IEEE Std 802.3-2015)
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Alternatív Valóság Kovács Ákos Hálózatok 10+ Tb/S 6,4 Tb/S 1,6 Tb/S 1 Tb/S
Számítógép hálózatok Alternatív valóság Kovács Ákos Hálózatok 10+ Tb/s 6,4 Tb/s 1,6 Tb/s 1 Tb/s 800 Gb/s 400 Gb/s 2017? • A jelen és a jövő 200 Gb/s 2018-2020? • Egyre nagyobb informatikai átviteli 50 Gb/s sebesség kell, jó minőségben 100 Gb/s 2018-2020? 2010 • Switchek minden hálózat alapjai 25 Gb/s 40 Gb/s 2016? 2010 5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s 2016? 2002 2,5 Gb/s 2016? 1 Gb/s 1998 100 Mb/s 1995 10 Mb/s 1983 Switchek • Switch-ekről általában • HUB, Bridge, L2 Switch, L3 Switch, Router • 10/100/1000/10GE switch-ek 2,5GE, 5GE (multiGIG switchek) • Néhány fontosabb működési paraméter • Hátlap (backplane) sávszélesség (Gbps) • Csomag továbbítási sebesség (packet forwarding rate, Mpps) • Switch-elési módok (switching methods, forwarding modes) • Fast Forward (cut-through, fragment-free) • Store-and-Forward • Adaptive (intelligent) L2 Switchek • L2 kommunikációra • Csak a MAC cím alapján (lokális hálózatokhoz LAN) MAC cím (48 bit) 24 bit 24 bit Organizationally Unique Identifier A gyártó osztja ki (OUI) L2 Switchek • A switch nem kérdezi meg a MAC címeket, csak megjegyzi • Ha nem tudja merre kellene menni akkor jön a flood (minden portjára elküldi kivéve amin kapta) • Ha erre válaszolnak, akkor azt MAC-PORT párost megjegyzi L2 Switchek döntési lánca • Layer 2 • CAM Content Addressable memory MAC címek • TCAM (ACL, QoS táblák) 3 értéke lehet, 0,1,X ahol x a „don’t care” bit • Kérdések melyekre válaszolni kell: • Merre továbbítsam a csomagot? • Továbbítsam a csomagot? • Milyen QoS értékekkel továbbítsam a csomagot? • InLine sebesség (ASIC) L3 switchek • Más néven Multi-layer switchek • További döntési lehetőségek a magasabb rétegek alapján mint pl. -
Mikrodenetleyicili Endüstriyel Seri Protokol Çözümleyici Sisteminin Programi
YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ MİKRODENETLEYİCİLİ ENDÜSTRİYEL SERİ PROTOKOL ÇÖZÜMLEYİCİ SİSTEMİNİN PROGRAMI Elektronik ve Haberleşme Müh. Kemal GÜNSAY FBE Elektronik ve Haberleşme Anabilim Dalı Elektronik Programında Hazırlanan YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Tez Danışmanı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tuncay UZUN (YTÜ) İSTANBUL, 2009 YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ MİKRODENETLEYİCİLİ ENDÜSTRİYEL SERİ PROTOKOL ÇÖZÜMLEYİCİ SİSTEMİNİN PROGRAMI Elektronik ve Haberleşme Müh. Kemal GÜNSAY FBE Elektronik ve Haberleşme Anabilim Dalı Elektronik Programında Hazırlanan YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Tez Danışmanı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tuncay UZUN (YTÜ) İSTANBUL, 2009 İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa KISALTMA LİSTESİ ................................................................................................................ v ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ...................................................................................................................... viii ÇİZELGE LİSTESİ .................................................................................................................... x ÖNSÖZ ...................................................................................................................................... xi ÖZET ........................................................................................................................................ xii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ xiii 1. GİRİŞ ...................................................................................................................... -
Networking Tutorial
EDUCATION Ethernet Technology Allen Light, Broadcom Corp. SNIA Legal Notice EDUCATION • The material contained in this tutorial is copyrighted by the SNIA. • Member companies and individuals may use this material in presentations and literature under the following conditions: – Any slide or slides used must be reproduced without modification – The SNIA must be acknowledged as source of any material used in the body of any document containing material from these presentations. • This presentation is a project of the SNIA Education Committee. SNIA© 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 2 Abstract EDUCATION Ethernet, the standard local area network (LAN) access method. A specification for "LAN," "LAN connection" or "network card" automatically implies Ethernet without saying so. This session provides an overview of Ethernet technology, with an emphasis on the evolution of the standards from the original implementation of Ethernet on coax cable to the latest 10Gb Ethernet implementations. SNIA© 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 3 Agenda EDUCATION • The Original Standard • Evolution of Ethernet • Elements of Ethernet • The Frame / Addressing • Media Access Controller • Physical Media SNIA© 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. Ethernet Technology 4 'net-"w&rk EDUCATION • A system of computers, terminals, and databases connected by communications lines Local Area Network (LAN) • A network of personal computers in a small area (like an office) that are linked by cable, can communicate directly with other devices in the network and can share resources (from Merriam Webster) • So why is this guy talking about a LAN technology at a storage networking conference? SNIA© 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. -
IEEE Std 802.3-2005, Section
IEEE Standard for Information technology— Telecommunications and information exchange between systems— Local and metropolitan area networks— Specific requirements Part 3: Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specifications IEEE Computer Society Sponsored by the LAN/MAN Standards Committee I E E E IEEE Std 802.3™-2005 3 Park Avenue (Revision of IEEE Std 802.3-2002 New York, NY 10016-5997, USA including all approved amendments) 9 December 2005 IEEE Std 802.3™-2005 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.3-2002) IEEE Standard for Information technology— Telecommunications and information exchange between systems— Local and metropolitan area networks— Specific requirements Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Approved 9 June 2005 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Ethernet local area network operation is specified for selected speeds of operation from 1 Mb/s to 10 Gb/s using a common media access control (MAC) specification, management infor- mation base (MIB), and capability for Link Aggregation of multiple physical links into a single logi- cal link. The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) MAC protocol specifies shared medium (half duplex) operation, as well as full duplex operation. Speed specific Media Independent Interfaces (MIIs) allow use of selected physical layer (PHY) interfaces for operation over coxial, twisted pair or fiber optic cables. System considerations for multisegment shared access networks describe the use of Repeaters which are defined for operational speeds up to 1000 Mb/s. -
Ethernet PHY Information Model
Ethernet PHY Information Model Version 1.0.0-2 7th of March 2019 ONF TR‑541 Ethernet PHY Information Model Version 1.0.0-12 ONF TR‑541 FebruaryMarch 2019 ONF Document Type: Technical Recommendation ONF Document Name: Ethernet PHY Information Model Version 1.0 Disclaimer THIS SPECIFICATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITH NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ANY WARRANTY OTHERW ISE ARISING OUT OF ANY PROPOSAL, SPECIFICATION OR SAMPLE. Any marks and brands contained herein are the property of their respective owners. Open Networking Foundation 1000 El Camino Real, Suite 100, Menlo Park, CA 94025 www.opennetworking.org ©2017 Open Networking Foundation. All rights reserved. Open Networking Foundation, the ONF symbol, and OpenFlow are registered trademarks of the Open Networking Foundation, in the United States and/or in other countries. All other brands, products, or service names are or may be trademarks or service marks of, and are used to identify, products or services of their respective owners. Page 2 of 64 © Open Networking Foundation Ethernet PHY Information Model Version 1.0.0-12 ONF TR‑541 FebruaryMarch 2019 Table of Contents Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Open Networking Foundation .................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... -
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Technologies and Gigabit Ethernet Professor John Gorgone Ethernet8 Copyright 1998, John T. Gorgone, All Rights Reserved 1 Topics • Origins of Ethernet • Ethernet 10 MBS • Fast Ethernet 100 MBS • Gigabit Ethernet 1000 MBS • Comparison Tables • ATM VS Gigabit Ethernet •Ethernet8SummaryCopyright 1998, John T. Gorgone, All Rights Reserved 2 Origins • Original Idea sprang from Abramson’s Aloha Network--University of Hawaii • CSMA/CD Thesis Developed by Robert Metcalfe----(1972) • Experimental Ethernet developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center---1973 • Xerox’s Alto Computers -- First Ethernet Ethernet8systemsCopyright 1998, John T. Gorgone, All Rights Reserved 3 DIX STANDARD • Digital, Intel, and Xerox combined to developed the DIX Ethernet Standard • 1980 -- DIX Standard presented to the IEEE • 1980 -- IEEE creates the 802 committee to create acceptable Ethernet Standard Ethernet8 Copyright 1998, John T. Gorgone, All Rights Reserved 4 Ethernet Grows • Open Standard allows Hardware and Software Developers to create numerous products based on Ethernet • Large number of Vendors keeps Prices low and Quality High • Compatibility Problems Rare Ethernet8 Copyright 1998, John T. Gorgone, All Rights Reserved 5 What is Ethernet? • A standard for LANs • The standard covers two layers of the ISO model – Physical layer – Data link layer Ethernet8 Copyright 1998, John T. Gorgone, All Rights Reserved 6 What is Ethernet? • Transmission speed of 10 Mbps • Originally, only baseband • In 1986, broadband was introduced • Half duplex and full duplex technology • Bus topology Ethernet8 Copyright 1998, John T. Gorgone, All Rights Reserved 7 Components of Ethernet • Physical Medium • Medium Access Control • Ethernet Frame Ethernet8 Copyright 1998, John T. Gorgone, All Rights Reserved 8 CableCable DesignationsDesignations 10 BASE T SPEED TRANSMISSION MAX TYPE LENGTH Ethernet8 Copyright 1998, John T. -
IEEE Std 802.3™-2012 New York, NY 10016-5997 (Revision of USA IEEE Std 802.3-2008)
IEEE Standard for Ethernet IEEE Computer Society Sponsored by the LAN/MAN Standards Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue IEEE Std 802.3™-2012 New York, NY 10016-5997 (Revision of USA IEEE Std 802.3-2008) 28 December 2012 IEEE Std 802.3™-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.3-2008) IEEE Standard for Ethernet Sponsor LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Approved 30 August 2012 IEEE-SA Standard Board Abstract: Ethernet local area network operation is specified for selected speeds of operation from 1 Mb/s to 100 Gb/s using a common media access control (MAC) specification and management information base (MIB). The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) MAC protocol specifies shared medium (half duplex) operation, as well as full duplex operation. Speed specific Media Independent Interfaces (MIIs) allow use of selected Physical Layer devices (PHY) for operation over coaxial, twisted-pair or fiber optic cables. System considerations for multisegment shared access networks describe the use of Repeaters that are defined for operational speeds up to 1000 Mb/s. Local Area Network (LAN) operation is supported at all speeds. Other specified capabilities include various PHY types for access networks, PHYs suitable for metropolitan area network applications, and the provision of power over selected twisted-pair PHY types. Keywords: 10BASE; 100BASE; 1000BASE; 10GBASE; 40GBASE; 100GBASE; 10 Gigabit Ethernet; 40 Gigabit Ethernet; 100 Gigabit Ethernet; attachment unit interface; AUI; Auto Negotiation; Backplane Ethernet; data processing; DTE Power via the MDI; EPON; Ethernet; Ethernet in the First Mile; Ethernet passive optical network; Fast Ethernet; Gigabit Ethernet; GMII; information exchange; IEEE 802.3; local area network; management; medium dependent interface; media independent interface; MDI; MIB; MII; PHY; physical coding sublayer; Physical Layer; physical medium attachment; PMA; Power over Ethernet; repeater; type field; VLAN TAG; XGMII The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. -
Industrial Ethernet
Industrial Ethernet Main Catalog 2008 Some errors can be really expensive. What good are the greatest technical inventions if you are going to save on the smallest details later? That man today is capable of great technical nowadays to ensure the greatest possible safety development is a sufficiently proven fact. Regard- and reliability for even the smallest system com- less of whether in production, process and traffic ponents. control technology or in building automation: from the packing industry and logistics through From the product quality through engineering conveyor and robot technology, assembly machines and the associated service. Hirschmann™ offers a and machine tools, presses and punching machines comprehensive package: with a high degree of right up to machine and system control. intelligence, they not only set the latest techni- cal standards but, with their high flexibility, When it’s a question of reliability, operating safe- ensure individual and absolutely reliable solutions ty and availability, the slightest errors count. And at the heart of the automation – in computer these can be very expensive in the worst case. and measuring technology. This minimizes risks Because, especially in economically difficult times, in the system and a high system availability is a trouble-free automation contributes considerably built in from the start. to productivity and competitiveness – and protects jobs in the long term. Safety at the press of button for us means leaving nothing to chance. Therefore every Hirschmann™ Therefore it is becoming increasingly important switch is rigorously tested before leaving the factory. 2 www.hirschmann.com After all, constantly rising transmission speed Switches from Hirschmann™ will certainly increase In this modern industrial age, with high clock frequencies demand appropriate the availability of your networks and guarantee one can no longer afford failures. -
Gigabit Ethernet Pocket Guide
GbE.PocketG.fm Page 1 Friday, March 3, 2006 9:43 AM Carrier Class Ethernet, Metro Ethernet tester, Metro Ethernet testing, Metro Ethernet installation, Metro Ethernet maintenance, Metro Ethernet commissioning, Carrier Class Ethernet tester, Carrier Class Ethernet testing, Carrier Class Ethernet installation, Carrier Class Ethernet maintenance, Gigabit Ethernet tester, Gigabit Ethernet testing, Gigabit Ethernet installation, Gigabit Ethernet maintenance, Gigabit Ethernet commissioning, Gigabit Ethernet protocols, 1000BASE-T tester, 1000BASE-LX test, 1000BASE-SX test, 1000BASE-T testing, 1000BASE-LX testing Trend’s Gigabit EthernetPocket Guide AuroraTango Gigabit Ethernet Multi-technology Personal Test Assistant Platform for simple, fast and effective testing of Gigabit Ethernet, ADSL, OSI model 802.3 model SHDSL, and ISDN. Aurora Tango 7 Application Upper layers Gigabit Ethernet has an exceptional 6 Presentation Reconciliation range of features Upper ensuring reliable delivery of end-to-end 5 Session layers services over Metropolitan networks MII Media independent based on Gigabit Ethernet. 4 It includes a full range of tests and Transport measurements, such as RFC-2544, PCS top ten addresses, real-time Ethernet 3 Network LLC (802.2) statistics, multilayer BERT, etc. Two PMA Gigaport transceivers allow terminate, 2 Data Link MAC (803.3) loopback and monitor connections to Autonegotiation networks, plus a 10/100/1000BASE-T Physical cable port for legacy testing. 1 PHY (802.3) dependent Media MDI A PDA provides an intuitive graphical menu -
Hybridní Ethernet (1)
Hybridní Ethernet (1) • Jedná se o kombinaci dříve uvedených typů sítě Ethernet • Tuto kombinaci lze provést pomocí: – hybridního adaptéru (BNC/řada N): mezi tenkým a silným koaxiálním kabelem – repeateru: mezi tenkým a silným koaxiálním kabelem – hubu: mezi tenkým, silným koaxiálním kabelem a kroucenou dvojlinkou 2018-06-01 1 Hybridní Ethernet (2) RJ-45 BNC + T + BNC konektor # # # max. 100 (400) m Terminátor # # AUI konektor # # Hub N + T + N konektor nebo jehlový konektor Repeater min. 0,5 m max. 185 (300) m (300) 185 max. # # # m 500 max. Drop kabel Transceiver (MAU) (max 50 m) # # # # # min. 2,5 m 2018-06-01 2 10Broad36 (1) • Jako přenosové médium používá koaxiální kabel s char. impedancí Z0 = 75 W pracující v přeloženém pásmu • Činnost v přeloženém pásmu umožňuje, aby koaxiální kabel byl využíván i pro přenos jiných informací (např. video), než jsou data přenášená v síti • Jednotlivé stanice se ke koaxiálnímu kabelu připojují pomocí transceiveru a pomocného (drop) kabelu (max. 50 m) 2018-06-01 3 10Broad36 (2) • Maximální délka jednoho kabelu je 1800 m • Všechny sítě 10Broad36 jsou zakončeny pomocí tzv. head-end zařízení, které může být na konci jednoho kabelového segmentu nebo jako kořen více kabelových segmentů • Na druhém konci je síť ukončena termináto- rem • Tímto je možné zvětšit fyzický rozsah célé sítě až 3600 m (s drop kabely 3700 m) 2018-06-01 4 10Broad36 (3) • Síť 10Broad36 může být vybudována ve dvou konfiguracích: – s jedním koaxiálním kabelem: • datové přenosy jsou rozděleny do dvou kanálů, z nichž každý využívá jiné -
802.3Cz PHY Naming
F O P Knowledge Development 802.3cz PHY naming Rubén Pérez-Aranda Bob Grow IEEE 802.3cz Task Force - Nov 2020 Plenary F O About PHY naming P Knowledge Development • Naming for 802.3cz PHYs should be considered to start writing the draft • According to [1], the PHY naming in 802.3: • Evolved where required • Avoided conflicting definition • Not had same letter in the same position meaning something different • Provided limited description of naming in standard • In [2] nGBASE-AR for 802.3cz PHYs was proposed, assuming scrambled coding 64b/66b is used as in other short wavelength multimode PHYs, e.g. 10GBASE-SR. • 802.3cz PHYs naming should be consistent with the adopted baseline • i.e. if no scrambled coding 64b/66b is used, R should be avoided in the corresponding position • The TF is facing the development of multi-gigabit optical PHYs specification for a completely new application, i.e. Automotive, which demands very different requirements compared to data-centers PHYs • Proposed PCS/PMA baseline for 802.3cz is different (see [3]) wrt. BASE-R • Baseline is close to 802.3bv (BASE-H) in the transmit frame structure and PMA • However, very different in the PCS: PAM2 vs. PAM16, RS-FEC vs. MLCC, no THP • PMD baseline will have to be consistent with automotive reliability levels, with an MDI supporting automotive mechanical and environmental requirements, as well as a much wider temperature range of operation • Definitively, we have a very distinct PHY that should use different letters to designate the PHY type name IEEE 802.3cz Task Force - Nov 2020 -
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
Computer Networking MAC Addresses, Ethernet & Wi-Fi Lecturers: Antonio Carzaniga Silvia Santini Assistants: Ali Fattaholmanan Theodore Jepsen USI Lugano, December 7, 2018 Changelog ▪ V1: December 7, 2018 ▪ V2: March 1, 2017 ▪ Changes to the «tentative schedule» of the lecture 2 Last time, on December 5, 2018… 3 What about today? ▪Link-layer addresses ▪Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) ▪Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) 4 Link-layer addresses 5 Image source: https://divansm.co/letter-to-santa-north-pole-address/letter-to-santa-north-pole-address-fresh-day-18-santa-s-letters/ Network adapters (aka: Network interfaces) ▪A network adapter is a piece of hardware that connects a computer to a network ▪Hosts often have multiple network adapters ▪ Type ipconfig /all on a command window to see your computer’s adapters 6 Image source: [Kurose 2013 Network adapters: Examples “A 1990s Ethernet network interface controller that connects to the motherboard via the now-obsolete ISA bus. This combination card features both a BNC connector (left) for use in (now obsolete) 10BASE2 networks and an 8P8C connector (right) for use in 10BASE-T networks.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controller TL-WN851ND - WLAN PCI card 802.11n/g/b 300Mbps - TP-Link https://tinyurl.com/yamo62z9 7 Network adapters: Addresses ▪Each adapter has an own link-layer address ▪ Usually burned into ROM ▪Hosts with multiple adapters have thus multiple link- layer addresses ▪A link-layer address is often referred to also as physical address, LAN address or, more commonly, MAC address 8 Format of a MAC address ▪There exist different MAC address formats, the one we consider here is the EUI-48, used in Ethernet and Wi-Fi ▪6 bytes, thus 248 possible addresses ▪ i.e., 281’474’976’710’656 ▪ i.e., 281* 1012 (trillions) Image source: By Inductiveload, modified/corrected by Kju - SVG drawing based on PNG uploaded by User:Vtraveller.