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BULL. BOX SURV. INDIA Vol. 12, Nw. 1-4: pp. 92-96, 1870 EPIDERMAL AND VENATION STUDIES IN APOCYNACEAE-I11 Natirmol Botanic Gardens, Lucknow ABSTRACT Epidermal characters and venation pattern of the leaves of ten specie of Apocynaceae, viz., Agano~macquophyIlata (Roxb. ex Sirns.) C. Don, Beamontia grand&!wa Wight, Catharanthus rosnrs (Linn.) en,.RawrfIb sar&ntina ,%th. ex Kun, R. tr~llaLim., Roq%llicr grata Wall. a Hook., Strophanthur dwarrtah Wall., S. walldur A. DC., Vallari.~solanuma 0. Ktze. and Vwcanga granch~5liaRolfe have been described. INTRODUCTION ikficro-characters: Epidermaz cells usually penta- The present paper, in continua~ionof the authors' or hexa-gonal, lower almost straight walled or walls studies on epidermal characters and venation slightly curved, upper straight walled. Stomatn pattern in Apocynaceae (Chandra et al. 1969, confined to lower surface, 19.4-21.7-23.4 x 13.4- Kapoor et al. 1969), deals with ten more species. rg.7-23.4p, frequently as long as broad, rubiaceous, &z., Aganosma caryophyllata (Roxb. ex Sims.) stomatal index 14-19-20. Trichomes unicellular or G. Don, Beaumontia grandiflora Wight, Catha- septate (when septate 2- to 4-celled ; Fig. 12b), uni- ranthus roseus (Linn,) Don, Rauvolfia serpentinn seriate, nonglandular, unbranched. Vein islets Benth. ex Kurz, R. tetraphylla Linn., Rozrpelli~z 5-8-10 per sq. mm. Vein endings 14-20-23 per sq. grata Wall. ex Hook., Strophanthus divaricatus mm. Palisade fatio 5-7.8-12. Wall., S. wallichii A. DC., Vallaris solanacea 0. Ktze. and Voucanga grandifolia Rolfe. Bemumontip ~dilimWight MATERIAL AND METHODS Macro-charrcclers : Leaves opposite, simple, peti- Normal and mature fresh leaves were collected date ; petioles 1-4 cm long, minutely villo-puberu- locally in the month of August 1970. The same lus ; lamina elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong, obovate- method, as described earlier (Chandra et al,, loc. oblong or oblong, abruptly narrowed at the apex, cit.), was followed. shortly caudate, obtuse or acute, base cuneate or sub- cuneate, often oblique, slightly decurrent down to OBSERVATIONS some length, 12-30 cm xg-18 cm, may or may not AIplloama cpryopbyllPto (Roxb. ex Sims,) G. - Don be undulate, membranous, upper surface glabrous, (A. dichotoma K, Schum.) very dark shining green, midrib and lateral nerves Macro-characters : Leaves opposite, rarely sub- impressed, lower surface villo-puberulus or sparsely opposite, simple, petiolate ; petioles 0.3-2.6 cm long, tomento-villous particularly on the nerves, lighter stout, copper-red, adpressedly puberulus or vilio- green, veins raised, lateral nerves 14-32, distant, puberulus; lamina ovate or elliptic, shortly cau- subparallel, arcuate, looping towards the margin, date, obtuse, acute or acuminate, base subcordate. nervation conspicuous. Young leaves villo-pube- rounded or cuneate, 3.5- 16 cm x 2.5- I I .g cm, margin rulus on the nerves above and tomento-villous on thickened, entire, rather coriaceaus, upper surface the nerves beneath, indumentum rufous-brown. dark shining green, adpressedly puberulus or Very young leaves villo-tomentose on both the sparsely villo-pubescent, midrib, laterals and ter- surfaces. tiaries copper-red, impressed, lower surface paler, Micro-characters : E@dermal cells--lower slightly very sparsely villo-puberulus or glabrescent, mid- sinuous walled, upper straight walled, usually penta- rib, laterals and some of the tertiaries copper-red, or hexa-gonal. Stomata restricted to lower surface, raised, main lateral nerves 6-10, arcuate, upper ones 13.4-18-19.4 x 13.4-16.7-19.4 p, frequently as long as very oblique, nervation conspicuous forming a broad, rubiaceous, stomatal index 9-12-16. Tri- beautiful reticulate pattern. Young leaves copper chomes multicellular (2- to ~g-celled), uniseriate, ting-ed. aon-glandular, unbranched, with or without one or 19701 SHARMA et al. : EPIDERMAL AND VEN more cells collapsed. Veirr islets 4-5-7 per sq. mm. islets 5.7-10 per sq. nun. Vein endings. 7.8-1o per sq. Vein endkgs 19-23-27 per sq. mm. Palisade ratia mm, Palisade ratio 1-3.2-4. 5-8.5-14. Catlmranthm ~CMHBU (Ikm.) Don (Vinca rosen Linn.) Macro-characters : Leaves opposite, simple, peri- olate ; petioles 0.3-1~2cm long, glabrous or softly pubescent ; lamina elliptic, obovate or oblong- elliptic, obtuse or retuse, mucronulate, base cune- ate or subcuneate, often oblique, slightly decurrent, 2-6.5 cm x 1-3.5 cm, margin entire, may or may not be hairy, inembranous or thinly coriaceous, upper surface puberulus or glabrescent, dark shining green. lower surface pubescent or nearly glabrous, lighter green, main lateral nerves upto 26, rather close, arcuate, nervation not conspicuous. Micro-characters: Epidermal cells-lower sinu- ous walled, upper slightly sinuous walled or walls slightly curved. Stomata on lower surface, 23'4- 25.1-30. 1 x 19.4-20.&23.4~,ranunculaceous. stomata! index 20-22-24, on upper surface 23.+28.1-30.1 x I 8.4-20.8-~3.~p , ranunculaceous and crucifer~us~ shrivelled stomata occasional, stornatal index 6 I 2- I 4, non-stomatiferous areas observed. ~richomes unicellular of septate (when septate a-+-celled ; Fig. 12 C), uniseriate, nonglandular, unbranched. Vein islets ro-11-14 per sq. mm. Vein endings 1-3-7 per sq. Fig. 1-10: Vmation@ttcm: 1. Beatmrontbgrand;flara. 2. Agmosnur mm, areas witti nil vein endings also observed. pali- ~cny&dIa&. 3. Rawolfia serpmfrira. 4. R. i%lra@yUa. 5. Sh+- thus waliichii. 6. S. diuaricotus. 7. Rq19~Uiagrata. 8. CatharanthuF sade ratio 2-2.8-4. rosnu. 9. Valhsolanucea. 10, Vaacang4gr&golia. Fig. 11. Faliar &dermis (lower surface) :Catharanthus rosm. Flg. 12 a-c: TricW: a-Ramvia tatra@ylla (lower surface). b-Agananna carvophrllata (upper surface). c-Catkaranthus rosm (margin). RNIVO~epdiaa Benth, ex Kurz Mauro-characters: Leaves opposite or verticil- he, generally 3- to 4-nately whorled, simple, peti- R. tetr8pbyb Linn. date ; petioles 0.2-2 cm long, glabrous ; larnina lan- Macro-characters: Leaves verticillate, 3- to 4- ceolate, oblanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic- nately whorled, usually with two unequal pairs in lanceolate, oblong or even obovate, acute or acumi- the whorl, simple, shortly petiolate ; petioles 0.1-0.9 nate, base cuneate, tapering gradually, decurrent, cm long, tomento-villous ; lamina elliptic, elliptic- 6.5-18 cm x 1.~4.~cm, entire, rather membranous oblong, ovate or obovateelliptic, acute, base round- or thinly coriaceous, upper surface glabrous, shining ed or subcuneate, often oblique, 1-5-1 I cm x I .2-5.5 green, lower surface glabrous, pale green, midrib cm, entire, may or may not be undulate, rather prominently raised, main lateral nerves 16-24, slen- coriaceous, upper surface softly pubescent, green, der, arcuate, oblique; lamina green when dry, not shining, lower surface villo-pubescent or nervation not conspicuous, to~nento-villous, paler, midrib prominently raised, Micro-characters: Epidermal cells-lower sinu- main lateral nerves upto 25, very fine, spreading, ous walled, upper almost straightwalled or walls remotely arcuate, nervation more or less conspicu- slightly curved, usually penta- or hexa-gonal. ous. Stomata restrict4 to lower surface, 23.4-27.733.4 x Microcharacters : Epidermal cells--lower slightly 16.,[email protected] p, rubiace0~8 and ranunculaceo~s, sinuous walled, upper straight walled ; usually stomata1 index 12-13-15. Ttichomes absent. Vein penta- or hexa-gonal. Stomata confined to lower 94 BULLXTIN OF THE BOTANICAI, SURVEY OF INDIA p'01. 12 surface, 23.4-3 1-40. I x 19.4-20.7-26.7p rubiaceous and absent. Vein islets 679 per sq. mm. Vein endings ranunculaceous, shrivelled stomata occasional, 23-28-33 per sq. mm. Large rosettes of calcium oxa- stomata1 index 5-14-17. Trichomes multicellular late crystals present in mesophyll. Palisade ratio (3- to 15-celled ; Fig. I za), uniseriate, non-glandular, 8-13-15. unbranched, with or without one or more cells col- S. wpuichii A. DC. (S. dichotoma auct. non DC.) lapsed. Vein islets 6-8-1 I per sq. mm. Vein end- Macrocharacters : Leaves opposite, occasionally ings 12-16-21 per sq, mm. Palisade ratio 3-98 verticillate, 3-whorled, rarely hubopposite, simple, Ro-a grata Wall. ex Hook. (Strophanthrrs petiolate ; petioles 0.3-1 .P cm long, glabrous ; gratus Franch.) lamina elliptic, elliptic-oblong, oblong or obovate, Macrocharacters : Leaves opposite, simple, peti- abruptly narrowed at the apex, shortly caudate, olate ; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long, nearly glabrous, acuminate, mucronate or obtuse, base rounded, purple tinged ; lamina oblong, elliptic or elliptic- cuneate or subcuneate, slightly decurrent, 2-14.0 crn oblong, abruptly narrowed at the apex, shortly x 1.5-5.5 cm, entire undulate, coriaceous, upper sur- caudate, acute or acuminate, base rounded or sub- face glabrous, dark shining green, midrib impressed, acute, slightly decurrent, 8-18 cmx4.5-7.5 cm, lower surface glabrous, paler, main lateral nerves margin thickened, entire, coriaceous, upper surface 16, arcuate, anastomosing into an intramarginal glabrous, dark shining green, lower surface glab- nerve ; nervation more or less conspicuous. rous, light green, flashed with purple, midrib Micro-characters : EppdermaE cdls on lower sur- raised, purple tinged, main lateral nerves up to 22, face sinuous walled, on upper surface slightly sinu- almost straight or slightly arched uniti.ng in an ous walled. Stomata confined to lower surface, 30.1- intramarginal nerve, nervation not conspicuous. 32.4-33.4 x 19.4-20.443.4 p, rubiaceous, stornat~~lin- Yoling leaves purple beneath. dex 8-12-13. Trichomes absent. Vein islets. 6-8-10 hiicro-characters: Epidermal cells on lower sur- per sq. mm. Vein endilzgs 10-13-13 per sq. mm. face sinuous walled, on upper surface slightly sinu- Large rosettes of calcium oxalate crystals present in ous walled. Stomata confined to lower surface, mesophyI1. Palisade ratio I 6-1 925. 26.7-29.1-33.4 x 19.4-21.4-23.4 p, rubiaceous, stomata2 V- solanaees 0.Ktze.
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    1 o CURRENT SERIAL R6C0RD Plant Inventory No 159 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Washington, D. C, April 1957 PLANT MATERIAL INTRODUCED JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1951 (NOS. 193291 TO 198914) CONTENTS Page Inventory 1 Index of common and scientific names 207 This inventory, No. 159, lists the plant material (Nos. 193291 to 198914) received by the Plant Introduction Section, Horticultural Crops Research Brandy Agricultural Research Service, during the perio3^from January 1 to December 31, 1951. It is a historical record of plant material introduced for Department and other specialists, and is not to be considered as a list of plant material for distribution. This unit prior to 1954 was known as the Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Ad- ministration, United States Department of Agriculture. PAUL G. RUSSELL, Botanist. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md. INVENTORY 193291 to 193295. From Yugoslavia. Seeds presented by Dr. Alois Tavcar, Agricultural Insti- tute, Zagreb. Received Jan. 2, 1951. 193291. MEDICAGO SATIVA L. Fabaceae. Alfalfa. 193292. MELILOTUS ALBA Desr. Fabaceae. White sweetclover. 192293. TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM L. Fabaceae. Crimson clover. 193294 and 193295. TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L. Red clover. 193294. /. 193295. //. 193296. CITRUS. Rutaceae. From Ceylon. Cuttings presented by the Director of Agriculture, Pera- deniya. Received Jan. 2, 1951. Bibile. Seedless sweet orange. 193297 to 193300. SACCHARUM. Poaceae. Sugarcane. From Colombia. Cuttings presented by the Agricultural Experiment Station, Palmira, Valle. Received Jan. 2, 1951. 193297. EPC 38-151. 193299. EPC 38-167. 193298. EPC 38-157. 193300. EPC 38-301,. 193301 to 193303. GOSSYPIUM.
  • The Health Benefits of Traditional Chinese Plant Medicines: Weighing the Scientific Evidence

    The Health Benefits of Traditional Chinese Plant Medicines: Weighing the Scientific Evidence

    The Health Benefits of Traditional Chinese Plant Medicines: Weighing the scientific evidence A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation by Graeme E. Thomson February 2007 RIRDC Publication No 06/128 RIRDC Project No DAV-227A © 2007 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 391 X ISSN 1440-6845 The Health Benefits of Traditional Chinese Plant Medicines: Weighing the scienfitic evidence Publication No. 06/128 Project No.DAV-227A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable industries. The information should not be relied upon for the purpose of a particular matter. Specialist and/or appropriate legal advice should be obtained before any action or decision is taken on the basis of any material in this document. The Commonwealth of Australia, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, the authors or contributors do not assume liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from any person's use or reliance upon the content of this document. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. Researcher Contact Details Graeme Thomson Department of Primary Industries, Victoria 621 Burwood Highway, Knoxfield Phone: 03 9210 9222 Fax: 03 9800 3521 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4819 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected].