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RF Front End Module Architectures for 5G

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RF Front End Module Architectures for 5G RF Front End Module Architectures for 5G Florinel Balteanu Skyworks Solutions Inc., CA92617, USA [email protected] Abstract— Worldwide adoption of 3G/4G smartphones for transition from 4G to 5G. There is also a lot of pressure to keep more than 5 billion of people has been one of the main driving a balance between the increase functionality and the additional engine behind semiconductor industry. 5G is expected to bring cost/size associated with this. Many 5G new radio (NR) higher data capacity, low latency and new RF hardware requirements are specified with different requirements across enhancements which will open the market for new application bands and this is more pronounced for 5G NR due to very wide where our smartphones will be a conduit. CMOS lower features nodes as FinFET 7nm/14nm CMOS allow the computational range of frequency bands. Frequency bands for 5G are divided power and lower power consumption required for the use of into two frequency ranges: digital signal processing and RF digital calibration which are • Frequency range 1 (FR1) includes all existing and new essential for 4G/5G modem and application processor bands and corresponds to 450 MHz–6 GHz; sub-6 GHz technology. The goal of having a single die for the entire 4G/5G bands. functionality has faded away to a more realistic partitioning • Frequency range 2 (FR2) includes new bands and where many RF and analogue blocks are integrated with other corresponds to mmWave bands 24.25 GHz–52.6 GHz. components such as RF acoustic filters in multiple RF front-end- modules. This paper presents RF front end architectures which A typical RFFE for 5G is presented in Fig. 1 and the will be part of 5G smartphones together with circuit and transition from 3G/4G FEMs to 5G FEMs poses the following measurement details. challenges: Keywords—RF front end (RFFE), front end module (FEM), switch, power management IC (PMIC), GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, GPS, long term evolution (LTE), new radio (NR), user equipment (UE), WiFi, CMOS, GaAs, SiGe, silicon on insulator (SOI), duplexer, filter, diplexer, multimode multiband power amplifier (MMBPA), frequency division duplex (FDD), time division duplex (TDD), carrier aggregation (CA), MIMO, digital signal processing (DSP), RF transmit (Tx), RF receive (Rx), multi-chip-module (MCM), licensed-assisted access (LAA), enhanced LAA (eLAA), adjacent channel leakage power (ACLR), internet of things (IoT), uplink (UL), downlink (DL), serial parallel interface (SPI), error vector magnitude (EVM), digital signal processing (DSP). I. INTRODUCTION The continuous need for high data rate in mobile applications for more users is driving the adoption of 5G long term evolution (LTE) [1-5] and WiFi 6 [6]. 5G using sub- 6GHz bands and mmWave spectrum [4] together with other Fig. 1. 4G/5G RF front end diagram. RF technologies such as ultra-wideband (UWB) and sensing • Improve the power efficiency for mmWave FR2 radios; and computation techniques [7,8] will enable multiple services, most probably FR2 will be used mainly for downlink in for example vehicle-to-vehicle (V2X) communications. Ultra- mobile applications [10, 11]. reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) services in • Increase the number of antennas to 6-8 with the mobile networks is a prerequisite for making autonomous requirement to reach these antennas from different vehicle safe together with principles and architectures used for 4G/5G LTE radios which have to coexist with multiple safety-critical applications [9]. Also 5G aims to support a wide WiFi & WiFi 6 radios, Bluetooth, GPS and UWB. variety of new and enhanced services such as factory • New 5G dedicated bands for sub-6 GHz such as n77/n78 automation, self-driving vehicles and IoT. For some features in (3.3-4.2 GHz), n79 (4.4-4.5 GHz) and eLAA bands B46, 5G the mobile devices as smartphones will be just a conduit for B47 (5.15 GHz-5.92 GHz). a cloud of applications. Next generation 5G smartphones need • Wider channel bandwidth up to 100MHz for FR1 where to carry over the legacy voice (2G/3G) and will also need to new techniques for envelope tracking (ET) are required. integrate sub-6GHz bands initially in order to provide seamless 978-1-7281-0586-4/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE • 5G high power user equipment (HPUE) requires 26 dBm bands will be re-farmed to 4.5G/5G. The new 5G bands will at the antenna port. provide the primary capacity layer with multiple MIMO. All • Dual-sim operation for voice under 2G (GSM) and data these radios need to share common antennas without jamming (3G/4G/5G) which will increase the linearity the other device radios. In addition, old features such as 2G requirements for multiple Tx/Rx paths operating at the GSM have to be supported together with the new feature same time. introduced in 5G such as LAA and eLAA that use 5GHz • Higher peak to average power ratio waveforms for unlicensed band as bandwidth aggregation with a licensed uplink (UL) such as 256 QAM; this requires power LTE anchor. Usually the LTE anchor is in low band (LB) amplifier (PA) back-off with lower distortions, noise and (450MHz-900MHz) due to lower propagation loss [12]. For a less than 1.85% EVM. 15m height base-station the path loss (PL) for antenna to • LAA and eLAA will be introduced as part of 5G as a outdoor UE for frequency below 6GHz is determined by possibility for bandwidth aggregation with a licensed = 4 + + anchor LTE band in UL and DL. PLdB 10log10 R 21log10 f K (2) • Intra-coexistence with actual 3G/4G bands in 5G re- 4 farmed bands. PL is in general dependent of 1/R and for different • Cost effective and size for 2x2 UL-MIMO and downlink propagation scenarios such as outdoor-indoor the loss is (DL) data rate coverage dependent of 1/f 3. Figure 2 presents the path loss for different frequencies for a 15m base-station. The LTE power delivered at the antenna required by 3GPP standard is 23dBm. With the adoption of 5G and the resulting power losses from filters/duplexers, switches, diplexers, board and impedance/aperture tuners (IT, AT) the PA is required to deliver at least 27-28 dBm assuming less than 4-5 dB total losses. For 5G LTE user equipment (UE) there is an increase from 20 MHz to 40 MHz/60 MHz for the uplink modulation bandwidth in low/mid bands as well an increase of the output antenna power for HPUE to 26 dBm and therefore an increase in the PA output power. There is also an increase in modulation bandwidth up to 100 MHz for high/ultrahigh 5G bands such as new bands n77/n78 and n79. The goal of 5G is to reach a transmission capacity of 1Gbs. The capacity of a wireless system is determined by Shannon formula as k en ∗ S C = B log (1+ k ) Fig. 2. Path loss versus distance and frequency. w 2 + (1) k=1 N x Ik To achieve higher capacity following Eq.1 these are the A lot of research has been done for single die PA in different techniques which are incorporated in 5G: technologies such as SiGe, CMOS and SOI [13-14] and band proliferation and coexistence requirements are the biggest • increase channel bandwidth Bw; eg 100MHz LTE. share and cost is determined by the acoustic filters which are • increase spatial multiplexing level k through MIMO placed together with SOI switches into a FEM with duplexers • increase the transmit power; such as 26dBm (HPUE). (FEMiD) as shown in Fig. 3. However more integration is • decrease noise Nx and improve receive sensitivity. necessary due to increase number of Rx paths for CA and • reduce in-band interference on link k, especially in MIMO also the need to integrate the LNAs and RX filters. multiple UL Tx such as CA and MIMO. • higher order modulation such as 256QAM for UL • increase signal Sk through use of ET – en factor. II. 5G FRONT END MODULE STRUCTURE The smartphone market is changing at an incredibly rapid pace. With the transition from 4G to 5G there is a need for the geographical coverage for more than 50 bands from 500MHz to 6GHz with few stock keeping units (SKUs). In parallel there are other radio and bands used in the same time such as UWB (6-8GHz), WiFi/WiFi6 (2.4GHz/5GHz), GPS (1.17GHz, 1.5GHz), Bluetooth (2.4GHz) and NFC (13.56KHz). Sub Fig. 3. LTE 4G/5G front end module typical structure. 3GHz bands provide primary cellular coverage and 3G/4G One of the goals for 5G LTE is to reach data rates of 1GBs. are implemented there are challenges due to high The theoretical data rate (DR) is given by the formula intermodulation (IMD) distortions. = • • • • • • • • EPC: Evolved Packet Core (LTE Core Network) DR n s m (n cc nsc rb) ns s nsl ovh tdd ov (3) NG CN: New Generation Core Network, 5G-CN eNb: eNodeB, 4G LTE basestation where ns represents the number of bits per symbol (8 bits for gNb: gNodeB, 5G NR basestation 256QAM), m represents the number of MIMO data streams, UP/CP: User-Plane/Control-Plane mmW: 5G mmW Core Network ncc represents number of component carriers for carrier aggregation, nsb represents number of sub-carriers, rb 4G LTE EPC 5G NG CN 5G FR2 represents number of resource blocks, nss represents number symbols per slot, n represents number of slots, ovh (in sl E-UTRA NR NR percentage) is the overhead required for control and coding and tddov represents TDD duty cycle. Using this formula for CP UP UP UP 5x20MHz carrier aggregation streams, 4x4 MIMO and 256QAM the DR is DR = 8• 4• (5• 12•100) • 7 • 2000• 75%• 60 % = 1 .
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