Urban Tourism and Urban Change

URBAN TOURISM AND URBAN CHANGE Th is study of urban tourism provides both a sociological and cultural analysis of change that has taken place in many of the world’s cities, and also the implications of these changes for urban management and planning, for success and failure in metropolitan change. Uniquely suited for teaching purposes, this text includes numerous case studies of cities worldwide to illuminate the signifi cant impact and promise of tourism on urban image and economic development. Costas Spirou is Professor in the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at National-Louis University in Chicago and a visiting fellow at the University of Notre Dame. His research interests include culture policy, urban redevelopment, tourism, and sports in society. He is co-author of It’s Hardly Sportin’: Stadiums, Neighborhoods and the New Chicago, a book about politics and community development, and author of St. Charles: Culture and Leisure in an All-American Town. METROPOLIS AND MODERN LIFE A Routledge Series Edited by Anthony Orum, University of Illinois, Chicago and Zachary Neal, Michigan State Universitiy, East Lansing Th is Series brings original perspectives on key topics in urban research to today’s students in a series of short accessible texts, guided readers, and practical handbooks. Each volume examines how long-standing urban phenomena continue to be relevant in an increasingly urban and global world, and in doing so, connects the best new scholarship with the wider concerns of students seeking to understand life in the 21st century metropolis. Books in the Series: Common Ground: Readings, Refl ections, and New Frontiers edited by Anthony Orum and Zachary Neal Th e Gentrifi cation Debates edited by Japonica Brown-Saracino Th e Power of Urban Ethnic Places by Jan Lin Forthcoming: Th e Urban Instinct by Nan Ellin Th e Connected City by Zachary Neal URBAN TOURISM AND URBAN CHANGE Cities in a Global Economy Costas Spirou National-Louis University First published 2011 by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2011 Taylor & Francis Th e right of Costas Spirou to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spirou, Costas. Urban tourism and urban change : cities in a global economy / Costas Spirou. p. cm. (Metropolis and modern life) 1. Tourism. 2. Cities and towns. 3. Sociology, Urban. 4. City planning. 5. Economic development. I. Title. G155.A1S6244 2011 307.1’416 dc22 2010023418 ISBN 0-203-83580-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 13: 978-0-415-80162-1 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-80163-8 (pbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-83580-7 (ebk) To Patrice, Jack, Tara, Mary Eve, and Stelios Contents Series Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi Chapter 1 Changing Cities and the Commodification of Leisure 1 Manufacturing and the Rise of Urban Centers 7 Leisure and the Urban Environment: 1880–1950 9 Postwar Restructuring and the Changing Nature of Leisure 14 The Commodifi cation of Leisure 21 The Sunbelt, Suburbanization, and Edge Cities 25 The Preservation Movement and the Rise of Historic Districts 27 The Travel Industry, the Rise of Corporations, and the Convention Business 29 Conclusion 35 Chapter 2 Globalization, Urban Competition, and Tourism 37 Globalization and Travel 39 Urban Competition and the Search for Alternative Development Strategies 46 The Role of the Public Sector in Urban Tourism and Business Travel 47 IX X CONTENTS Stadium Development in Dunedin, New Zealand 50 The Role of the Private Sector in Urban Tourism 53 Urban Tourism and the Rise of Private–Public Partnerships 55 Harborplace, Baltimore, Maryland 58 Marketing Cities and New Urban Identities 60 Preserving the Urban Tourist Identity in Krakow, Poland 64 The Entrepreneurial City 66 Conclusion 69 Chapter 3 Tourism Policies and Urban Growth 73 Penang, Malaysia: An Evolving Tourism Strategy 75 Types of Tourism Districts 78 Ethnic Districts 80 Historic Districts 81 Entertainment Districts 84 Albert Dock and Waterfront Development in Liverpool, UK 87 Sports Districts 90 Theme Parks 92 Support Districts 94 Tourism and the Clash of Urban Functions in Plaka, Athens, Greece 96 Mega-Events and Urban Growth 98 Beijing, China and the 2008 Olympics 100 Chapter 4 The Infrastructure and Finance of Urban Tourism 105 Types of Tourist Cities 109 Building and Financing the Tourist City 112 Sports and Stadium Development 116 The Gateway Project in Cleveland, OH 119 The Convention Center Construction Craze 122 Casinos, Entertainment, and Waterfront Development 125 The Arts, Festivals, and Urban Parks 130 The Importance of Urban Beautifi cation 132 Urban Tourism Development in Bogota, Colombia 133 Conclusion 136 CONTENTS XI Chapter 5 Urban Tourism, Amenities, and Human Capital 139 Neighborhood Development in LoDo 140 Human Capital and Urban Growth 143 Creative Capital and Urban Growth 145 Culture, Amenities, and Urban Development 148 Glasgow, Scotland and the 1990 European Capital of Culture Designation 152 Civic Tourism and the Creative Economy and Class 154 Brisbane, Australia—The Creative City? 159 Chapter 6 Residential Development and the New Face of Downtowns 165 Urban Tourism and the Revival of Neighborhoods in San Diego, California 167 Gentrifi cation, Residential Development, and the New Face of Downtowns 170 Loft Conversion and Revitalized Communities 174 New Construction and Emerging Neighborhoods 177 Downtown Rebirth? The Trials of Detroit, Michigan 179 Downtown Revitalization and the Tourism/ Convention Strategy in Smaller Cities 183 Remaking Downtown in Greenville, South Carolina 188 Chapter 7 Implications and Debates 193 Tourism and Cultural Authenticity 197 Economic Development Debates: Priorities in Jobs and Expenditures 200 The Tale of Two Cities: Urban Tourism and Uneven Development 206 Gentrifi cation and Displacement 210 Public Support of Private Enterprise: Does Urban Tourism Fit the Mold? 215 Future Directions: The Promises and Challenges of Urban Tourism 219 Urban Tourism and the Cities of the Twenty-First Century 226 Notes 229 Index 247 Series Foreword Th is series brings original perspectives on key topics in urban research to today’s students in a series of short, accessible texts, guided readers, and practical handbooks. Each volume examines how long-standing urban phenomena continue to be relevant in an increasingly urban and global world, and in doing so, connects the best new scholarship with the wider concerns of students to understand life in the twenty- fi rst century metropolis. In this addition to the series, Costas Spirou addresses how tourism has economically and socially transformed cities as they enter a global era. Do vacations to the beach, or trips downtown for dinner and a movie really impact large, modern cities? Combining over a century of historical material with up-to-date examples from cities around the world, in this book Spirou tells a compelling and engag- ing story that answers this question. Yes, urban tourism does matter. Although tourism is frequently viewed as less important to cities than other more traditional activities like manufacturing or fi nance, it has played a major role in the development and redevelopment of cities around the world. He begins by tracing the history of tourism for cities and the commodifi cation of leisure in the early twentieth century, then turns his attention to the complex forces that shape cities today: globalization, war, economic booms and busts, politics, and the “creative class.” In each chapter, Spirou introduces the reader to a key dimension of the world of cities in a global era, illustrating with XIII XIV SERIES FOREWORD examples and photographs how urban tourism fi ts in. Th roughout, the discussion is supplemented with minicase studies of tourism projects in cities on nearly every continent, including Dunedin (New Zea- land), Krakow (Poland), Penang (Malaysia), Beijing (China), Bogota (Columbia), as well as many American cities, including Baltimore, Cleveland, and Denver. Both timely and accessible, this book illumi- nates the pivotal role of tourism for the modern metropolis, answering some questions, while also prompting new ones for both students and scholars. Anthony Orum Zachary Neal Series Editors Preface Why I Wrote Th is Book Over the years I have had the opportunity to teach undergraduate courses to students in urban sociology and political sociology. I have also taught more focused classes in urban and community development, culture and urban change, and sport and society. My experience has been that students have always found these subjects interesting. However, when classroom discussions centered on the recent reorga- nization of cities, especially in downtowns, students were markedly curious and particularly engaged. Many would share personal obser- vations and refl ections about the rapid physical remaking of these spaces. Furthermore, lively conversations often included commentar- ies on the qualitative aspects of these transformations. For example, students were able to quickly identify the considerable resource allo- cations made in terms of culture, leisure, and tourism.

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