••• 23 19 4. Clothing antennas . · 11. Composite source noise • 0 ••••••••••••••••••• 30 21 CHAPTER IV. ANTENNA AND THE BODY 21 A. Body Effects on the Antenna LIST OF TABLES 24 B. Biological Effects of RF 29 CHAPTER V. PROPAGATION t 1. Communication Coverage vs System Losses ••••••••••• 2 29 A. Noise . 31 B. Propagation Losses .. ... 33 CHAPTER VI. TEST PLAN . 35 . '.' . N9TES . ....... (J -v- -v:i- PREFACE Police communication systems may be affected by man-made noise. RF noise is prominent in the police frequency band, and ~ priori knOWledge The Aerospace Corporation, under contract to the Law Enforcement of the sources, and its effect on the communication system may alleviate Assistance Administration, is determining the feasibility of a body-mounted future problems. antenna for use with police transceivers. Experience with the construction, Transmitter and receiver locations should be selected for maximum operation, and testing of electrically small antennas is being utilized by height and line-of-sight coverage. In downtown city streets, coverage can personnel of The Aerospace Corporation I s Electronics Re search Laboratory I be reduced by as much as 20 to 25 dB at 150 MHz as the result of shadow which is also involved in U. S. Air Force Advanced Ballistic Reentry Systems losses from high-rise buildings. Additional losses from irregular terrain (ABRES) and space system projects. The development work is being done in can be as high as 20 to 40 dB over the free -space loss for distances of 6 mi two phases. The first phase, accomplished during the period 11 September in the VHF-UHF band. P;;:opagation losses through an eucalyptus grove is through 31 October. 1972, called for an assessment of technology that would higher for vertical polari:z,ation than for horizontal polarization. be applicable to the development of a body-rnounted antenna; that work is The studies indicate that, where conditions permit, operation of documented in this report. personal equipment with 'A/4 whips held head high will provide the most The second phase of the development is now in progress. A set of effective communication. If it is required that the antenna be small and candidate antennas will be built and tested, and the best of these will be given inconspicuous, antenna losses of 5 to 15 dB will result plus a further loss a mOl'e exhaustive performance evaluation. The project calls for a final of another 10 to 30 dB from body effects. Mechanical convenience means a development report documenting the work. and the construction of prototype great sacrifice in electrical performance. Along with the losses associated units that may be used in developlnent tests. with the antenna, receiver performance is limited by propagation effects and man-made noise. The potential RF hazard, heating or the effect on higher organisms, remains an open question • -vii- • -xi- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION in the VHF- UHF spectrum, are b~defly d iscussed. A test plan for laboratory measurements of d'd ' can 1 ate antennas and body effects The user of a personal radio generally regards the antenna as a simple experiments is outlined in Chapter VI. This experimental effort is to be wire or teles coping rod that protudes from the apparatus; at fir st glance it performed by the Electronics Research Laboratory of Th A e erospace Corporation. appears that no particular engineering is involved in its design. However, Throughout the report, losses attributed to the even a simple antenna, and especially a body-mounted antenna, for a personal small antenna, the effects of the body on th t e an enna, and propagation are discussed. These radio involves a number of tradeoffs with other factors. Some of the basic losses must be factored 'into the systems a.ntenna requirements are compactness, ruggednes s, inconspicuousnes s, loca- . analysis to ensure proper communi_ cabon effectiveness; this report how d Hon, convenience, and radiation efficiency. In addition, other facto rs, such . ever, oes not suggest means of compen_ satIng for these losses Th . e reader should recognize that a 3-dB loss as body effects on the antenna, biological effects from RF radiation, man- represents a reduction in ar ea coverage by a factor of 2; that is the c . made noise, and propagation phenomena in the city, wooded areas, and rough t. ommUl1l- ca 10n dlstance is r,educed by a factor of '2' I' . terrain, must all be considered in an integrated, well-designed communica- , V G In a Ine- of- SIght propagation envll'onment.
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