Basic Cardiac Rhythms – Identification and Response Module 1 ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, & ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION Objectives
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Chapter 20 *Lecture Powerpoint the Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 20 *Lecture PowerPoint The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • The route taken by the blood after it leaves the heart was a point of much confusion for many centuries – Chinese emperor Huang Ti (2697–2597 BC) believed that blood flowed in a complete circuit around the body and back to the heart – Roman physician Galen (129–c. 199) thought blood flowed back and forth like air; the liver created blood out of nutrients and organs consumed it – English physician William Harvey (1578–1657) did experimentation on circulation in snakes; birth of experimental physiology – After microscope was invented, blood and capillaries were discovered by van Leeuwenhoek and Malpighi 20-2 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels • Expected Learning Outcomes – Describe the structure of a blood vessel. – Describe the different types of arteries, capillaries, and veins. – Trace the general route usually taken by the blood from the heart and back again. – Describe some variations on this route. 20-3 General Anatomy of the Blood Vessels Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Capillaries Artery: Tunica interna Tunica media Tunica externa Nerve Vein Figure 20.1a (a) 1 mm © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer • Arteries carry blood away from heart • Veins -
Some Observations on the Atrial Sound*
15 Oktober 1960 S.A. TYDSKRIF VIR GENEESKUNDE 887 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ATRIAL SOUND* JOHN R BARLOW, M.R, RCH., M.R.C.P., Department of Medicine, University of The WiTwaTersralld. Johallllesburg The atrial sound, also known as the fourth heart sound Emotional factors probably play a large part in this; the or. presystolic gallop, has been defined' as an audible P-G interval may quickly horten again on the introduction ibration occurring more than 0·07 second after the of an intravenous needle or imilar procedure. beginning of the P wave of the simultaneous electrocardio 3. EffeCT of respiration. Whereas re piration produce gram (ECG) but preceding the onset of the QRS complex. no effect on the P-G interval in patients with hyperten ion It has been shown' that, unrelated to any alteration in the or ischaemia. the atrial sound of cor pulmonale both in P-R interval, the position of the atrial sound varies in creases in intensity and occurs earlier in the cardiac cycle relation to the first heart sound and to the simultaneous during inspiration as compared with expiration (Fig. 4). ECG. 4. EffeCT of various procedures. Jt has already been Jt is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate this mentioned that the intravenous administration of hypo variation in the timing of the atrial sound and to discuss tensive drugs will increase the P-G interval in hypertensive some of the clinical implications resulting from this varia patients. The inhalation of amyl nitrite has a similar effect bility. in hypertension (Fig. 5), though a change in the P-G METHODS AND OBSERVATIO S interval is seldom seen in cases with ischaemic heart disease following inhalation of this drug. -
Chronotropic and Dromotropic Responses to Localized Glutamate Microinjections in the Rat $ Nucleus Ambiguus
brain research 1542 (2014) 93–103 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/brainres Research Report Chronotropic and dromotropic responses to localized glutamate microinjections in the rat $ nucleus ambiguus Karla N. Sampaio1,He´lder Mauad2, K. Michael Spyer, Timothy W. Fordn Division of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK article info abstract Article history: The cardioinhibitory effects of cardiac vagal motoneurons (CVMs) are mediated by Accepted 18 October 2013 activation of postganglionic neurons in the epicardial ganglia which have been shown to Available online 24 October 2013 exert functionally selective effects on heart rate and atrioventricular conduction in the rat. Here we investigate whether CVMs producing these responses may occupy different Keywords: rostrocaudal positions within the nucleus ambiguus. Excitation of CVMs was attempted Autonomic nervous system by microinjections of glutamate into the nucleus ambiguus of an arterially perfused Vagus nerve preparation in a grid extending over 2 mm in the rostrocaudal plane using the obex as a Nucleus ambiguus reference point. Microinjections were paired, one made during pacing to measure changes Heart rate in atrioventricular conduction (P-R interval) independent of changes in heart rate and the Glutamate other looking for changes in heart period (P-P interval) un-paced. Although evidence of a differential distribution was found in 7 cases, in the majority (13/20), sites producing maximal effects on both variables coincided. Maximal changes in atrioventricular conduc- tion resulted from more rostral sites in 6 cases and from a more caudal site in only one. Overall, the ratio of the change in atrioventricular conduction to the change in heart rate for a given site was significantly greater 1 mm rostral to the obex than at either end of the test grid. -
Visual Rhythm
Visual Rhythm • Visual Rhythm is a Principle of Art. • Visual Rhythm is rhythm you receive through your eyes rather than your ears. • Visual Rhythm is created by repeated positive shapes separated by negative spaces. • Visual Rhythm is all around us. FIVE TYPES OF RHYTHM • Regular • Alternating • Random • Flowing • Progressive Regular Rhythm • Regular Rhythms and patterns have identical motifs or visual beats. • They have an equal amount of space between motifs. • Parking spaces are laid out in a regular rhythm. • Bricks on a wall form a regular rhythm. Alternating Rhythm • Alternating rhythm and pattern can be achieved by changing motifs at regular intervals. • Think of the black and white squares on a chess board. • Here the elephants alternate color and direction. Random Rhythm • The motif is repeated in no apparent order. • You can not predict exactly where the next motif will be. • Splashes of paint on a wall would create a random rhythm. • It would be difficult to predict where the next flower would be. Flowing Rhythm • Flowing rhythms are created by repeating wavy lines and curved shapes. Progressive Rhythm • In progressive rhythm there is a change in motif or visual beat each time it is repeated. See if you can identify the type of visual rhythm. Regular Rhythm • The motif stays the same and the distance between the motifs stays consistant. What type of rhythm do you see? Flowing Rhythm • The pattern is made up of curved motifs. What type of rhythm do you see? Regular Rhythm • The motif of the brick and the interval of the mortar are consistant. -