DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge Lamarque, Hugh Insulating the borderlands : policing and state reach in Rwanda /. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26483 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. INSULATING THE BORDERLANDS: POLICING AND STATE REACH IN RWANDA Hugh Lamarque Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2017 Department of Politics and International Studies SOAS, University of London 1 Declaration for SOAS PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: ____________________________ Date: _________________ 2 Abstract In Rwanda, the high visibility of uniformed state officials at strategic sites creates a misleading impression of how public order is maintained. In fact, crime prevention in the country’s major cities relies to a significant degree on non-state, often ostensibly voluntary, participation and takes place in the margins of centralized state authority. The Rwanda National Police (RNP) has prioritized crime prevention over investigation, and by partitioning the country into small self-policing neighbourhood communities, has created an environment resistant to micro-level violence. The degree to which the Rwandan government has been able to coordinate the participation of civilian community members in the maintenance of public order is a powerful manifestation of its state reach. The extent of Rwandan state reach is most striking in Gisenyi, the country’s largest border town, where the government has mobilised local communities to share information and effectively control levels of street crime despite what appear to be significant difficulties resulting from the town’s geographical position. Crime prevention in Gisenyi takes place in the context of widespread criminality immediately across the border in Goma, the capital of the DRC’s North Kivu Province. The asymmetry in the prevalence of crime is sustained despite the border itself being relatively frictionless, allowing both goods and people to cross with ease. I argue that these issues are not unrelated, and that the dialectical relationship between Goma and Gisenyi bolsters mechanisms that contribute to the prevention of street crime on the Rwandan side of the border. 3 Acknowledgements This PhD was funded for three years by the Economic and Social Research Council. I would like to thank Phil Clark at SOAS for outstanding academic supervision, calm support and advice, and for providing me the space to work and think independently. Similarly, I thank Andrew Wallis at the University of Cambridge for his selfless support over many years. In Rwanda, I thank one principal research assistant, translator and language teacher. Two translators from the Université Libre de Kigali in Gisenyi and two part-time research assistants each provided further professional assistance for which I am enormously grateful. I was never entitled to the information contained in these pages – security details of a foreign state – and I sincerely thank the Rwanda National Police and the Rwandan Defense Forces for the patience and good nature of their officers and for the assistance they have provided to me. To all those Rwandans, both inside and outside of the field of security, who gave up their time to participate in this research through interviews and informal discussions – murakoze cyane – I wish you, and Rwanda, all the very best for the future. To offer anything near an exhaustive record of those whose academic advice and support has helped me along the way would require adding an additional chapter to this text. In particular, then, I thank Paul Nugent, Wolfgang Zeller, Timothy Raeymaekers, Karen Büscher, Gillian Mathys, Martin Doevenspeck and Kristof Titeca at the African Borderlands Research Network, Jonathan Goodhand, Zoe Marriage, Paolo Novak, Patrick Meehan, Johann Chacko, Matthew Nelson and Anna Rader at SOAS, and Aidan Russell, Pritish Behuria and Marco Jowell elsewhere. I owe you each an intellectual debt and a great deal of gratitude. Thank you Robert Macdonald, Benjamin Chemouni and one anonymous Rwandan reviewer for hours of constructive criticism and gruelling editing. 4 Writing a PhD thesis can be an isolating experience. To Joseph, Dominique, Emily, Chris, Tom, Jon, Ashani, Gentil, Freddy, Rona, Martha and to my brother Toby, thank you for making this so much more tolerable in my case. Finally, to my parents – thank you again for everything. 5 Contents INSULATING THE BORDERLANDS: POLICING AND STATE REACH IN RWANDA ........................ 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 4 Contents ............................................................................................................................... 6 Maps, Tables and Figures ..................................................................................................... 9 Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... 11 Glossary of Key Kinyarwanda Terms .................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 13 1.1 An Unlikely Safety ........................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Research Questions and Argument ............................................................................. 14 1.3 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................ 17 State and State Reach .................................................................................................... 18 Police and Policing ......................................................................................................... 21 Police and the Security Sector in Africa ..................................................................... 26 African Borderlands ....................................................................................................... 27 1.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 31 1.5 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER TWO – METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 36 2.1 Encountering Security .................................................................................................. 36 Access ............................................................................................................................. 37 Site Selection .................................................................................................................. 45 Participants and Methods .............................................................................................. 48 2.2 Constraints and Limitations ......................................................................................... 54 Researcher Position and Official Narratives in Rwanda ................................................. 54 Events ............................................................................................................................. 56 2.3 Ethical Considerations .................................................................................................. 59 2.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER THREE – RWANDAN POLICING IN ITS POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT ....... 62 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 62 Historical Timeline of the Rwandan State ...................................................................... 65 Rwanda Districts Map .................................................................................................... 72 A Contested Field of Study ............................................................................................. 73 3.2 Politics in Rwanda – Between Elite Policy and Local Agency ......................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of Militarization and Use of Force
    LIVING IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY: A STUDY OF MILITARIZATION AND USE OF FORCE Cori Pryor A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2020 Committee: Thomas Mowen, Advisor Steve Demuth Danielle Kuhl ii ABSTRACT Thomas Mowen, Advisor Police militarization is happening on a widespread scale across the United States. However, very little is known about its relationship with use of force. At the same time, there has been a growing focus on community policing. Given the concurrent establishment of both of these trends, it is problematic that we do not know how these two tactics interplay with one another, especially in regard to use of force. Additionally, though force is thought to be a mechanism of social control that is unequally distributed in nonwhite communities, studies examining the link between militarization and use of force have yet to include race/ethnicity into their analysis. This paper attempts to address this important gap in the literature by examining the relationship between militarization and use of force through the lens of minority threat theory. I use data from Law Enforcement Management and Statistics 2013, American Community Survey 2009, and Uniform Crime Reports 2013, as well as item response theory and multivariate regression techniques to study this relationship. Results show that militarization is positive and significantly related to the number of use of force incidents recorded by an agency. Additionally, community policing shares a positive and significant relationship with use of force. However, neither racial demographics nor community policing moderate the relationship between militarization and use of force.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolving Strategy of Policing
    U.S. nt of Justice Office ui .-:itlice Programs National Institute ofJustice November 1988 No. 4 A publication of the National Institute of Justice,U.S. Department of Justice, and the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University The Evolving Strategy of Policing By George L. Kelling and Mark H. Moore Policing, like all professions, learns from experience. This is one in a series of reports originally developed with It follows, then, that as modem police executives search some of the leading figuresin American policing during their for more effective strategies of policing, they will be guided periodic meetings at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy by the lessons of police history. The difficulty is that police School of Government. The reports are published so that history is incoherent, its lessons hard to read. After all, Americans interested in the improvement and the future of that history was produced by thousands of local departments policing can share in the information and perspectives that were part of extensivedebates at the School's Executive pursuing their own visions and responding to local condi- Session on Policing. tions. Although that varied experience is potentially a rich source of lessons, departments have left few records that The police chiefs, mayors, scholars,and others invited to the reveal the trends shaping modem policing. Interpretation meetings have focused on the use and promise of such strategies as community-based and problem-oriented policing. is necessary. The testing and adoption of these strategies by some police agencies signalimportant changes in the way American policing now does business.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Policing Defined the Primary Elements of Community Policing
    Community Policing Defined The Primary Elements of Community Policing Nonprof its / Service Providers Using the Crime Triangle Community Policing Community Policing Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, Defined and fear of crime. Community policing comprises three key components: Community Partnerships Collaborative partnerships between the law enforcement agency and the individuals and organizations they serve to develop solutions to problems and increase trust in police Organizational Transformation 1 The alignment of organizational management, structure, personnel, and information systems to support community partnerships and proactive problem solving Problem Solving The process of engaging in the proactive and systematic examination of identified problems to develop and evaluate effective responses Community Partnerships Collaborative partnerships between the law enforcement agency and the 2 individuals and organizations they serve to develop solutions to problems and increase trust in police Community policing, recognizing that police rarely can solve public safety problems alone, encourages interactive partnerships with relevant stakeholders. The range of potential partners is large, and these partnerships can be used to accomplish the two interrelated goals of developing solutions to problems through
    [Show full text]
  • Analyzing the Strategies of Prevention and Control of Human Trafficking in Rwanda
    Sociology International Journal Review Article Open Access Analyzing the strategies of prevention and control of human trafficking in Rwanda Abstract Volume 3 Issue 4 - 2019 Human trafficking is a worldwide phenomenon in which victims of human trafficking Gacinya John coming from 127 countries have been found in 137 countries around the world. It therefore requires transnational policies that engage international cooperation through Department of Criminology & Penology, Mount Kenya University, Kenya information exchange and mutual assistance. Since 2009, about 153 cases of human trafficking have been recorded by the Rwanda National police. The aim of this study Correspondence: Gacinya John, Department of Criminology was to analyze preventive strategies that should be adopted to reduce the current level & Penology, Mount Kenya University, Kenya, Tel + 250788309865, of human trafficking in Rwanda. Qualitative data was collected and analyzed using Email documentary technique. Secondary data was analyzed and the following strategies were found to be currently used for prevention and control of human trafficking in Received: February 15, 2019 | Published: July 03, 2019 Rwanda; Making the public aware of the dangers of human trafficking, enhance coordination and cooperation, and improve capacity of law enforcers, legislation, reduce poverty and unemployment, improve on gender equality and education of the masses on cultural norms that condone conditions that favor human trafficking. These findings show that Rwanda is on the fore front in combating human trafficking. It can be better if the fight against this vice not only utilizes reactive measures but also preventive ones especially focusing on reducing vulnerabilities faced by communities at risk of human trafficking through socio-economic development.
    [Show full text]
  • African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS, Vol.4, No.1
    African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS, Vol.11, #1 April 2018 ISSN 1554-3897 A Critical Analysis of the ‘Broken Windows’ Policing in New York City and Its Impact: Implications for the Criminal Justice System and the African American Community By Ngozi C. Kamalu Fayetteville State University and Emmanuel C. Onyeozili University of Maryland Eastern Shore Abstract The broken windows approach is an aggressive crime fighting strategy instituted in New York City in the 1990s, emphasizing mass arrest of perpetrators of major as well as minor offenses. The impact resulted in disproportionate arrest of Black and Hispanic youths in comparison with Caucasians. Critics of broken windows strategy maintain that its success is exaggerated and oversold. They argue that the decline in crime in the city was not a consequence of the strategy, but due to improved economy, declining numbers of teenage males, and the decline in crack cocaine use. The broken windows strategy in fact yielded unintended consequences and other collateral effects because of its negative impact on the racial minorities. Furthermore, it created enormous financial burden on the criminal justice system by diverting limited resources for social programs to punishment and incarceration, thus undermining the traditional police- community emphasis of effective policing. The perceived unfair treatment, harassment, and subjection of African Americans to “stop, frisk, search and arrest” has eroded public trust, compromised citizens’ due process rights, and delegitimized the law enforcement in the eyes of vulnerable groups, thus creating an enduring negative perception of the criminal justice system. Keywords Broken windows, Community-Oriented Policing, Problem-Oriented Policing, Stop and frisk, Racial profiling, Hot-spots, Order-maintaining policing, Quality of Life policing.
    [Show full text]
  • Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities
    THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/24928 SHARE Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities DETAILS 408 pages | 6 x 9 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-46713-1 | DOI 10.17226/24928 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK David Weisburd and Malay K. Majmundar, Editors; Committee on Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime, Communities, and Civil Liberties; Committee on Law and Justice; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; National FIND RELATED TITLES Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities Proactive Policing Effects on Crime and Communities Committee on Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime, Communities, and Civil Liberties David Weisburd and Malay K. Majmundar, Editors Committee on Law and Justice Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education A Consensus Study Report of Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This activity was supported by a Grant from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation and Grant No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008
    The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985- 2008 | 1 New Perspectives in Policing S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 0 National Institute of Justice The Changing Environment for Policing, 1985-2008 David H. Bayley and Christine Nixon Introduction Executive Session on Policing In 1967, the President’s Commission on Law and Public Safety Enforcement and the Administration of Justice pub­ This is one in a series of papers that are being pub­ lished The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. This lished as a result of the Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety. publication is generally regarded as inaugurating the scientific study of the police in America in particu­ Harvard’s Executive Sessions are a convening of lar but also in other countries. Almost 20 years later, individuals of independent standing who take joint responsibility for rethinking and improving society’s the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard responses to an issue. Members are selected based University, convened an Executive Session on the on their experiences, their reputation for thoughtful­ police (1985-1991) to examine the state of policing ness and their potential for helping to disseminate the and to make recommendations for its improvement. work of the Session. Its approximately 30 participants were police execu­ In the early 1980s, an Executive Session on Policing tives and academic experts. Now, 20 years further on, helped resolve many law enforcement issues of the Kennedy School has again organized an Executive the day. It produced a number of papers and concepts that revolutionized policing.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Policing: a Practical Guide for Police Officials
    U.S. Department of Justice Office of Ju\tice Program\ NLIIIOIIN/111$ttffftrof./l(.sftcc pea: September 1989 No. 12 A publication of the National instituteof Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, and the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management. John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Community Policing: A Practical Guide for Police Officials By Lee Y. Brown Like many other social institutions, American police depart- ments are responding to rapid social change and emerging This is one in a series of reports originally developed with problems by rethinking their basic strategies. In response to some of the leading figures in American policing during their problems such as crime, drugs, fear, and urban decay, the periodic meetings at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. The reportsare published so that police have begun experimenting with new approaches to Americans interested in the improvement and the future of their tasks. policing can share in the information and perspectives that were part of extensivedebates at the School's Executive Among the most prominent new approaches is the concept of Session on Policing. community policing. Viewed from one perspective, it is not a The police chiefs, mayors, scholars,and others invited to the new concept; the principles can be traced back to some of meetings have focused on the use and promise of such policing's oldest traditions. More recently, some of the impor- strategies as community-based and problem-oriented policing. tant principles of community policing have been reflected in The testing and adoption of these strategies by some police particular programs initiated in a variety of places within agencies signal important changes in the way American policing now does business.
    [Show full text]
  • Has the Addition of Community Policing in Neighborhoods Targeted
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Has the addition of community policing in neighborhoods targeted for revitalization enhanced the community revitalization process - a case study of Des Moines, Iowa from 1966 to 2012 Theodore Stroope Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Criminology Commons, Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, Public Policy Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Stroope, Theodore, "Has the addition of community policing in neighborhoods targeted for revitalization enhanced the community revitalization process - a case study of Des Moines, Iowa from 1966 to 2012" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13764. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13764 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Has the addition of community policing in neighborhoods targeted for revitalization enhanced the community revitalization process - a case study of Des Moines, Iowa from 1966 to 2012 by Theodore Lister Stroope A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING Major: Community and Regional Planning Program of Study Committee: Carlton W. Basmajian, Major Professor Christine Cook Jane Rongerude Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © Theodore Lister Stroope, 2014. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Civil Rights Implications of "Broken Windows" Policing in NYC and General NYPD Accountability to the Public
    The Civil Rights Implications of "Broken Windows" Policing in NYC and General NYPD Accountability to the Public A Briefing Report of the New York Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights March 2018 Advisory Committees to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights By law, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights has established an advisory Committee in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. These Committees are composed of state/district citizens who serve without compensation; they are tasked with advising the Commission of civil rights issues in their states/district that are within the Commission’s jurisdiction. Committees are authorized to advise the Commission in writing of any knowledge or information they have of any alleged deprivation of voting rights and alleged discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, national origin, or in the administration of justice; advise the Commission on matters of their state or district’s concern in the preparation of Commission reports to the President and the Congress; receive reports, suggestions, and recommendations from individuals, public officials, and representatives of public and private organizations to Committee inquiries; forward advice and recommendations to the Commission, as requested; and observe any open hearing or conference conducted by the Commission in their states/district. Acknowledgements The New York Advisory Committee thanks all of the participants in the March 20 and 21, 2017 briefings for sharing their expertise. The Committee also thanks the senior leadership of the NYPD for taking the time to share their expertise with us on the several days of interviews we conducted with them.
    [Show full text]
  • Missouri: the Impact of Community/Police Interactions On
    The Impact of Community/Police Interactions on Individual Civil Rights in Missouri A Report of the Missouri Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights June 2016 Advisory Committees to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights By law, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights has established an advisory committee in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The committees are composed of state citizens who serve without compensation. The committees advise the Commission of civil rights issues in their states that are within the Commission’s jurisdiction. More specifically, they are authorized to advise the Commission in writing of any knowledge or information they have of any alleged deprivation of voting rights and alleged discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, national origin, or in the administration of justice; advise the Commission on matters of their state’s concern in the preparation of Commission reports to the President and the Congress; receive reports, suggestions, and recommendations from individuals, public officials, and representatives of public and private organizations to committee inquiries; forward advice and recommendations to the Commission, as requested; and observe any open hearing or conference conducted by the Commission in their states. Letter of Transmittal Missouri Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights The Missouri Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights submits this report regarding the civil rights impact of police and community relations in Missouri, particularly disparities in the use of force on people of color. The Committee submits this report as part of its responsibility to study and report on civil rights issues in the state of Missouri.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolving Strategy of Policing: Case Studies of Strategic Change
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Evolving Strategy of Policing: Case Studies of Strategic Change Author(s): George L. Kelling ; Mary A. Wycoff Document No.: 198029 Date Received: December 2002 Award Number: 95-IJ-CX-0059 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Page 1 Prologue. Draft, not for circulation. 5/22/2001 e The Evolving Strategy of Policing: Case Studies of Strategic Change May 2001 George L. Kelling Mary Ann Wycoff Supported under Award # 95 zscy 0 5 9 fiom the National Institute of Justice, Ofice of Justice Programs, U. S. Department of Justice. Points ofview in this document are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily represent the official position ofthe U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Prologue. Draft, not for circulation. 5/22/2001 Page 2 PROLOGUE Orlando W. Wilson was the most important police leader of the 20thcentury.
    [Show full text]