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Vysoká Škola CEVRO Institut DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Monika Vysoká škola CEVRO Institut DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Monika Ovčaříková Praha 2015 Vysoká škola CEVRO Institut Katedra politologie a mezinárodních vztahů Transformace komunistické strany ve srovnávací perspektivě – případ Komunistické strany Čech a Moravy a Komunistické strany Itálie Monika Ovčaříková Studijní program: Politologie Studijní obor: Politologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Ladislav Mrklas, Ph.D. Diplomová práce Praha 2015 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci zpracovala samostatně, uvedla v ní všechny použité prameny a zdroje a v textu řádně vyznačila jejich použití. V Praze dne 14. 8. 2015 Resumé: Diplomová práce srovnává vývoj československé komunistické strany (KSČ) a italské komunistické strany (PCI) a zejména s ohledem na porovnání procesu jejich transformace. Zkoumán je také vliv historických okolností na vývoj těchto politických stran. Téma práce je časově vymezeno obdobím od vzniku těchto stran, tedy počátkem 20. století do současnosti. Cílem této práce bude tedy zejména porovnání vlivu okolností na způsob transformace obou stran a současně je porovnán odlišný výsledek transformace stran. Jde o chronologickou politologicko-historickou kompilaci, která si klade za cíl dokázat, kam se strany ve svém vývoji dostaly a kam je možné je zařadit na současném ideologickém spektru. Klíčová slova: komunismus, Komunistická strana Itálie, Komunistická strana Československa, transformace, vývoj Resumé: The aim of the thesis is to compare the development of the Czechoslovak Communist Party (KSC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Attention is focused especially to the comparison of the process of their transformation. It also analyzes the influence of historical circumstances on the development of these political parties. The topic is defined by the period of time since the creation of these parties, in the early 20th century, to the present. The comparison is focused mainly on the evaluation of the impact of given circumstances on the transformation of both parties. At the same time the differences in the resultes of the transformation are described. As a conclusion, the thesis reveals the current state of both comparred parties and their positions within the current ideological spectrum. The topic is described chronologically. The analysis combines political and historical approach. Keywords: communism, Communist Party of Italy, Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, transformation, development. Obsah ÚVOD ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. POLITICKÉ STRANY VZNIK A VÝVOJ ............................................................................. 3 1.1. Vznik a vývoj komunistické a radikálně levicové stranické rodiny .................... 4 1.2. Teorie antisystémové strany ................................................................................ 7 2. KOMUNISTICKÁ STRANA V ČESKOSLOVENSKU / ČESKÉ REPUBLICE ........................... 9 2.1. Vznik Komunistické strany Československa ...................................................... 9 2.1.1. Rozpad sociální demokracie ..................................................................... 10 2.1.2. Na cestě ke vzniku samostatné Komunistické strany Československa (KSČ) 12 2.2. Vývoj Komunistické strany Československa .................................................... 13 2.2.1. 20. léta a stabilizace KSČ na politické scéně ............................................ 13 2.2.2. Léta bolševizace strany ............................................................................. 13 2.2.3. KSČ v období po rozpadu tzv. první republiky ........................................ 14 2.2.4. KSČ a její cesta k moci ............................................................................. 16 2.3. KSČ státostranou ............................................................................................... 18 2.3.1. Stalinistický teror ...................................................................................... 18 2.3.2. Kritika kultu osobnosti a volná 60. léta..................................................... 19 2.3.3. Éra normalizace ......................................................................................... 23 2.4. Zlomový rok 1989 a hledání nové identity ....................................................... 25 2.4.1. KSČ – kam dál? ........................................................................................ 27 2.4.2. Pokusy o transformaci v době porevoluční ............................................... 29 2.4.3. Transformace strany v novém systému ..................................................... 30 2.4.4. Rozdělení na další stranické subjekty ....................................................... 33 2.4.5. Současná pozice KSČM ............................................................................ 36 3. Komunistická strana Itálie ......................................................................................... 37 3.1. Vznik a vývoj Komunistické strany Itálie ......................................................... 37 3.1.1. Vznik Komunistické strany Itálie .............................................................. 37 3.1.2. PCI během fašistického režimu ................................................................. 38 3.1.3. Nová PCI a její koncept „pokrokové demokracie“ ................................... 39 3.1.4. PCI a tzv. „historický kompromis“ ........................................................... 41 3.1.5. Konec historického kompromisu .............................................................. 44 3.2. Na cestě k nové PCI .......................................................................................... 44 3.2.1. Pokusy o transformaci ............................................................................... 46 3.2.2. Konec éry PCI ........................................................................................... 49 3.2.3. Úspěšná transformace? .............................................................................. 53 4. KOMUNSITICKÉ STRANY ČESKOSLOVENSKÉ / ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY a ITALSKÉ REPUBLIKY VE SROVNÁVACÍ PERSPEKTIVĚ ....................................................................... 55 4.1. Antistystémové strany? ............................................................................. 49 4.2. Úspěšná transformace? ............................................................................ 537 Závěr ...................................................................................................................... 58 Seznam literatury ................................................................................................... 60 Přílohy .................................................................................................................... 63 ÚVOD Již více než 25 let uplynulo od pádu železné opony v Evropě a tím i od vítězství demokracie nad komunistickou totalitou. Po 25 letech znovu sílí hnutí, která odkazují na marxistickou ideologii. Je proto nutné se vracet k historii a stále znovu ji opakovat a vysvětlovat. Transformace komunistických stran je jevem, ke kterému běžně docházelo a to ať už v zemích s totalitní či autoritativní komunistickou minulostí anebo v zemích, kde komunistická strana nebyla státostranou, ale byla důležitou součástí stranického spektra. V každé ze zemí, kde komunistická strana hrála významnou roli, došlo k její transformaci či konsolidaci a to dle specifik dané země. V tom případě je tedy možné se zaměřit na posuny v ideologii stran, zda lze u dříve komunistických stran vyznávajících marxismus, jako jedinou ideologii, hledat nyní prvky sociálně demokratické, či zda jde o čisté socialistické / sociálně demokratické strany. Většina komunistických stran se po ukončení bipolárního rozdělení světa snažila o určitý politický posun, který by upravil její původní totalitární komunistickou ideologii. Po roce 1989 se mohlo zdát, že tyto strany, především státostrany, ale i jiné komunistické strany jsou zdiskreditované, ovšem čas prokázal, že tomu nebylo a není tak. Některé komunistické strany svou transformaci myslely vážně a můžeme skutečně pozorovat vývoj v jejich programech a asi i v myšlení většiny členů, ovšem některé strany svou transformaci pojali jako kosmetickou změnu, z programu sice vypustili revoluční a další myšlenky, ovšem stále doufají, že nastane čas na revoluční změny. V této práci postavím vedle sebe stranu, která se ani nesnaží skrývat, že byla po více než 40 let monopolní stranou a po zániku socialistické republiky převzala po státostraně veškeré ideologické dědictví. A na druhou stranu postavím stranu, která v době bipolárního uspořádání nebyla státostranou, naopak proti jedné státostraně aktivně bojovala a po jisté období byla minimálně největší 1 stranou na levici. Mým cílem v této práci je najít a zhodnotit společná východiska těchto dvou komunistických stran s odkazem na teorii vzniku politických stran, zhodnocení za jakých okolností ke vzniku těchto stran došlo a jakým směrem se ubíral jejich vývoj. Je tedy zřejmé, že nenalezneme jasnou paralelu ve vývoji stran po konci druhé světové války, protože je pochopitelné, že dějiny Itálie a Československa se ubíraly v tomto období zcela jiným směrem. Domnívám se, že komunismus a potažmo komunistická strana není pohřbený fenomén, o kterém by se již jednou pro vždy dalo hovořit v minulém čase, naopak se domnívám, že v historických periodách se bude drát na povrch a je otázkou stran a stranického systému, zda-li mu dají živnou půdu, ve které by se mohl
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