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Network Communications for Buildings Network Communications for Buildings 2015 About Contemporary Controls Contemporary Controls serves the building automation industry with products based upon open standards such as BACnet, Modbus and Ethernet. Our customers are systems integrators, contractors, mechanical and controls OEMs seeking simple and reliable networking and control products from a dependable source. 2010 BASautomation®– Building on BACnet provides routing, gateway and control solutions compatible with an internationally recognized building automation standard. CTRLink® – Ethernet Built for Buildings consists of unmanaged and managed switches, media converters, and wired and wireless IP routers. These products are designed for unattended operation in environments not conducive to office grade equipment. 2005 With headquarters based in the US, we have operations in the UK, Germany and China with self- manufacturing in the US and China. Celebrating 40 Years! George Thomas established Contemporary Controls in 1975 as a system integration and consulting business focusing on microcomputer and PLC applications. As 2000 microprocessor bus-boards became more popular, in 1983 the company changed direction to become a hardware manufacturer by developing a series of STD- BUS microcomputer modules and became active in the STD-BUS Manufacturers' Group (STDMG). One of those modules developed was an ARCNET® adapter. As ARCNET acceptance increased, Contemporary 1995 Controls was the catalyst for creating the ARCNET Trade Association (ATA) in 1987 to better publicize this technology to the automation world. With most of the major building automation companies using ARCNET, Contemporary Controls became a supplier to all the OEMs that incorporated ARCNET in their systems. With the emergence of fieldbuses such as Controller 1990 Area Network (CAN), CANopen, and DeviceNet, Contemporary Controls developed bus-board adapters and network analyzers in support of these technologies. In 1998, the EXTEND-A-BUS® was introduced as a convenient way of extending CAN networks in the field. 1985 The rapid acceptance of Industrial Ethernet as a fieldbus replacement created the need for the CTRLink® family of Industrial Ethernet products intended for rugged applications. The CTRLink product line won the 2002 Editor's Choice award from Control Engineering. In 2003, Contemporary Controls created the Industrial Ethernet University as a way to educate the public on this technology. 1980 In 2008, the company introduced the BAS Router – a BACnet/IP to BACnet MS/TP router and became active in the BACnet community. In 2012, Contemporary Controls received registered trademark status for its BASautomation line of building automation controllers, routers and gateways. The tagline for 1975 BASautomation is Building on BACnet. Network Communications for Buildings Welcome Acknowledgments Technology Pages EIA-485 Physical Layer 1 Shared Ethernet 8 Switched Ethernet 16 Fast and Faster Ethernet 23 Ethernet with Fiber Optic Cabling 31 Power over Ethernet (PoE) 40 Internet Protocol (IP) 46 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 53 Subnetting IP Networks 58 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 63 Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) 69 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) 76 Modbus Protocol 82 Modbus Serial and Modbus TCP 88 Modeling a BACnet Physical Device 93 Achieving BACnet Compliance 99 BACnet Routing 104 Applications Using Managed Switches 110 Using IP Routers 113 Troubleshooting Using Wireshark for Network Troubleshooting 121 Using the BACnet Discovery Tool (BDT) 127 Reference Glossary of Ethernet Terms 131 Introduction Welcome The year 2015 marks our 40th anniversary as a company and as we reflect on this milestone, we cannot help but marvel at the technological changes that have impacted both the automation systems we produce as well as how companies are now doing business. We have witnessed the migration from standalone controllers to fieldbus-networked controllers to IP-based network controllers. The open-systems movement has helped smaller companies participate in markets once dominated by larger companies with their proprietary systems. The building automation market is a great example with technologies such as BACnet, Modbus and Ethernet for all to use. As a company, we have always tried to educate the industry on best practices by publishing application notes, PowerPoint presentations, tutorials and videos. We believe all companies benefit if we effectively educate the industry on the best use of open-system technologies. That is why we put together this book – Network Communications for Buildings – from a collection of prior articles from our Extension and Essentials that were supplements to our print newsletters beginning in 1999. All the articles have been updated to the latest practice so now the best material on network communications can be found in one concise book. The intention of the book is to present the material in a commercial-free format in keeping with the mission of the open-systems movement. If you would like to learn more about topics in the book, please view the available material under the Support tab of our website at www.ccontrols.com. George Thomas President Acknowledgments I would like to first acknowledge the technical and marketing staff at Contemporary Controls who contributed to this book. Bennet Levine Mingshu Wang Harpartap Parmar Rhiannon LaPointe George Karones Joe Stasiek Kathleen Thomas Bill Greer Kirk Clousson In addition, I would like to thank my colleagues on the BACnet International Education Committee and all others in the BACnet community who devote their time and effort to making BACnet successful. www.ccontrols.com EIA-485 Physical Layer Introduction One of the more popular technologies for interconnecting devices on a network is EIA-485. Known throughout industry as RS-485, the proper title for the standard is TIA/EIA-485-A “Electrical Characteristics of Generators and Receivers for Use Ten Recommendations When Implementing EIA-485 in Balanced Digital Multipoint Systems.” The EIA-485 standard is misunderstood Networks to mean more than what it defines. According to the standard, it specifies the 1. Recognize that EIA-485 is only a physical layer characteristics of the generators and receivers used in a digital multipoint system. standard and connectivity between two machines It does not specify other characteristics such as signal quality, timing, protocol, pin each with an EIA-485 interface is not ensured. assignments, power supply voltages or operating temperature range. A multipoint 2. Since EIA-485 is basically a specification for system consists of two or more generators and one or more receivers. A generator the driver, receiver and transceiver chips, the is the same as a manufacturer of the equipment needs to specify cabling, grounding, termination, fail-safe bias and transmitter and since two or more transmitters can exist on the same connectors. electrical bus, EIA-485 is suitable for multimaster systems. Technology 3. Data rate and segment lengths are not addressed in the standard and therefore, must be specified The standard itself is very short consisting of only 17 pages. Actually manufacturer. A high-speed EIA-485 design could more guidance is available from its sister publication TSB89 “Application be quite different from a low speed design. Guidelines for TIA/EIA-485-A.” An EIA-485 bus usually consists of two or 4. EIA-485 is intended to be cabled as a linear bus more communication controllers each powered by a separate power source. with daisy-chain connections. Stubs may or may not be allowed. Do not cable a star topology. At a minimum, a single shielded or unshielded twisted-pair cable interconnects 5. Carefully review grounding practice. EIA-485 the various controllers in a daisy-chain fashion. In some instances, a short stub transceiver damage is usually due to excessive is allowed; however, higher speed networks usually do not allow stubs. A star common mode voltage caused by unequal ground topology is definitely not recommended. Termination is usually applied to the potentials at the various devices. Sometimes a ends of the network. third-wire ground connection must be carried to all nodes to ensure that the common mode voltage remain within limits. EIA-485 is basically a specification for the drivers, receivers and transceivers 6. Device protection circuitry can certainly minimize attached to the network. Therefore, parameters such as unit loads, output drive, device failures, however, verify that high data rates short circuit current and common mode voltage are specified. Basically a driver can be maintained with protection applied. must be able to source at least 1.5 volts differentially into 60 ohms (two 120 7. Although optically isolated EIA-485 will not protect ohm terminators in parallel along with 32 unit loads) under a common mode the transceivers themselves, it will provide a level of protection to the attached equipment. Be sure to voltage range of –7 to +12 Vdc. Data rates are not specified and there are run a common wire between all optically-isolated a wide range of devices that conform to the standard but are intended either transceivers. for high speed (up to 50 Mbps) or low speed (skew rate limited). So do not 8. The design of the EIA-485 repeaters is tricky. assume that all driver, receiver and transceiver chips are all the same. Some Use only those repeaters recommended by the receivers and transceivers have higher input impedance thereby representing manufacturer. less than one unit load to the driver. 9. Be
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