Cardiovascular System
Duarte Ferreira, PhD
Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
29th October 2019
[email protected] BLOOD Blood
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Plasma
Plasma • Mainly water
+ - • Bicarbonate pH buffer (H HCO3 )
• Plasma proteins
• Albumin
• Immunoproteins
• Antibodies
• Glucose
• Lipids Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Leukocytes
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Platelets or Thrombocyte
Wilmore, et al. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. Different blood groups
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Different blood groups
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology HEART Position of the heart
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Blood flow through the heart
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Cardiac muscle
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Cardiac muscle
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Action potential The electrical system of the heart
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Pacemaker cells
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Aktionspotential av myocyter
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Action potential of myocytes
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Heart sounds
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Cardiac output
Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume
Volume/min = Beat/min × Volume/beat
Cardiac output (CO) à The flow of blood delivered by the heart, or the total mean flow in the circulation.
Stroke volume (SV) à The output during a single heartbeat, from either the left or the right ventricle
Heart rate (HR) à The speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per minute. (Chronotropy) Cardiac output
Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume
Martini & Nath. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. Pearson, 2009. Preload and Afterload
Preload: ~ End Diastolic Volume ~ the volume of blood being returned to the right side (atrium) of the heart from the systemic circulation, before the beginning of a new contraction.
Stretch/Contraction of the cardiac muscle.
Afterload: ~ End Systolic Volume ~ the volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of contraction, or systole, and the beginning of filling, or diastole
Squeeze/Resistance the left ventricle has to overcome to eject the blood. The Frank-Starling Law
“The mechanical energy set free on passage from the resting to the contracted state depends on the area of ‘chemically active surfaces,’ i.e., on the length of the fibres.” Therefore, the initial length of myocardial fibers determines the work done during the cardiac cycle.
Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Elsevier, 2016. The Frank-Starling Law
Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Elsevier, 2016. Nervous system control of the heart
Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Elsevier, 2016. Nervous system control of the heart
Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Elsevier, 2016. PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION Blood circulation
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Blood vessels
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Blood vessels
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Blood vessels
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Pressure and flow in the peripheral circulation Mechanism promoting venous return
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Factors that affect Blood pressure
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Different measurement for blood pressure
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Increased mean arterial pressure
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Regulation of blood pressure
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Capillary fluid exchange
Hydrostatic pressure gradient
Colloidosmotic pressure gradient Capillary fluid exchange
Pc pc
Pi pi
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary, Pc
Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium, Pi
Colloidosmotic pressure in the capillary, pc
Colloidosmotic pressure in the interstitium, pi
V = CFC * [(Pc – Pi) – (pc - pi)] Capillary solute exchange
Continuous Fenestrated Discontinuous heart kidney bone marrow sk.muscle intestinal mucosa liver sinusoids connective tissue adipose tissue BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION Local control of the blood flow
Wilmore, Costill & Kenney. Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Human Kinetics. Endotelial regulation of blood flow Central blood pressure regulation
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Baroreceptors
Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Elsevier, 2016. Baroreceptors
Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Elsevier, 2016. Renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS) Mandatory lab Tuesday 12/11!!
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Go to www.menti.com and use the room code 97 49 27
97 49 27
97 49 27