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Introductory Handbook on Policing Urban Space

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Introductory Handbook on Policing Urban Space Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) P.O.Box 30030 GPO 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel.: (+254-20) 4658, Fax: (+254-20) 762 4263 (Safer Cities Office) Introductory Handbook on E-mail: [email protected], Internet: wwwunhabitat.org Policing Urban Space HS/072/11E ISBN 978-92-1-132366-5 United Nations publication Printed in Austria CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES *V.11-80387—July1180387 2011—400* Original photo: Photography by Allesandro Scotti who worked for UN-Habitat on a series of pictures of urbanization in five medium-sized towns. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC) UNITED Nations HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME (UN-HABitat) Introductory Handbook on Policing Urban Space CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION HS/072/11E ISBN 978-92-1-132366-5 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, its economic system or its degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), the Governing Council of UN-HABITAT or its member States. Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condi- tion that the source is indicated. Acknowledgements The Introductory Handbook on Policing Urban Space was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) by Enrique Desmond Arias, consultant, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. A first draft of theHandbook was reviewed by an expert group meeting held in close partnership with the host organization, the Nigerian Police Force, and the Swedish National Police Board, at the premises of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in Abuja from 8 to 10 September 2009. UNODC and UN-Habitat wish to acknowledge the valuable contributions of the following experts, some of whom participated in that meeting: Tunde Agbola, Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Taraah, Mercedez Ampié, Alexandre Augusto Aragon, Bernat Baro, Benoit Mogoue, Innocent Chukwuma, Peter Darcy, Knut Dreyer, Maria Elena Ducci, Anabel Géri, Limota Goroso, Carlos Graça, Francesc Guillen, Hamed Ould Hamed, John Haruna, Adele Kayinda, Ibrahim Y. Lame, Agathe Lele, Dominique Lunel, Alain Makhana, Aubin Minaku, Said Mwema, Abdoulaye Ndiaye, Ejindu Nwakama, Ogbonna Onovo, Clemente Ouango, Janine Rauch, John Sutton, Marco Antonio Valencia Tello, Muhammad Auwal Umar, Dina Shehayeb and Fola Arthur Worrey. The following United Nations staff participated in the meeting: Cecilia Andersson, Barnabas Atiaye, Alioune Badiane, John Falade and Claude Ngomsi of UN-Habitat, and Bisi Arije and Slawomir Redo of UNODC. The following United Nations staff also contributed to the development of the Handbook: Elkin Velasquez, Claude Ngomsi, Cecilia Andersson and Laura Petrella of UN-Habitat, and Estela Máris Deon, Anna Giudice Saget, Mia Spolander and Slawomir Redo of UNODC, as well as Julien Piednoir (intern). UNODC and UN-Habitat gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the Depart- ment of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada, and the Swedish Interna- tional Development Cooperation Agency for the development, printing and dissemination of the Handbook, and its translation into French, Portuguese and Spanish. iii Contents Page Introduction ........................................... 1 I. Context of urban policing in low- and middle-income countries.... 5 A. Key terms .............................................. 5 B. Definition of urban space . 6 C. Contrasts: large-scale urban areas in low- and middle-income countries and challenges to governance and policing...................... 7 D. Levels and types of policing ................................. 13 E. Proactive strategies to control crime: adapting theories and strategies to local contexts ........................................... 14 F. The Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime . 15 G. Actors and stakeholders.................................... 17 H. Conclusions . 17 II. Policing in urban spaces and public places: current trends and practices .............................................. 19 A. Definitions . 19 B. Challenges of policing urban areas in low- and middle-income countries: a closer look . 20 C. Challenges and responses . 23 D. Police reform in context . 30 E. Conclusions . 31 III. Improving the policing of urban spaces: different police strategies in different types of urban space .............................. 33 A. Definitions . 33 B. Conceptual underpinnings . 34 C. Urban revitalization and policing ............................. 37 D. Crime prevention through environmental design . 38 E. “Broken windows” theory . 39 F. Techniques of situational crime prevention . 40 G. Crime control in Diadema, Brazil ............................ 44 H. Conclusions . 45 IV. Effective policing in public places ............................. 47 A. Definitions . 47 B. Public and private urban spaces.............................. 48 C. Stadiums............................................... 50 v D. Parks .................................................. 52 E. Markets................................................ 54 F. Schools ................................................ 54 G. City transport and roads . 56 H. Central business districts ................................... 58 I. Slums . 59 J. Other residential areas..................................... 63 K. Conclusions . 65 V. Improving policing practice, oversight and evaluation ........... 67 A. Definitions . 67 B. Seven attributes of safer places .............................. 67 C. Principles of good policing . 68 D. Governance and accountability in policing...................... 69 E. Information sharing and intelligence in policing urban areas . 71 F. Police evaluation . 72 G. Examples of evaluation strategies............................. 73 H. Communication and awareness-raising . 74 I. Conclusions . 74 VI. Review of selected good practices in Africa and Latin America .... 77 A. Definitions . 77 B. Factors in successful urban police reform . 77 C. Cooperation between police and research institutions: the case of Belo Horizonte .......................................... 79 D. Bogotá: managing the social environment . 82 E. South Africa ............................................ 84 F. Conclusions . 86 VII. Role of the police in urban planning and management for safer urban spaces ......................................... 87 A. Definitions . 87 B. Crime and political consensus ............................... 88 C. Police structure and decentralization .......................... 89 D. Local guard (police) organizations ............................ 93 E. Community watch groups .................................. 94 F. Integrated urban policies and the police........................ 95 G. Regional concerns ........................................ 96 H. Conclusions . 98 vi VIII. Conclusions: key lessons on policing in urban space ............ 99 A. Context of urban policing in low- and middle-income countries (chapter I).............................................. 99 B. Policing in urban space and public places: current trends and practices (chapter II) ............................................. 100 C. Improving the policing of urban spaces: police strategies in different types of urban space (chapter III) ............................ 101 D. Effective policing in public places (chapter IV) . 102 E. Improving policing practice, oversight and evaluation (chapter V) . 104 F. A review of selected good practices in Africa and Latin America (chapter VI)............................................. 104 G. Role of the police in urban planning and management for safer urban spaces (chapter VII)....................................... 105 Tables 1. City populations and projected rate of growth ........................ 9 2. Location and criminal activity.................................... 36 3. Temporal factors and criminal activity.............................. 36 4. Spaces, crimes and possible responses.............................. 64 5. Fica Vivo and special police unit locations and homicide statistics ......... 81 Boxes 1. Key lessons drawn from chapter I . 17 2. The Ceasefire programme ....................................... 27 3. Community-based policing in Kenya .............................. 28 4. Key lessons drawn from chapter II ................................ 31 5. Controlling the use of arms in urban space in El Salvador ............... 41 6. Key lessons from chapter III ..................................... 45 7. Regulating private security partnerships in the United Arab Emirates ...... 49 8. Naivasha community project..................................... 50 9. Safe Delhi: safety of women on city transport ........................ 57 10. Policing with panchayat in Mumbai (Bombay)........................ 62 11. Key lessons drawn from chapter IV................................ 65 12. Key areas discussed in chapter V .................................. 74 13. Components of policing reform .................................
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