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Republique Algerienne Democratique Et Populaire REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE ORAN 1, AHMED BEN BELLA Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE Thèse Présentée par Mme HADJOU ZAKIA Pour obtenir LE DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT Spécialité: Sciences de l’environnement Option: Biodiversité Biodiversité des communautés parasitaires chez deux Poissons Sparidés Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) et Sparus aurata (Linné, 1758) du Golfe de Bejaia. Soutenu le 10/04/2019 devant le jury: PRÉSIDENT: M. BOUDERBALA Professeur, Université Oran 1 EXAMINATEUR: A. MEDDOUR Professeur, Université Badji Mokhtar d’Annaba EXAMINATEUR: L. MESLI Professeur, Université de Tlemcen EXAMINATEUR: F.Z. HADDAD Maitre de Conférences A, Université Oran1 PROMOTEUR: N.A. BRAHIM TAZI Maitre de Conférences A, Université Oran 1 CO-PROMOTEUR: Z.RAMDANE Professeur, Université Abderrahmane Mira- Bejaia Remerciements Cette thèse est dédiée en premier a la mémoire de notre cher regretter Professeur Zitouni BOUTIBA, vous resterez toujours dans nos cœurs. Mes remerciements et ma gratitude vont au Professeur Mohamed BOUDERBALA à l’université d’Ahmed ben Bella Oran1 qui ma encadrer lors de mon Magister et qui cette fois-ci me fait un grand honneur de présider cet honorable jury. Je remercie vivement ma directrice de thèse Naouel Amel BRAHIM TAZI Maître de conférences à l’université d’Ahmed ben Bella Oran1 pour ces précieux conseils surtout lors des moments difficiles, ces orientations et son encadrement exemplaire. Je reconnais que grâce à elle j’ai pu mener ce travail à terme. Mes grands remerciements vont à mon codirecteur de thèse le Professeur Zouhir RAMDANE à l’université de Bejaia de m’avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire LZA ainsi que pour son co-encadrement exemplaire, ces précieux conseils, son aide, sa disponibilité malgré ses préoccupations et enfin pour tous ces apports précieux dans le domaine des parasites. Je tiens à exprimer mes grands remerciements et ma gratitude au Professeur A. MEDDOUR à l’université Badji Mokhtar d’Annaba pour l'honneur qu'il me fait en examinant ce travail, Votre présence parmi les membres du jury est un grand honneur. Je remercie Mme F.Z. HADDAD, Maître de conférences à l’université d’Ahmed ben Bella Oran1 d’avoir accepté de faire partie de ce membre du jury en tant qu’examinatrice. Je suis honorée par la présence du Professeur L. MESSLI à l’université de Tlemcen, parmi les membres du jury, Merci d’avoir accepté d’examiner ce travail, Je vous exprime ma gratitude et mes respects. Mes grands remerciements les plus vifs aux Professeur Francisco Javier Aznar Avendaño de m’avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Université de Valence, Espagne) pour ces conseils, son aide et pour tous ces précisions et confirmations dans l’identification des mésoparasites. Ainsi je remercie très particulièrement mon oncle le Professeur M. Chibane qui a été pour moi la porte d’entrée à l’Université de Bejaia. Je remercie les deux équipes des laboratoires (LRSE et LZA) surtout à L’ingénieure HABIBA, la Technicienne Houaria, D. Ider, K. Ichalal, A. Bellal, N. Benmessaoud, L. Ait mohamed ameur et M. Charane. Je présente mes sincères remerciements à tous les membres enseignants et chercheurs du LRSE et LZA dont l’enseignement si riche a sûrement été d’un précieux apport à la réalisation de ma formation. Mes remerciements sont sans limites à ma famille, notamment, mes très chers parents pour leurs sacrifices, encouragements, et soutien moral, tous les mots qui existent, ne pourront exprimer mon éternelle gratitude, et plus particulièrement mon cher père qui a toujours été mon meilleur ami. Mes vifs remerciements pour ma petite famille ; Mon Mari et Mon adorable petit garçon Loulout pour leur patience et surtout pour leur compréhension, Je remercie très particulièrement mes sœurs Sabrina et Nadia; leurs époux, Abdel Kader et Houari, mes frères Hakim et son épouse (C), Amine ainsi que ma Tante Saliha et mes neveux Mahdi, Abderrahmane, Titima et Ritajou. Je n’oublierai jamais les précieuses aides de aami Abdallah fonctionnaire à la direction de la Pêche de Bejaia, durant toute la période d’échantillonnage, merci infiniment. Résumé Sparus aurata L. et Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) sont deux poissons Téléostéens d’un grand intérêt économique ; ils occupent une place très importante dans les réseaux trophiques marins. La gestion des stocks de cette espèce est basée essentiellement sur la connaissance de leur biologie. Cependant, l’intégration des paramètres parasitologiques est rarement prise en compte. Le but de cette recherche est de contribuer à la connaissance de la faune parasitaire de la daurade royale et du bezougue peuplant la côte Est algérienne. 536 Pagellus acarne et 110 Sparus aurata ont été collectées entre Avril 2013 et Juin 2015, dans le Golfe de Bejaia (Algérie). Au total, 19 espèces de parasites de P. acarne ont été identifiées dont une espèce d’Acanthocéphale, Acanthocephaloides irregularis (Amin et al., 2011), est signalée pour la première fois chez cette espèce hôte et en mer Méditerranée. P. acarne est considérée comme nouvel hôte de six espèces de parasites : deux Digènes Derogenes latus (Janiszewska, 1953), Lepocreadium album (Stossich, 1890), deux Nématodes Ascarophis sp. et Cucullanus sp., un Isopode Ceratothoa oxyrrhynchaena (Koelbel, 1878) et des larves Tetraphyllidea de type Scolex pleuronectis. Sparus aurata est infestée par 15 espèces de parasites, ce poisson est un nouvel hôte pour un Digène : Derogenes latus (Janiszewska, 1953) et un Crustacés parasite : Argulus vittatus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814). Nous signalons également la présence d’un Aspidogastrea Cotylogaster sp. pour la première fois dans le littoral algérien. L’aspect écologique des différentes espèces de parasites identifiées a révélé que P. acarne est parasité majoritairement par les Nématodes (larves et adultes), tandis que S. aurata est considéré comme hôte préférentiel des Monogènes, principalement de Sparicotyle chrysophrii Van Beneden et Hesse, 1863. La variation des taux parasitaires en fonction des classes de tailles, du sexe et des saisons, montre une prévalence élevée pour toutes les classes de tailles. Par ailleurs, il n’existe aucun effet négatif du sexe et de la classe de taille du poisson sur les charges parasitaires, chez les deux poissons hôtes. De plus, le parasitisme chez P. acarne est légèrement élevé en saison printanière et au début de la saison estivale mais cette différence n’est pas significative. L’étude de l‘impact des parasites sur les performances biologiques de P. acarne ne montrent aucun effet négatif sur sa biologie. L’espèce semble être bien adaptée à la présence de ces parasites et se caractérise par un développement normal. Mots-clés: Sparus aurata, Pagellus acarne, biodiversité, parasites, indices parasitaires, Golfe de Bejaia. Abstract Sparus aurata L. and Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) are two Teleost with economic interest, occupying a very important place in marine food webs. The management of the stocks of this species is based essentially on the knowledge of their biology; however, the integration of parasitological parameters is rarely taken into account. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the parasitic fauna of gilthead sea bream and axillary sea bream inhabiting the east coast of Algeria. In order to carry out this study, 536 P. acarne and 110 S. aurata were collected between April 2013 and June 2015 from the Gulf of Bejaia (Algeria). A total of 19 metazoan parasites of P. acarne have been identified among which one species of Acanthocephala Acanthocephaloides irregularis Amin et al., 2011 is reported for the first time from this host species and in the Mediterranean Sea. P. acarne is considered as new hosts of six parasites species; two Digenea Derogenes latus (Janiszewska, 1953), Lepocreadium album (Stossich, 1890), two Nematoda Ascarophis sp. and Cucullanus sp., one Isopoda Ceratothoa oxyrrhynchaena (Koelbel, 1878) and larval stage belonging to the order of Tetraphyllidean type Scolex pleuronectis. S. aurata was infected by 15 species of parasites; this fish appears to be a new host for one Digenea; Derogenes latus (Janiszewska, 1953) and Crustacean parasites; Argulus vittatus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814). The Aspidogastrea Cotylogaster sp. is reported for the first time in the Algerian littoral. The ecological aspect is also approached with the study of the parasitological indexes for the different parasite species identified, this reveals that P. acarne is mainly parasitized by the Nematoda (larva and adult), while S. aurata is considered as a preferential host of the Monogenea especially Sparicotyle chrysophrii Van Beneden et Hesse, 1863; the variation of parasite rates according to the size classes, the host sex and the seasons shows a high prevalence for all size classes, however there is no negative effect of sex and size class of fish on parasite loads in both host fish, in addition parasitism in P. acarne was slightly elevated in the spring season and at the beginning of the summer season but this difference is not significant. The study of the impact of parasites on the biological performance of P. acarne does not show any negative effects on its biology. The species seems to be well adapted to the presence of these parasites and develops as an unaffected individual. Key-words: Sparus aurata L., Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1826), biodiversity, parasites, parasitological indexes, Gulf of Bejaia. الملخص .Sparus aurata L و )Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1826 هما نوعان من اﻷسماك المكتملة العظام النبيلة ذات مكانة هامة في كل من القطاع اﻻقتصادي والشبكات الغذائية البحرية بحيث تعتمد ادارة مخزونات هذه اﻷنواع أساسا على معرفة بيولوجيتها فنادرا ما يؤخذ بعين اﻻعتبار تأثير الطفيليات على توزيع اﻻسماك وبالتالي على القطاع اﻻقتصادي. الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو المساهمة في معرفة تنوع الحيوانات الطفيلية وتأثيرها على نوعين من اسماك السبار يد من خليج بجاية. من اجل هده الدراسة تم فحص P.
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