Esthétique Ordinaire De La Ville KYÔTO-PARIS-TÔKYÔ

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Esthétique Ordinaire De La Ville KYÔTO-PARIS-TÔKYÔ IPRAUS –DEVELOPPEMENT Philippe Bonnin Avec la collaboration de ADACHI Fujio INADA Yoriko KANEYUKI Shinsuke YABUUCHI Hiroshi Esthétique ordinaire de la ville KYÔTO-PARIS-TÔKYÔ : Rapport final Septembre 2002 - 2 - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Direction de l’architecture et du patrimoine Mission du patrimoine ethnologique Subvention n°228 du 20 octobre 2000 - 2 - - 3 - TABLE PROLOGUE 4 Sanjo le nouvelle et Sanjo l’ancienne : De Keage à Higashiyama-Sanjo I. PRESENTATION 14 II. UN VASTE PROJET 20 - L’esthétique ordinaire - Assemblages et objets complexes - La question du jugement de fait/ de valeur - Axiologie classique et pratiques contemporaines - Dispositif expérimental - Les types de lieux à observer Une question d’opportunité ? 27 Remarques transitoires TERRAINS ET METHODES 31 - Les terrains : Paris / Japon : Kyôto, Tôkyô, Yokohama - Mission au Japon - Le journal de terrain, photos, collecte des plans III. DOUZE LIEUX 33 Exemple : Français/paris 35 Exemple : Japonais/ Paris 38 La démarche réflexive 41 Exemple : Japonais/Japon Observation croisée 43 Observateur Français / lieux japonais 45 Observateur japonais / Lieux japonais 51 Autres filières 57 IV. OBSERVATIONS I : LIEUX DECRITS 60 JAPON - Sagano nembutsuji - Takase - Jizô - Arbres indisciplinés - Toriimoto - Rue du marché voisin - Ebisu Yon chome - Hongo - Nezu - Hibiya - Nihonbashi - 3 - - 4 - - Kagurazaka - 4 - - 5 - DEUX OU TROIS RUES 69 - “ Kita Onmaedori ” - “ Ebisuzaka ” - Ichijôdori DIVERS autres lieux 73 - égratignures - Homeless - Un immeuble naturel (p 96) - Ginza yonchome / Tsukishima V. OBSERVATIONS II : LIEUX DESIGNES 75 Les images proposées - les cartes postales de Kyôto - les CP de Yokohama (pp64-65) Le regard des photographes et des cinéastes 80 VI. LES CATEGORIES DE PENSEE DU BEAU 82 Un lexique Japonais ? 82 Deux remarques 92 Un lexique Français ? 94 Critique 95 Le jugement esthétique comme jugement de coïncidence 96 Ordinaire / populaire 100 L’esthétique n’est pas l’art 101 Impressions et sentiments 102 Le conformisme : Meishos et poèmes de voyage (Bashô) 106 Des échelles de l’esthétique / des rythmes 110 Ambiance 112 L’horreur : une beauté cachée ? 113 VII. IROIRONA TOKORO 119 VIII. SOURCES DOCUMENTAIRES 192 ET BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES CONSULTEES - 5 - - 6 - Prologue SANJO la nouvelle et sanjo l’ancienne, de Keage à Higashiyama D’abord cette avenue Sanjo. On pourrait traduire par “ troisième avenue ” est-ouest, ou plutôt gauche-droite, selon le regard du Tenno, empereur et fils du ciel, dans le plan de l’ancienne capitale, d’où provient son nom. Sanjo n’a rien d’extraordinaire, c’est bien ce qu’il me faut. Ni tonitruante ni morte, ni minuscule, ni autoroute urbaine. Une avenue, tout simplement. Particularité pourtant : cette avenue est la seule qui relie le centre de la ville à l’Est (on n’en trouve d’autres que bien plus au sud, au niveau de la voie ferrée du shinkansen), franchissant la montagne Kujoyama en montant doucement pour rejoindre le fameux lac Biwa et le légendaire pays d’Omi 1. De visu, en toute logique, l’avenue mesure au moins seize mètres de large, alors qu’elle n’est bordée que de maisons de deux niveaux souvent, d’immeubles de cinq, et parfois en recul. De fait, l’espace est très ouvert, on ne se trouve pas au fond d’un puits de murs-rideaux comme dans les avenues du centre-ville. Des travaux de réfection étaient entamés l’an passé, commencés par la chaussée, couverte maintenant sur ses quatre voies d’un bel enrobé drainant noir, impeccable, marqué de lignes blanches. On achève les trottoirs actuellement, carrelés sur leurs trois mètres de large de gros pavés de granito aggloméré, drainant lui aussi, brillant comme un marbre en vision rasante. Là, les territoires des piétons et des véhicules sont nettement séparés, et les passages de l’un à l’autre rendus plus nets, mieux tracés, plus difficiles : les trottoirs sont non seulement soulignés d’une bordure de ciment, très relevée pour empêcher son franchissement par tout véhicule, mais aussi protégés d’une balustrade métallique qui court tout du long, sauf aux passages. On achève 1 cf. Esthétique et urbanité : un aperçu japonais". avec Adachi Fujio, Espaces et Sociétés, n°100, mai 2000 : 127-156. - 6 - - 7 - actuellement le marquage des passages pour piétons, en prenant bien soin d’effacer toute trace ancienne de peinture blanche : les signes doivent être explicites, indiscutables, sans ambiguïté. Même vide de toute circulation, un japonais ne traversera pas une avenue avant que le signal n’ait retenti. Le désordre est ailleurs : sur sa lisière du trottoir, les grands pylônes électriques, surchargés comme des totems de toutes leurs toiles d’araignées de fils et de transformateurs, plantés tous les vingt mètres, alternent avec les jeunes arbres aux feuilles de cornouillers qu’on vient de planter dans la partie haute de l’avenue. L’avenue semble comme dans un entre-deux de son destin : la bordent de courtes séries de maisons de bois brun, cinq ou six à la file, et de deux ou trois kens de large chacune (ou ma, ou tatami, ou toises, comme on voudra). Le rez-de-chaussée est occupé par un magasin, un restaurant, une boutique, un artisan. Il y a des restaurants et salons de thés, des antiquaires et galeries d’art payantes, des ateliers de réparation de vélos ou de motos, plusieurs coiffeurs, une pâtisserie “ Vance ” décorée d’un grand drapeau français pour suggérer la qualité des produits, un petit bureau de poste, des machines distributrices de boissons en cannettes ou de cigarettes, des vendeurs de souliers, de geta et surippa, de vêtements, de vaisselle et de fioles à sake, un atelier de tatami derrière la vitrine duquel est garée la voiture familiale aux heures de repos, et puis bien d’autres. Pour une fois, je me dispenserai d’une discipline d’énumération exhaustive et systématique, vue la longueur du chemin. Mais c’est bien à regret, et d’un manque de rigueur très contestable. Ces petites machiya, “ maisons de ville ” littéralement traduit, alternent avec des parcelles six fois plus longues, bâties d’un seul tenant, et qui les remplaceront petit à petit, comme si la ville pulvérulente s’agglomérait par grumeaux, se durcissait en cristallisant : sévères bâtiments bouddhiques où sont rassemblés les autels mortuaires butsudan de nombreuses familles, bien rangés par étages2, voisinant avec des love-hôtels à la publicité lumineuse rose bonbon. Mais aussi des bâtiments publics, des immeubles d’habitations dont le rez-de–chaussée abrite une supérette de quartier, ouverte à toute heure ou presque —un dépanneur diraient les québécois— (Seven-Eleven, Lawson). Si l’architecture contemporaine de qualité est 2 cf. à ce propos le film réalisé par Natacha Aveline et Jimenez J. 1999, Mourir à Tokyo, documentaire video de 52 mn en bétacam produit par le Centre Audiovisuel et Multimédia de l'Université Toulouse. Et : Aveline Natacha, 2003, le rail et la ville, stratégies foncières et diversification des compagnies ferroviaires privées à Tokyo et Osaka, Paris : ed. du CNRS, collection Asie orientale - 7 - - 8 - rare, ici comme partout, elle n’est pas absente, et une silhouette à la Ando tadao pointe agréablement au milieu du parcours. Deux mailles du tissu semblent non pas se superposer, mais lutter. Un peu comme il en est d’une feuille d’arbre : aux abords des vaisseaux nourriciers, les cellules se font plus larges, opulentes, tandis qu’elles restent menues au creux des domaines éloignés. Devant ces grandes constructions, souvent quelque large bac de terre accueille des plantations d’azalées, de buis, de camélias, de kimmokusei (osmanthe), voire de momiji (acer japonica, érable flamboyant de l’automne). Entre ces deux stations de métro, Keage et Sanjo- Higashiyama, on peut compter les départs d’allées plantées de hauts pins, de vénérables camphriers, de sakaki (clayère, variété de camélia, plante shintô sacrée), conduisant aux monuments religieux : deux temples bouddhistes aux lourdes portes monoxyles, tôt ouvertes et closes, un grand portique torii shinto ouvrant un long chemin dallé, plus ensauvagé et en face de l’avenue, entre deux petites maisons, un tout petit torii rouge vermillon, orné d’une corde de paille sacrée shimenawa, qui mène après un coude à un sanctuaire minuscule, au cœur des maisons à la vie desquelles on est alors mêlé, petit autel domestique élevé auprès de chaque puits. Il y eut ici, dans les temps anciens, une fonderie fameuse pour ses lames au trempage remarquable. Mais il faut encore compter ces petits autels dressés pour Jizô : j’en ai trouvé six sur cette portion de l’avenue. Des micro temples devrais-je dire plutôt, puisqu’ils affectent la forme d’une petite construction soignée, enfermant la divinité, Jizô, figurée par une grosse pierre de granit gris peinte aux traits d’un visage humain, et munie d’une sorte de bavoir de satin rouge, couleur de la naissance, qui blanchit au soleil et aux intempéries. Marqués du signe de la svastika, et quoiqu’on assimile cette divinité à Jizô bosatsu (Ksitigarbha), Buddha de l’est rédempteur des enfers, chargé de guider les âmes des défunts vers l'au-delà, c’est en fait la récupération bouddhiste d’une divinité bien plus ancienne, ancrée dans l’affection populaire, protectrice des enfants et de leurs âmes, et que l’on rencontre en tout lieu, sur tous les chemins, à des milliers d’exemplaires. Un jour, m’en revenant sur l’avenue, je butai sur des passants arrêtés, un père poussant son vélo où est assis son bébé, et sa jeune fille qui l’accompagne. Je vois celle-ci joindre les mains, incliner la tête. Me retournant, j’aperçois alors l’un de ces petits autels. Si je prête plus attention aux matériaux, les quelques maisons traditionnelles qui demeurent, à structure de bois brun offerte aux regards, font pendre devant leurs fenêtres - 8 - - 9 - d’étage ces légers stores de jonc sudare, protégeant les tatami des ardeurs estivales du soleil.
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