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Republika Srbija Rodna Veli~kovska @ETVARSKOTO PEEWE VO MAKEDONIJA SKOPJE, 2002 INSTITUT ZA FOLKLOR "MARKO CEPENKOV"− SKOPJE INSTITUTE OF FOLKLORE "MARKO CEPENKOV" − SKOPJE SPECIAL EDITIONS Volume 45 Rodna Veli~kovska THE HARVEST SINGING IN MACEDONIA Skopje, 2002 INSTITUT ZA FOLKLOR "MARKO CEPENKOV"− SKOPJE POSEBNI IZDANIJA Kniga 45 Rodna Veli~kovska @ETVARSKOTO PEEWE VO MAKEDONIJA SKOPJE, 2002 Ovaa kniga se temeli na magisterskiot trud na tema: "@etvarskoto peewe vo Makedonija", odbranet na Fakultetot za muzi~ka umetnost vo Belgrad na 04.08.1999, pred komisijata vo sostav: prof. d-r Dimitrije O. Golemovi}, prof. d-r Nice Fracile, prof. d-r Olivera Vasi}, prof. d-r Nenad Qubinkovi} i prof. d-r Mirjana Veselinovi}-Hofman. Od se' srce im se zablagodaruvam na mentorot prof. d-r Dimitrije Golemovi}, na prof. d-r Nice Fracile i prof. d-r Olivera Vasi} za uka`anata pomo{ kako i na recenzentite na ovaa kniga: prof. d-r Dimitrije O. Golemovi} i prof. d-r Dragoslav Ortakov. Avtorkata VOVED 8 Rodna Veli~kovska Imaj}i ja predvid prazninata {to postoi vo oblasta na `etvarskoto peewe, odlu~iv temata na ovoj trud da bide tok- mu ovaa zapostavena oblast na muzi~kiot folklor, bidej}i, os- ven toa, ovoj na~in na peewe e na pat kon napolno is~eznuvawe. Sé do neodamna ova peewe be{e so~uvano vo sredinite kade {to gradskata muzi~ka kultura ima{e najmalku uslovi da dopre i da zavladee. Takvi sredini se nekoi ruralni i planinski predeli na Makedonija, koi vo minatoto `ilavo se sprotivstavuvaa na sekakvo vlijanie odnadvor. Za izrabotkata na ovaa kniga gi izbrav komparativno- istoriskata i deskriptivnata metoda, koi ovozmo`uvaat sledewe na pojavata na `etvarskoto peewe vo proces, negoviot razvoj, transformacii i, kone~no, negovoto postepeno is~eznu- vawe. Vo taa smisla, so pomo{ na fromalno-genetskata, funkcionalnata i strukturnata analiza ovozmo`eno e rekon- struirawe na pojavite vo `etvarskoto peewe {to pomaga da se objasnat specifikite na ovoj vid folklorno izrazuvawe tolku `ivo vo bliskoto minato. Moite istra`uvawa se potpiraat vrz empiriskiot ma- terijal sobran za vreme na mnogubrojnite terenski istra`u- vawa vr{eni od strana na sorabotnicite na Institutot za folklor "Marko Cepenkov" vo Skopje kako i vrz moite li~no snimeni materijali. Pri terenskite istra`uvawa primeneta e metodata na intervju, slobodni razgovori, opservacii, a vo izvesna merka i metodata na direktno u~estvuvawe vo samiot proces kako na `etvarskata dejnost taka i vo `etvarskoto peewe. Ovie istra`uvawa se vr{eni vrz materijalot snimen na 43 magnetofonski lenti vo vremenskiot interval od 1957 do 1998 godina. Od okolu 400 `etvarski pesni (me|u koi sekako se nao|at i brojni varijanti), za ovoj trud e izbran 120 primeri. Ilustrativniot muzi~ki materijal preto~en vo me|unarodno priznatata notografska fiksiranost e reprezentativen re~isi za site oblasti na Makedonija kade{to se peat `et- varskite pesni (vidi Etni~ka karta na Makedonija). @etvarskoto peewe vo Makedonija 9 Bidej}i vo Makedonija se sre}avaat dva vida na `et- varsko peewe: 1) dvoglasno, glavno od burdonski tip i 2) edno- glasno, toa nalaga primena na posebni kriteriumi na istra`u- vawe i vrz taa osnova napraviv izbor na ilustrativniot folk- loren materijal. Tie kriteriumi se slednive: 1) pesnata da e dvoglasna, pa 2) kako takva da e zastapena na {to po{iroko po- dra~je na Makedonija i 3) da se izveduva vo kontekst na `etva- ta, odnosno da ja ispolnuva svojata osnovna namenska funkcija. Pri pretstavuvaweto na spomenatiot materijal vodev smetka pesnite da gi zadovoluvaat normite {to gi bara samo- to izveduvawe na `etvata. Imeno, vo korpusot se zastapeni pesni {to se peat na po~etokot na `etvata, potoa pesni {to se peat vo ostanatite delovi od denot na `etvata: 1) nautro, 2) za vreme na u`inata, 3) pred pladne, 4) na pladne, 5) po pladne, 6) koga sonceto zao|a, 7) koga `etvarite se vra}aat doma itn., odnosno so site nivni melodiski karakteristiki i za sekoja prigoda posebno. Vo trudot naveduvam i primeri na ednoglasno `et- varsko peewe, karakteristi~no za nekoi predeli na Makedonija (toa e prika`ano, kako {to ve}e spomnav, na kartata prilo`e- na na krajot od knigata na koja{to se ozna~eni predelite vo koi `etvarskoto peewe se izveduva dvoglasno, ednoglasno kako i mestata vo koi otsustvuva `etvarskoto peewe kako poseben vid na muzi~ko izrazuvawe). Osven gornite kriteriumi, vodev smetka za toa pesnite da se zavr{eni, t.e. celosno otpeani so site nivni delovi. No, treba da se istakne i edna druga osobenost, a toa e deka ima i takvi slu~ai koga se zemeni primeri na nekoi tekstuelno neza- vr{eni pesni, pred sé zaradi nivnata zavr{enost vo muzi~ki pogled, a se karakteristi~ni i va`ni kako primeri za sevkup- nosta na analiti~kiot pregled na pesnite. 10 Rodna Veli~kovska Za da se dobie {to pojasna slika ne samo za `etvata kako tradiconalna proizvedstvena dejnost, tuku i za `et- varskoto peewe kako posebno umetni~no do`ivuvawe, {to vsu{nost go pretstavuva sredi{niot predmet na ovoj trud, pri koristeweto na metodata na anketirawe, intervjuirav mnogu informatori koi dolgo vreme se zanimavale so `et- varskata rabota. Bidej}i tie vodat poteklo od planinskite predeli na pove}e kraevi od Makedonija (osobeno od slednite oblasti: Krivopalane~ko, Kumanovsko, Kratovsko, na severo- istok i Pore~e, Mariovo, Ki~evsko i Ohridsko-stru{ko, na jugo-zapad), vo koi sé do neodamna ne postoela nikakva druga mo`nost za zarabotka osven zaminuvaweto na rabota vo `itnite krai{ta kako eden vid sezonska, lokalna rabotna migracija i kade{to ma`ite rabotele kako majstori - yi- dari, bi~kajxii, kosa~i i drugo, a `enite rabotele prven- stveno kako `etvarki. Ona {to posebno me interesira kaj poslednive e toa {to tie bile glavnite nositeli na `et- varskoto peewe i deka vo kraevite kade {to tie zaminuvale na privremena rabota, so svoeto peewe izvr{ile vlijanie vrz lokalniot manir na muzicirawe, no istovremeno se odvival i eden reverzibilen proces. Imeno, i lokalnata pea~ka tradici- ja izvr{ila izvesno vlijanie vrz niv taka {to so toa samo se zbogatuval nivniot repertoar i na izvesen na~in postepeno se menuval nivniot na~in na peewe. Toa se pojavi za koi podocna }e se zadr`am malku podetalno. @etvarskoto peewe vo Makedonija 11 Na mojot metodolo{ki pristap vlijae{e i faktot {to denes pogolemiot broj na naselenieto od Skopje i negova- ta okolina se sostoi od doselenici od site krai{ta na Make- donija. Jas uspeav da stapam vo kontakt so nekoi od niv i da gi intervjuiram vo vrska so pra{awata koi se odnesuvaat na mojot interes na istra`uvawe. Osven toa, istra`uvav i vo nekoi sela vo okolinata na Skopje so cel da se informiram za nekoi poedinosti vo vrska so `etvata i `etvarskoto peewe tamu, kako i vo mojot roden kraj, koj go napu{tiv vo 1972 god- ina. Toa e seloto Gorobinci vo neposredna blizina na Sveti Nikole, sredi{teto na poznatoto Ov~e Pole. Posledniov toponim e edna od pogolemite poznati `itnici na Makedoni- ja. Sé do sedumdesettite godini na HH-ot vek tamu be{e zadr`ano ra~noto obavuvawe na `etvarskite raboti, {to podrazbira i postoewe na seu{te `iva tradicija i aktivno peewe za vreme na `etvata. Vo moite pove}ekratni obidi us- peav da gi pronajdam lu|eto koi me snabdija so informacii relevantni za mnogu elementi koi mi nedostsuvaa za da ja dokompletiram slikata koja se odnesuva na ovoj vid peewe. Inaku, jas mo`ev prili~no verno da se potpram i na sop- stvenoto iskustvo vo `etvarskata rabota, bidej}i neposredno sum u~estvuvala vo nejzinoto izvr{uvawe u{te od mojata edi- naesetta godina, taka {to mi se poznati i seu{te sve`i obi~aite vo vrska so `etvata, vr{eweto i seeweto na `ito- to, t.e. so celiot ciklus na odgleduvaweto na cerealnite kul- turi na po~vata od spomenatiot kraj. Od mojata majka nau~iv da `nejam i, se razbira, da gi praktikuvam, kako norma, obi~aite koi ja pridru`uvaat `etvata. Kako izvonredna pea~ka taa ne propu{ti nas, pette sestri, od koi jas sum najm- ladata, da ne' vovede vo tajnite ne samo vo `etvarskata rabo- ta tuku i na `etvarskoto peewe. No, od poslednovo, osobeno silno me pogodi pesnata "Oblagala se Petkana" (primer br. 69), koja ja pee{e majka mi, se ~ini pred sé poradi nejzinata neposred- na povrzanost so samiot ~in na `etvarskata dejnost, za koja{to, dolgo potoa mislev deka gi naterala i mnogu drugi `eni, na nekoj na~in, da se poistovetat so vistinskata ili so mitskata @etvarka.1 1 Pokraj pesnite, ima mnogu veruvawa i predanija svrzani so `etvata. Me|u niv mislam deka treba da se navedat i slednite dve za potekloto na potpolo{kata: 1. Si bila edna `etvarka i oti{la na niva da `nee. So sebe go ponela svoeto de- tence vo peleni i koga po~nala da `nee go ostavila pod eden "polog". Po izves- no vreme, koga do`neala, oti{la da go zeme deteto od pod pologot za da si odi 12 Rodna Veli~kovska Podatocite do koi dojdov a koi se odnesuvaat na pes- nite, ka`uva~ite, poto~no, informaciite za pea~kite, sni- matelite i melografite se nao|aat vo VIII-to poglavje i se po- dredeni vo posebni registri. Za `al, vo nekoi zapisi nedostasu- vaat elementarnite podatoci za ka`uva~ite, za nivnata vozrast, {to bi pridonelo za pocelosniot uvid vo stepenot na so~uvanosta i transformaciite na `etvarskite pesni. Inaku, sekade e navedena datata na zapisite, pa taka vremenski mo`eme mo{ne to~no da se orientirame vo odnos na sostojbata na `etvarskata tradicija.
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