Ethernetove´Standardy Vy´Voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´Vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie

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Ethernetove´Standardy Vy´Voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´Vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Ethernet Sˇ a´rka Vavrecˇkova´ U´ stav informatiky, FPF SU Opava http://fpf.slu.cz/~vav10ui Poslednı´aktualizace: 28. cˇervence 2011 Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Ethernet Vlastnosti vznik roku 1976, firmy Xerox, Digital, Intel pozdeˇji standard IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet Working Group) koliznı´prˇı´stupova´metoda CSMA/CD vı´ce ru˚zny´ch topologiı´a kabela´zˇe, specifikujı´standardy u veˇtsˇiny specifikacı´existujı´omezenı´prˇedevsˇı´m de´lky segmentu˚ rychlosti 10, 100, 1000, 10 000 Mb/s, atd. Znacˇenı´na fyzicke´vrstveˇ: XBASE-Y, kde X je rychlost, BASE je signalizacˇnı´metoda (Base nebo Broad – za´kladnı´ nebo prˇekla´dane´pa´smo), Y urcˇuje kabela´zˇ Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Standardy 10 Mb/s: 10Base-5, 10Base-2, 10Base-T, 10Base-F 100 Mb/s (Fast Ethernet): 100Base-T, 100Base-F 1000 Mb/s (Gigabit Ethernet): 1 000Base-X (802.3z, optika), 1 000Base-T (802.3ab, UTP), 1 000BaseCX (STP nebo koax) dalsˇı´ Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Sı´t’ove´prvky Uzly sı´teˇ DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) – koncove´uzly, typicky pocˇı´tacˇe, servery DCE (Data Communication Equipment) – mezilehla´sı´t’ova´ zarˇı´zenı´, ktera´prˇijı´majı´ra´mce a odesı´lajı´je da´l, obvykle router, switch apod. Prˇenosova´me´dia UTP (nestı´neˇna´kroucena´dvojlinka) STP (stı´neˇna´), opticke´kabely, twin-ax, drˇı´ve koaxia´l Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Topologie a struktura Celkova´struktura sı´teˇje kombinace trˇı´prvku˚: 1 Point-to-Point – spojuje dveˇzarˇı´zenı´(DTE-DTE, DTE-DCE nebo DCE-DCE) 2 sbeˇrnice – tento prvek se dnes fyzicky nepouzˇı´va´, drˇı´ve na koaxia´lech; de´lka segmentu sbeˇrnice max. 500 m (tlusty´ koax), maxima´lneˇ100 zarˇı´zenı´, segmenty lze propojit opakovacˇi, mezi dveˇma DTE musı´existovat jedina´cesta, max. pocˇet zarˇı´zenı´v sı´ti 1024 3 hveˇzda – zhruba v prvnı´polovineˇ90. let, struktura slozˇena´ z Point-to-Point segmentu˚DTE-DCE, DCE obvykle HUB nebo switch Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Postupne´zmeˇny Topologie fyzicka´topologie byla pu˚vodneˇsbeˇrnice (jen u 10Mb Ethernetu), dnes beˇzˇneˇhveˇzda nebo stromova´ (u strukturovane´kabela´zˇe) logicka´topologie zu˚sta´va´sta´le sbeˇrnicova´ (logicka´topologie pouze popisuje zpu˚sob chova´nı´– sˇı´rˇenı´ signa´lu) Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Postupne´zmeˇny Rozdeˇlenı´fyzicke´vrstvy od 10Base-T fyzicka´vrstva (PHY) rozdeˇlena na dveˇpodvrstvy (podobneˇjako drˇı´ve linkova´): Physical Medium Independent s rozhranı´m MII (Medium Independent Interface) – neza´visla´na prˇenosove´m me´diu, spolu s linkovou vrstvou je realizova´na na sı´t’ove´karteˇ(bez konektoru˚), od Gigabit Ethernetu je GMII Physical Medium Dependent s rozhranı´m MDI (Medium Dependent Interface) – za´visla´na me´diu, implementuje vsˇe souvisejı´cı´– ko´dova´nı´bitu˚, elektricke´parametry signa´lu˚atd., realizova´na vneˇjsˇı´m rozhranı´m sı´t’ove´karty Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Vztah k ISO/OSI modelu Vrstvy zahrnuje linkovou a fyzickou vrstvu modelu linkova´vrstva je rozdeˇlena na podvrstvy LLC – na DTE, je definova´na standardem 802.2 MAC – na DTE i DCE, definova´na prˇı´mo standardem 802.3, MAC dvou komunikujı´ch zarˇı´zenı´musejı´minima´lneˇ podporovat tute´zˇprˇenosovourychlost na DCE je podvrstva LLC nahrazena prˇemosteˇnı´m (most umı´spojovat i sı´teˇs ru˚zny´mi protokoly, naprˇı´klad Ethernet a Token Ring), definova´na standardem 802.1 Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Podvrstva MAC v ISO/OSI modelu U´ koly data prˇijata´podvrstvou MAC pro prˇenosod LLC se u 802.3 nazy´vajı´ LLC ra´mec shroma´zˇdeˇnı´dat z vysˇsˇı´podvrstvy a jejich zapouzdrˇenı´– v ra´mci prˇı´pravy na jejich prˇenos u prˇı´chozı´ch dat opacˇny´proces – „vybalenı´“ dat z ra´mce, kontrola chyb rˇı´zenı´prˇı´stupu k prˇenosove´mu me´diu, vcˇetneˇinicializace prˇenosura´mce a zotavenı´prˇiselha´nı´prˇenosu Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Struktura 802.3 MAC ra´mce 7 1 6 6 4 46–1500 4 PRE SFD DA SA Length Data+Pad FCS Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Struktura 802.3 MAC ra´mce 7 1 6 6 4 46–1500 4 PRE SFD DA SA Length Data+Pad FCS 1 PRE (Preambule, 7 B) – posloupnost strˇı´dajı´cı´ch se jednicˇek a nul, ktera´informuje prˇijı´majı´cı´stanici, zˇe ma´ ocˇeka´vat ra´mec, synchronizacˇnı´informace 2 SOF (Start-of-frame delimiter, 1 B) – take´sekvence strˇı´dajı´cı´ch se jednicˇek a nul, ale koncˇı´dveˇma jednicˇkami, oddeˇluje na´sledujı´cı´cˇa´st hlavicˇky Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Struktura 802.3 MAC ra´mce 7 1 6 6 4 46–1500 4 PRE SFD DA SA Length Data+Pad FCS 3 DA (Destination address, 6 B) – MAC adresa cı´le 4 SA (Source address, 6 B) – MAC adresa zdroje, vzˇdy unicast 5 Length/Type (2 B) – u ra´mcu˚802.3 je to de´lka datove´cˇa´sti MMC ra´mce (tj. de´lka LLC ra´mce), vzˇdy je ≤ 1500, u jiny´ch jde o identifikaci protokolu vysˇsˇı´vrstvy, ktery´ma´data zpracovat Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Struktura 802.3 MAC ra´mce 7 1 6 6 4 46–1500 4 PRE SFD DA SA Length Data+Pad FCS 6 data – u 802.3 jde o LLC ra´mec, de´lka 46–1500 B, spodnı´ hranice nutna´pro detekci kolizı´ 7 datova´vy´plnˇ– pokud de´lka dat je mensˇı´nezˇ45, je nutne´ je doplnit touto vy´plnı´ 8 FCS (Frame check sequence, 4 B) – do paty ra´mce (traileru) se prˇida´va´kontrolnı´soucˇet, generuje se z dat od adresy prˇı´jemce (DA) po data vcˇetneˇ(i prˇı´padnou vy´plnˇ), slouzˇı´prˇı´jemci ke zjisˇteˇnı´posˇkozenı´ra´mce Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Zajisˇteˇnı´prˇenosu– half duplex CSMA/CD CS (Carrier Sense) – stanice neusta´le naslouchajı´na prˇenosove´m me´diu MA (Multiple Access) – stanice mohou kdykoliv vysı´lat, kdyzˇnasloucha´nı´m zjistı´, zˇe nikdo nevysı´la´ CD (Collision Detect) – pokud vı´ce stanic vysı´la´v te´meˇrˇ stejne´m okamzˇiku, docha´zı´k posˇkozenı´signa´lu – kolizi stanice musı´by´t schopny detekovat kolizi, v prˇı´padeˇkolize musı´prˇestatvysı´lat (ne okamzˇiteˇ!!!, musı´ da´t ostatnı´m vysı´lajı´cı´m uzlu˚m sˇanci, aby rozpoznaly kolizi), vycˇka´vajı´na´hodneˇdlouhy´okamzˇik, ktery´se urcˇuje backoff algoritmem Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Zajisˇteˇnı´prˇenosu– half duplex Backoff algoritmus Po prvnı´m zjisˇteˇnı´kolize stanice vysˇle „Jam“ signa´l pro zrusˇenı´odesı´la´nı´vyslane´ho ra´mce cˇeka´po dobu 0 ... 51, 2 µs, pak se znovu pokusı´o prˇenos kdyzˇznovu prˇenosselzˇe, cˇeka´po dobu 2 · 0 ... 51, 2 µs, pak se znovu pokusı´o prˇenos pokud dojde k dalsˇı´m selha´nı´m, cˇeka´po dobu K · 0 ... 51, 2 µs, kde K je cˇı´slo z intervalu 0 ... 2n − 1 Existujı´i jine´, slozˇiteˇjsˇı´verze backoff algoritmu. Koliznı´okno (Collision Window, Slot Time)) je rovno dvojna´sobku doby, po kterou se sˇı´rˇı´signa´l mezi dveˇma nejvzda´leneˇjsˇı´mi stanicemi, po tuto dobu musı´odesı´lajı´cı´ stanice naslouchat pro detekci kolize Vliv spodnı´hranice de´lky ra´mce vysˇsˇı´ ⇒ veˇtsˇı´koliznı´okno a veˇtsˇı´koliznı´dome´na nizˇsˇı´ ⇒ mensˇı´koliznı´okno a mensˇı´koliznı´dome´na Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Zajisˇteˇnı´prˇenosu– half duplex Nejhorsˇı´prˇı´pad nastane, pokud najednou vysı´lajı´dveˇnejvzda´leneˇjsˇı´stanice (signa´l te´druhe´vysı´lacı´stanice dorazı´azˇpo dlouhe´dobeˇ) Vliv spodnı´hranice de´lky ra´mce vysˇsˇı´ ⇒ veˇtsˇı´koliznı´okno a veˇtsˇı´koliznı´dome´na nizˇsˇı´ ⇒ mensˇı´koliznı´okno a mensˇı´koliznı´dome´na Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Zajisˇteˇnı´prˇenosu– half duplex Nejhorsˇı´prˇı´pad nastane, pokud najednou vysı´lajı´dveˇnejvzda´leneˇjsˇı´stanice (signa´l te´druhe´vysı´lacı´stanice dorazı´azˇpo dlouhe´dobeˇ) Koliznı´okno (Collision Window, Slot Time)) je rovno dvojna´sobku doby, po kterou se sˇı´rˇı´signa´l mezi dveˇma nejvzda´leneˇjsˇı´mi stanicemi, po tuto dobu musı´odesı´lajı´cı´ stanice naslouchat pro detekci kolize Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Zajisˇteˇnı´prˇenosu– half duplex Nejhorsˇı´prˇı´pad nastane, pokud najednou vysı´lajı´dveˇnejvzda´leneˇjsˇı´stanice (signa´l te´druhe´vysı´lacı´stanice dorazı´azˇpo dlouhe´dobeˇ) Koliznı´okno (Collision Window, Slot Time)) je rovno dvojna´sobku doby, po kterou se sˇı´rˇı´signa´l mezi dveˇma nejvzda´leneˇjsˇı´mi stanicemi, po tuto dobu musı´odesı´lajı´cı´ stanice naslouchat pro detekci kolize Vliv spodnı´hranice de´lky ra´mce vysˇsˇı´ ⇒ veˇtsˇı´koliznı´okno a veˇtsˇı´koliznı´dome´na nizˇsˇı´ ⇒ mensˇı´koliznı´okno a mensˇı´koliznı´dome´na Ethernetove´standardy Vy´voj ISO/OSI MAC Fyzicka´vrstva 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb Technologie Zajisˇteˇnı´prˇenosu– half duplex Nastavenı´koliznı´dome´ny a de´lky paketu u 10Mb Ethernetu stacˇilo najı´t vhodny´kompromis, stanovena polovina cˇasu slot time 51.2 µs, min.
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