Etude De La Protostrongylose Dans La Population De Lièvres Européens (Lepus Europaeus) Dans Le Sud-Est De La France : Approche Épidémiologique Et Écologique

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Etude De La Protostrongylose Dans La Population De Lièvres Européens (Lepus Europaeus) Dans Le Sud-Est De La France : Approche Épidémiologique Et Écologique Thèse Pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne Discipline : Sciences de la vie, Santé Spécialité : Parasitologie par Célia LESAGE Le 4 décembre 2014 Etude de la protostrongylose dans la population de lièvres européens (Lepus europaeus) dans le Sud-est de la France : approche épidémiologique et écologique JURY M. CHARTIER Christophe Professeur, ONIRIS, Nantes Président Mme LINDEN Annick Professeur, Université de Liège Rapporteur M. FELIU Carlos Professeur, Université de Barcelone Rapporteur Mme BASTIAN Suzanne Maître de Conférences, ONIRIS, Nantes Examinateur M. MIGOT Pierre Directeur des Etudes et de la Recherche, Examinateur ONCFS M. FERTÉ Hubert Maître de Conférences, Faculté de Directeur de Pharmacie de Reims thèse Thèse Pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne Discipline : Sciences de la vie, Santé Spécialité : Parasitologie par Célia LESAGE Le 4 décembre 2014 Etude de la protostrongylose dans la population de lièvres européens (Lepus europaeus) dans le Sud-est de la France : approche épidémiologique et écologique JURY M. CHARTIER Christophe Professeur, ONIRIS, Nantes Président Mme LINDEN Annick Professeur, Université de Liège Rapporteur M. FELIU Carlos Professeur, Université de Barcelone Rapporteur Mme BASTIAN Suzanne Maître de Conférences, ONIRIS, Nantes Examinateur M. MIGOT Pierre Directeur des Etudes et de la Recherche, Examinateur ONCFS M. FERTÉ Hubert Maître de Conférences, Faculté de Directeur de Pharmacie de Reims thèse 3 4 REMERCIEMENTS Je n’aurais pu mener à bien cette thèse sans le soutien financier de l’Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), de l’Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne et de la Fédération Nationale des Chasseurs. J’adresse mes remerciements les plus sincères : Aux membres de mon jury : Carlos Feliu, Annick Linden, Christophe Chartier, Suzanne Bastien et Pierre Migot pour avoir accepté d’évaluer mon travail, pour leurs remarques pertinentes et leur regard de spécialiste ; A Hubert Ferté, mon directeur de thèse, pour sa disponibilité, son attention et ses encouragements, son exigence et sa rigueur scientifique ; A l’ensemble du réseau SAGIR et plus particulièrement aux techniciens de l’ONCFS, des Fédérations Départementales des Chasseurs et aux Laboratoires Départementaux d’Analyses Vétérinaires de l’Hérault, du Tarn, du Gard, du Vaucluse, de l’Ardèche ; Un grand merci à Fabrice Etienne, Guillaume Robert, Cédric Arnal, Liz Guennegan et Pascal Arnaud pour leurs aides précieuses ; A Anouk Decors qui n’a eu de cesse de m’accompagner et de m’encourager depuis mon master, pour son écoute, son soutien et ses conseils avisés ; Aux membres de mon comité de pilotage pour leurs conseils, critiques et remarques durant ces trois années : Jean-Sébastien Guitton, Clément Calenge, Philippe Aubry, Karin Lemberger et Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont ; A Olivier Mastain et François Reitz pour avoir soutenu ce programme de thèse à l’époque où il n’était encore qu’à l’état de projet ; A Julie Cremaschi pour son efficacité et sa participation appréciable A Cécile Patrelle et Damien Jouet pour leur appui moral, technique et leur amitié ; 5 A Florian Millot, Thomas Quintaine, Hugues Santin-Janin, Sophie Grammont et Corinne Verger, pour leur disponibilité, leur gentillesse et leur humour sans faille ; Aux « Killers », « Animals », « Vampire Weekend », « Ramjam » et à « Ben.E.King » pour leur capacité de réconfort, Aux autres thésards, précieux durant les moments de doute, je pense notamment à Maël. Et puis à tous mes autres amis (non-thésards) pour savoir me changer les idées Céline, Linda, Agnès, Mikael, Michaël, Fabien et Laëtitia notamment. Un grand merci évidemment à mes parents et ma famille qui m’ont soutenue, admirée (parfois un peu trop) aimée et encouragée durant ces nombreuses années, Et enfin à Kevin pour sa quasi-infinie patience. 6 Résumé : Une recrudescence de cas de protostrongylose, parasitose liée à la présence de nématodes au niveau pulmonaire, a été observée depuis 2006 dans le Sud-est de la France au sein de la population de lièvres européens (Lepus europaeus). Le cycle de développement de ces parasites nécessite le passage obligatoire par un hôte intermédiaire connu pour être un mollusque gastéropode terrestre. Notre programme a pour objectif l’étude épidémiologique de la maladie et notamment l’identification des acteurs du cycle parasitaire. Basés sur une analyse morphologique et moléculaire, nous identifions : Protostrongylus pulmonalis (Frölich, 1802) fréquemment inventorié en Europe et P. oryctolagi Babos, 1955, décrit à une seule occasion en Hongrie en 1955, comme les agents responsables de la protostrongylose du lièvre en France. Cette étude a permis de déposer de nouvelles séquences d’ADN de référence, utiles pour l’identification ultérieure de nos espèces parasites, en particulier les stades larvaires et sur lesquelles nous nous sommes basés pour la reconnaissance des hôtes intermédiaires intervenant dans le cycle naturel. Sur 3622 mollusques analysés, nous avons mis en évidence des larves de stade 3 (P. pulmonalis et P. oryctolagi) à partir de 18 individus, appartenant à la famille des Hygromiidae et dont l’identification spécifique repose sur différents marqueurs moléculaires (de loin préférables aux critères morphologiques). Au sein des populations de lièvres, nous identifions l’âge et l'environnement, en lien avec la répartition des hôtes intermédiaires comme les facteurs de risque de la maladie. Le parasitisme, concernant près de 55% des animaux, n’a pas eu d’effet mesurable sur l'état général de l’hôte, mais pourrait être impliqué dans une diminution de la fécondité des hases, suggérant un impact potentiel sur les dynamiques de populations. Mots clés : Protostrongylidae, Lepus europaeus, épidémiologie, prévalence, parasites pulmonaires, interactions hôte-parasite. Pulmonary protostrongyliasis in populations of hares (Lepus europaeus) in the South- east of France: epidemiological and ecological approach Abstract: Since 2006, in the South-East of France, we observe an increase in the number of hares (Lepus europaeus) suffering from pulmonary protostrongyliasis, which is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes in the lungs. The development cycle of these parasites requires the obligatory pathway through an intermediate host, terrestrial gastropod mollusk. Our goal was the epidemiological study of the disease, particularly the identification of the parasite cycle. Based on morphological and molecular analysis, we identified two causative agents of pulmonary protostrongyliasis of hare in France: Protostrongylus pulmonalis (Frölich, 1802) frequently inventoried in Europe and P. oryctolagi Babos, 1955 described only once in Hungary in 1955. New reference sequences of DNA are available now and useful for the subsequent identification of our parasite species and particularly for larvae-stage, which allows the recognition of intermediate hosts involved in their natural cycle. In total 3622 terrestrial mollusks were analyzed. We identified three-stage larvae of P. pulmonalis and P. oryctolagi from 18 individuals belonging to the family of Hygromiidae and belonging to several species identified with different molecular markers. In the hare populations, we identify the age and environment (in association with the distribution of intermediate hosts) as risk factors for the disease. The parasite, with approximately 55% of infected animals, had no measurable effect on the health status of the host, but could be involved in a decrease in the fecundity, suggesting a potential impact on population dynamics of hares. Key words: Protostrongylidae, Lepus europaeus, epidemiology, prevalence, lung diseases, host-parasite interactions. Laboratoire : EA 4688 « VECPAR », UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne- Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims, France 7 Table des matières 1 Introduction Générale 13 1.1 Cycle parasitaire et parasitisme . 14 1.1.1 Impact sur l’Hôte Définitif . 16 1.1.2 Impact sur l’Hôte Intermédiaire . 16 1.1.3 Interaction Parasite et Population d’Hôtes . 17 1.2 Généralités sur les Protostrongylidae . 19 1.2.1 Taxonomie . 19 1.2.2 Cycle de développement . 20 1.2.3 Caractéristiques morphologiques . 24 1.2.4 Rôle pathogène . 29 1.3 Protostrongylose des lagomorphes . 29 1.3.1 Espèces répertoriées . 29 1.3.2 Tableaux lésionnels . 31 1.3.3 Contexte de l’étude . 32 2 Programme d’Etudes 35 3 Matériels et Méthodes 37 3.1 Protocoles de collecte . 38 3.1.1 Lagomorphes issus du réseau classique SAGIR . 38 3.1.2 Lièvres tués à la chasse . 38 3.1.3 Mollusques gastéropodes terrestres . 41 3.2 Isolement des parasites . 43 3.2.1 A partir des hôtes définitifs . 43 3.2.2 A partir des hôtes intermédiaires . 46 3.3 Identification sur critères morphologiques . 46 3.3.1 Diagnose des vers mâles adultes . 47 3.3.2 Diagnose des mollusques gastéropodes terrestres . 48 3.4 Analyses moléculaires . 50 3.4.1 Extraction et Amplification d’ADN . 50 8 TABLE DES MATIÈRES 3.4.2 Marqueurs nucléaires . 51 3.4.3 Amplification des domaines 18S de l’ADN ribosomal et 16S et COI de l’ADN mitochondrial . 52 3.4.4 Séquences . 52 3.4.5 Analyses phylogénétiques . 53 4 Identification des Protostrongles de lagomorphes 54 4.1 Introduction . 55 4.2 Discussion . 56 5 Caractérisation des Hôtes Intermédiaires 67 5.1 Introduction . 68 5.2 Identification des hôtes intermédiaires en conditions naturelles . 69 5.3 Etudes annexes . 69 5.3.1 Infestation en laboratoire . 69 5.3.2 Analyses micrographiques . 72 5.3.3 Analyses des fœtus . 73 5.4 Discussion . 73 6 La protostrongylose du lièvre dans le Sud-est 92 6.1 Introduction . 93 6.2 Discussion . 93 7 Discussion générale 111 9 Table des figures 1.1 Arbre enraciné sur Metastrongylus illustrant les relations morpholo- giques entre les genres de la famille des Protostrongylidae [Carreno & Hoberg, 1999] . 20 1.2 Schéma du cycle de développement des Protostrongylidae d’après une iconographie [Boch, 1988] . 21 1.3 Schéma de contamination d’un escargot terrestre par des larves de stade 1 de protostrongles . 24 1.4 L1 de protostrongles. A, B : Varestrongylus sp. ; C, D : Elaphostrongylus sp...................................... 25 1.5 Morphologie de larves L1 de protostrongles [Boev, 1975] .
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