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College of Natural and Computational Sciences COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCES STUDIES ON ZWAI WETLANDS AS RESERVOIRS OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF SHEEP AND HUMANS AND AS HABITATS OF SNAIL VECTORS. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoological Sciences (Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Stream) By Ayalew Sisay Adviser: Professor Brook Lemma October 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES STUDIES ON ZWAI WETLANDS AS RESERVOIR OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF SHEEP AND HUMANS AND AS HABITATS OF SNAIL VECTORS. By Ayalew Sisay A thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoological Science (Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences) Signed by the Examining Committee Advisor Prof. Brook Lemma Signature Date___________ Chairman Prof. Seyoum Mengistou Signature Date ___________ Declaration I, Ayalew Sisay, declared that this dissertation is my original PhD work done by me under the supervision of Professor Brook Lemma from April 2015 to July 2017 at Zoological Sciences of Addis Ababa University. The study and data involved in this PhD thesis have not been submitted for the award of any other degree. All other contributions and sources of information cited herein are duly acknowledged. I Abstract In tropical countries like Ethiopia where the wet seasons are restricted to less than five months of the year, wetlands such as those found around Lake Zwai provide ideal environments for water-related diseases of sheep and humans. As a consequence, this study was conducted over a 2-year period to study the gastro-intestinal parasites of sheep and humans (schoolchildren) that frequently visit the wetlands of Lake Zwai, the intermediate hosts (snails) inhabiting the same wetlands and the effectiveness of drugs on the gastro-intestinal parasites identified in the wetlands. The results generally showed that the wetlands of Lake Zwai are infested with gastro-intestinal parasites as shown in the tracer animals used (sheep) and by a different set of parasites picked by schoolchildren visiting the same wetlands. The snail vectors surveyed in these wetlands were generally found to host the diseases of the sheep rather than those diseases of the schoolchildren. The drug effectiveness trials conducted of the livestock gastro-intestinal nematode parasites were found to be susceptible in Tetramizole and Ivermectine, with lower resistance in only one drug (Albendazole). It was concluded that Zwai wetlands that provide fresh herbage to sheep throughout the year and attractive playing grounds to schoolchildren of a nearby school, provide conducive environments mostly to waterborne gastro-intestinal parasites of sheep and to a lesser extent to humans (schoolchildren). In all cases of the definitive hosts (sheep and humans), their performance in life is severely affected, if in rare cases deaths do not occur. It was, therefore, recommended that visits of sheep and humans to the wetlands should be restricted particularly at peak infection months, inflow of animal wastes with parasite eggs be diverted for treatment, regimes of prophylactic treatments should be introduced and generally awareness of the disease cycles, herbages for animals should be collected and treated before feeding the sheep, safe wetland playing-grounds for schoolchildren should be identified and safe waste- handling methods should be introduced into the local population and sheep owners. Keywords: Gastrointestinal parasites, Lake Zwai, Schoolchildren, Sheep, Wetland. II Acknowledgement I express my sincere gratitude to my Adviser Professor Brook Lemma for his sincere encouragement, guidance and constructive comments at all stages of this study. Moreover, I would like to appreciate his commitment to do new and untouched research areas in the field of wetlands ecology. The Water Thematic Research of Addis Ababa University funded this research. I would like to thank Professor Abebe Getahun and Dr. Feleke Zewge for their support in fund appropriation. I would like to thank also Debre Markos University for giving the chance to attend this PhD program. I am grateful to all staff members of Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, especially Ato Meiso Guru, Ato Kedir Waqo, Wro. Sisay Baysassie, Ato Abebe Mebratie, Ato Abe Barko, Ato Aliye Jemal, Ato Kedir Lencho, Dr. Birhanu Shilma, Dr. Abdela Edao and Ato Abdela Dadi for allowing me access to their laboratory facilities and for their assistance with sheep feed, providing me with a guest room and for providing me “feel-at-home” atmosphere they created for me during my stay at their Research Center. I shall also not forget the contribution of Dr. Abinet W/senbet and Dr. Tarekegn Wondimagegn for their cooperation during the collection of physicochemical data in the wetlands of Lake Zwai. I wish also to thank all staff members of Zwai Fishery Research Center, especially, Dr. Lemma Abera, Ato Getachew Sembeta, Ato Abrham G/tsaddik, Ato Mathios Hailu, Ato Mitiku, Ato Elias Hamda and all others for their encouragement and support during my stay there. The roll of Dr. Lemma Abera takes the lions share, as III he was mediator to communicate with members of the research center in general. May God bless them all. I would like to thank all staff members of Addis Ababa University, Department of Zoological Sciences, especially Professor Seyoum Mengistou and Professor Abebe Getahun for their critical comments given during my presentations at two conference conducted on the ecology and management of Lake Zwai and its watershed conducted at the Ghion Hotel, Addis Ababa, and at a hotel in Bishoftu town some 50 km south of Addis Ababa. Many thanks to my friends, particularly to Ato Aregawi Zeferu, Dr. Yiheyis Aregu, Kesis Bewketu Takele, Ato Balew Adane, Ato Mulat Ayenew, Dr. Tamiru Nigussie, Dr. Yirga Enawgaw, Ato Assefa Wossenie, Ato Solomon Wagaw, Ato Yigzaw Mihretie, Ato Alamrew Eyayu and Dr. Yetwale Hailu for their devotion, inspiration, encouragement and unlimited moral support to proceed against the challenges. I would like to thank also my brothers and sisters Mushira Sisay, Zebna Sisay, Yeshiwork Sisay, Abera Sisay, Temesgen Sisay, Samrawit Sisay and Mengesha Fentaw, and my father Ato Sisay Beyene, who are always concerned with my education. My wife Wro Gidet Kealom, my son Eyob Ayalew and my daughter Ephrata Ayalew deserve special thanks for the support and encouragement they gave me throughout my study. Above all, I would like to thank my God for the strength he gave me to come up with all the challenges during my study period. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Pages Declaration ........................................................................................................................... I Abstract ............................................................................................................................... II Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................III TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ IX LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... XI LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................... XIII DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. XV CHAPTER 1. .......................................................................................................................1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................. 7 1.2.1 General objective ....................................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Specific objectives ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Hypothesis and Research Questions ............................................................................. 8 1.3.1 Hypothesis.................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Research questions ..................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Description of the Study Area ..................................................................................... 10 1.5 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................14 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ...................................................................................14 2.1 Water-related Disease ................................................................................................
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