DOCSLIB.ORG

Print P.224.Jpg (1 Page)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Print P.224.Jpg (1 Page) The Financial Administration of an Imperial Waqf in an Age of Crisis: A Case Study of Bâyezîd II’s Waqf in Amasya (1594-1657) by Kayhan ORBAY Department of History Bilkent University Ankara June 2001 The Financial Administration of an Imperial Waqf in an Age of Crisis: A Case Study of Bâyezîd II’s Waqf in Amasya (1594-1657) A Thesis Submitted to The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University By Kayhan ORBAY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2001 I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. Dr. Eugenia Kermeli Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. Dr. Oktay Özel Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. Dr. Mehmet Öz Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Kürşat Aydoğan Director ABSTRACT The Financial Administration of an Imperial Waqf in an Age of Crisis: A Case Study of Bâyezîd II’s Waqf in Amasya (1594-1657) Kayhan Orbay Department of History Supervisor: Dr. Eugenia Kermeli June 2001 This study examines the economic development of Bâyezîd II’s waqf in Amasya between 1594-1657 and analyses the effect of the agricultural crisis on the financial administration of the waqf in this period. The study also points to a correlation between the changes in the financial situation of the waqf and the agricultural conditions of the period by the examination of the revenue and expenses of the waqf during the period under review through a detailed analysis of the account books of the waqf. As complementary sources, detailed survey (tahrîr) registers, registers of pious endowments (evkâf defterleri), muhâsebe-icmâl registers, the deeds of foundation (vakfiyye) and the court registers of Amasya (şer’iyye sicilleri) are also employed. The examination and analysis of the sources revealed that the waqf faced a serious financial crisis in the first half of the seventeenth century. It also appears that this crisis was closely related to the unstable economic, politic and social conditions of the period of great Celâlî rebellions and terror as well as to the demographic fluctuations, i.e. decline in and displacement of rural population of Ottoman Anatolia at the turn of the seventeenth century. Keywords: Waqf, Bâyezîd II, Amasya, Agricultural Crisis, Transformation, Seventeenth Century, Waqf Account Books, Celâlîs. iv ÖZET Bir Kriz Döneminde Amasya'daki Sultân II. Bayezid Vakfı'nın Mali İdaresi (1594-1657) Kayhan Orbay Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Eugenia Kermeli Haziran 2001 Bu çalışma, II. Bâyezîd’in Amasya'daki vakfının 1594-1657 tarihleri arasındaki iktisadi gelişimini incelemekte ve bu dönemdeki tarımsal krizin vakfın mali durumu üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktadır. Ana gelir kaynağını neredeyse tamamen tarımsal üretimin oluşturduğu vakfın mali durumundaki değişiklikler ile dönemin tarımsal koşulları arasında karşılıklı bir ilişki oluşundan hareketle vakfın mali durumundaki değişikliklerin tarımsal koşullardaki değişimin bir yansıması olarak yorumlanabileceği ileri sürülmektedir. İncelenen dönemde vakfın mali durumundaki değişiklikleri belirlemek amacıyla vakıf gelir ve giderlerindeki değişiklikler vakfın muhasebe defterlerinin ayrıntılı analizi ile izlenmeye çalışılmış, tamamlayıcı kaynaklar olarak da mufassal tahrîr defterleri, evkâf defterleri, muhâsebe-icmâl defterleri, kuruluşun vakfiyyesi ve Amasya şer’iyye sicilleri kullanılmıştır. Kaynakların incelenmesinden vakfın onaltıncı yüzyılın son yıllarında ve onyedinci yüzyılın ilk yarısında mali güçlüklerle karşılaştığı sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Vakfın mali krizinin büyük Celâli isyanları ve terörünün yaşandığı dönemin istikrarsız ekonomik, siyasi ve sosyal koşulları ile aynı dönemde gözlenen nufus düşüşü ve dağılması şeklinde kendini gösteren demografik dalgalanmayla yakından bağlantılı olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Vakıf, II. Bâyezîd, Amasya, Tarımsal Kriz, Dönüşüm, Onyedinci Yüzyıl, Vakıf Muhâsebe Defterleri, Celâlîler v ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am particularly grateful to Professor Halil İnalcık of Bilkent University for his constant encouragement and efforts through my academic improvement and for his guidance and interpretations throughout my study. I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Eugenia Kermeli, for she guided me into the waqf system, advised and encouraged me about researching through archival sources of the imperial waqfs in the field of economic history. I would also like to thank Dr. Oktay Özel of Bilkent University who supervised this thesis and supported me from the very beginning to the end; I am thankful for his comments and valuable suggestions throughout the study as well as for his patience in reviewing the drafts of this study several times. I am indebted to him as he has provided me with the register numbers of the account books. I have very much appreciated the valuable comments of Dr. Mehmet Öz of Hacettepe University in earlier stages of my research. I am grateful to Assistant Professor Yılmaz Kurt of Ankara University for his generous help in reading these formidable account records. I would also like to thank Dr. Necdet Gök of Bilkent University and Ms. Hülya Taş from Tapu Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü for their kind help in reading some parts of the documents. I owe special thanks to archive officers of Tapu Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü Ahmet Cabbar and Mustafa Engin, to archive officer of National Library section of Şeriyye Sicils, Receb Sunar, to archive officer of Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Erdal Furtun and to archive officers of Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri for their understanding and kind help during my work in the archives. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract iv Özet v Acknowledgment vi Table of Contents vii CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1 I. The Study 2 II. Sources 11 III. Historical Context: The Age of Crisis 16 IV. The Waqf 30 CHAPTER TWO : THE STRUCTURE OF THE ACCOUNT BOOKS AND SOME METHODOLOGICAL REMARKS 36 I. The Structure of the Account Books (Vâridât ve İhrâcât Defterleri) 36 II. Establishing an Index 44 CHAPTER THREE : ANALYSIS OF THE DATA 53 I. Revenues 53 II. Expenditures 73 a) Personnel Expenses and Payments to Pensioners (Zevâ’idhorâns) 73 b) Kitchen Expenditures 82 c) The Other Expenses (İhrâcât-ı Sâ’ire) and Repair (Meremmât) Expenses 86 CHAPTER FOUR : HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT 92 CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSION 103 vii BIBLIOGRAPHY 106-124 APPENDICES 125-171 Appendix A: The Waqf Villages (in Alphabetical Order) 126-129 Appendix B: The Price Indices of Agricultural Products 130-150 Appendix C: Indices of mukâta‘a revenues during the periods 1594-1757, 151-153 1594-1656 and 1594-1600 Appendix D: Mukâta‘a Revenues from Waqf Villages 154-169 Appendix E: Uncollected or Partially Collected Mukâta‘a Revenues 170-171 FACSIMILES 172-223 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figures Figure 1: The Price Index for 17 items between 1595-1600 49 Figure 2: The Price Index for 8 items between 1595-1647 50 Figure 3: The Price Index for 4 items between 1595-1719 51 Figure 4: The Price Index for 3 items (FRW index) between 1595-1647 52 Figure 5: Total Revenue of the Waqf between 1595-1791 57 Figure 6: Mukâta‘a Revenues of the Waqf between 1594-1757 58 Figure 7: Mukâta‘a and FRW Indices between 1595-1600 63 Figure 8: Mukâta‘a and Price Indices between 1595-1656 68 Tables Table 1: The Structure of Account Books 37-39 Table 2: The Waqf Villages 54-55 Table 3: Waqf Revenue and Its Components 59 Table 4: The Waqf Personnel according to the Waqfiyye in 1496 74-75 Table 5: The Number of Waqf Personnel and Their Wages 75 Table 6: The Change in the Number of Personnel 76 Table 7: Personnel Salaries 77 Table 8: Waqf Cema‘âts 78-79 Table 9: The Amount of Product Purchased for the Waqf Kitchen 83-84 Table 10: The Waqf Expenses 91 viii CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION The principle aim of this study is to examine the effects of the agricultural crisis on the financial administration of the imperial waqf of Bâyezîd II in Amasya between 1594 and 1657. The period in question follows the so called “classical” period when the Empire experienced transformations and changes in its fundamental structures and institutions. Besides the changes in the economic, fiscal and military fields as well as the social structure, the agricultural economy is also viewed as being in crisis during this period. The sixteenth and seventeenth century developments, such as the transformation of the military and fiscal order, to meet the military needs of the Empire, and the price movements are considered as the factors causing directly or indirectly the agricultural crisis. Natural disasters and the possible effects of the change in climatic conditions are also taken into consideration as additional factors in explaining the crisis. Besides, demographic fluctuations and the Celâli movements in this period however are seen as the main reasons behind the crisis in agricultural economy, the dissolution of rural structure and depopulation. Institutional and local studies provide us with valuable historical information in order to clarify the reasons, the extent and the consequences of the agricultural crisis in this period. In this context, the waqfs are important institutions in studying institutional and local developments. When the primary sources of the period, i.e. survey (tahrîr) registers, court registers (şer’iyye sicils), waqfiyyes (the deeds of foundations) and registers of important affairs (mühimmes), are studied together with the available waqf account books, one may obtain a detailed picture of the financial development of the waqfs. The financial situation of imperial waqfs (selâtîn vakıfları) which had large revenue sources in rural and urban economies, in general appear to be 1 a crucial indicator of the economic developments of the period.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Seven Churches of Revelation Turkey
    TRAVEL GUIDE SEVEN CHURCHES OF REVELATION TURKEY TURKEY Pergamum Lesbos Thyatira Sardis Izmir Chios Smyrna Philadelphia Samos Ephesus Laodicea Aegean Sea Patmos ASIA Kos 1 Rhodes ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP OF WESTERN TURKEY BULGARIA Sinanköy Manya Mt. NORTH EDİRNE KIRKLARELİ Selimiye Fatih Iron Foundry Mosque UNESCO B L A C K S E A MACEDONIA Yeni Saray Kırklareli Höyük İSTANBUL Herakleia Skotoussa (Byzantium) Krenides Linos (Constantinople) Sirra Philippi Beikos Palatianon Berge Karaevlialtı Menekşe Çatağı Prusias Tauriana Filippoi THRACE Bathonea Küçükyalı Ad hypium Morylos Dikaia Heraion teikhos Achaeology Edessa Neapolis park KOCAELİ Tragilos Antisara Abdera Perinthos Basilica UNESCO Maroneia TEKİRDAĞ (İZMİT) DÜZCE Europos Kavala Doriskos Nicomedia Pella Amphipolis Stryme Işıklar Mt. ALBANIA Allante Lete Bormiskos Thessalonica Argilos THE SEA OF MARMARA SAKARYA MACEDONIANaoussa Apollonia Thassos Ainos (ADAPAZARI) UNESCO Thermes Aegae YALOVA Ceramic Furnaces Selectum Chalastra Strepsa Berea Iznik Lake Nicea Methone Cyzicus Vergina Petralona Samothrace Parion Roman theater Acanthos Zeytinli Ada Apamela Aisa Ouranopolis Hisardere Dasaki Elimia Pydna Barçın Höyük BTHYNIA Galepsos Yenibademli Höyük BURSA UNESCO Antigonia Thyssus Apollonia (Prusa) ÇANAKKALE Manyas Zeytinlik Höyük Arisbe Lake Ulubat Phylace Dion Akrothooi Lake Sane Parthenopolis GÖKCEADA Aktopraklık O.Gazi Külliyesi BİLECİK Asprokampos Kremaste Daskyleion UNESCO Höyük Pythion Neopolis Astyra Sundiken Mts. Herakleum Paşalar Sarhöyük Mount Athos Achmilleion Troy Pessinus Potamia Mt.Olympos
    [Show full text]
  • MERSİN- TARSUS KUZEY BÖLGESİNİN JEOLOJİSİ Bölge
    MERSİN- TARSUS KUZEY BÖLGESİNİN JEOLOJİSİ Dr. Zati TERNEK A - HÜLÂSA Bu tabakalardaki fosiller : (Rotalia sp., Bölge topografyası kuzeyden Gü- Miliolidae, Asterigerina sp., Amphis neye doğru 2000 m. den deniz seviye- tegina sp., Miscellanea miscella, Alve- sine kadar alçalır. Başlıca yükseklik- olinellidae, Chlamys, Mercan parçaları ler: Elmalı (2500 m.), Samlar dağı ve Briozoa) lardır. (1050 m.), ve Cuma dağı (975 m.) dir. Oligosen : Rusupları, göl, kara ve estuarin karâkterlidir. Gri kırmızı marn Stratığrafi: kumlu marn, gre kalker ve konglo- En eski arazi Paleozoik yaşında meralardan ibaret olup (Planorbidae, olup siyah, beyaz veya gri, ince do- Meretrix incrassata Sowerby, Arca kulu, rekristalize, fena kokulu kalker- Glymeris, Pecten, Pirula, Ampulina, lerden, gri renkli grelerden, mavimsi münferit mercan, nebat) fosillerini ih- şist ve kloritli şistlerden ibarettir. tiva eder. Bölgemizin kuzeybatı sınırına ya- Alt Miyosen, transgressif olup kong- kın Fındıkpınarı mevkiinde aynı kris- lomera, marnlı kalker, kumlu kalker, talize kalkerlerde Fusulina bulunmuş- marn ve kalkerlerden ibarettir. Kong- tur. Paleozoik mostralar, kuzeyde fazla lomeralar 350 m. ve bütün alt Miosen saha kaplar, orta kısımlarda zincirvari 700-1000 m. kalınlıktadır. Alt Miyosen şekilde sıralanıp Çakıt'a doğru uza- tabakaları arasında birinden diğerine nırlar. yan geçişler vardır. Bazı kısımlarda Mesozoik arazisinden Kretase mev- kalkerler yer yer resifal karakter taşır- cut olup 2 fasies gösterir: lar. Alt Miyosen'e ait formasyonlarda bulunan başlıca fosiller: (Flabellipecten, a) Beyaz, gri, bazan rekristalize Turho, Pectunculus semicassis, Ostrea kalkerler, penbe renkli, sert, ince do- Sowerby, Schizaster cf. Lovisatoi Cot- kulu, sublitoğrafik kalkerler, b) Fliş. teau,. Amussium cristatum Bronn mut. Ancak sublitoğrofik kalkerlerde (Oto- Badense Fontannes, Clypeaster Latiros- bigerina sp., Globotruncana Linnei) tris Agassiz, Echtnolampas aff.
    [Show full text]
  • From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East
    REVOLUTIONIZING REVOLUTIONIZING Mark Altaweel and Andrea Squitieri and Andrea Mark Altaweel From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East This book investigates the long-term continuity of large-scale states and empires, and its effect on the Near East’s social fabric, including the fundamental changes that occurred to major social institutions. Its geographical coverage spans, from east to west, modern- day Libya and Egypt to Central Asia, and from north to south, Anatolia to southern Arabia, incorporating modern-day Oman and Yemen. Its temporal coverage spans from the late eighth century BCE to the seventh century CE during the rise of Islam and collapse of the Sasanian Empire. The authors argue that the persistence of large states and empires starting in the eighth/ seventh centuries BCE, which continued for many centuries, led to new socio-political structures and institutions emerging in the Near East. The primary processes that enabled this emergence were large-scale and long-distance movements, or population migrations. These patterns of social developments are analysed under different aspects: settlement patterns, urban structure, material culture, trade, governance, language spread and religion, all pointing at population movement as the main catalyst for social change. This book’s argument Mark Altaweel is framed within a larger theoretical framework termed as ‘universalism’, a theory that explains WORLD A many of the social transformations that happened to societies in the Near East, starting from Andrea Squitieri the Neo-Assyrian period and continuing for centuries. Among other infl uences, the effects of these transformations are today manifested in modern languages, concepts of government, universal religions and monetized and globalized economies.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Publication Proof
    Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Preface xi List of Contributors xiii proof Introduction: Long-Distance Communication and the Cohesion of Early Empires 1 K a r e n R a d n e r 1 Egyptian State Correspondence of the New Kingdom: T e Letters of the Levantine Client Kings in the Amarna Correspondence and Contemporary Evidence 10 Jana Myná r ̌ová Pre-publication 2 State Correspondence in the Hittite World 3 2 Mark Weeden 3 An Imperial Communication Network: T e State Correspondence of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 64 K a r e n R a d n e r 4 T e Lost State Correspondence of the Babylonian Empire as Ref ected in Contemporary Administrative Letters 94 Michael Jursa 5 State Communications in the Persian Empire 112 Amé lie Kuhrt Book 1.indb v 11/9/2013 5:40:54 PM vi Contents 6 T e King’s Words: Hellenistic Royal Letters in Inscriptions 141 Alice Bencivenni 7 State Correspondence in the Roman Empire: Imperial Communication from Augustus to Justinian 172 Simon Corcoran Notes 211 Bibliography 257 Index 299 proof Pre-publication Book 1.indb vi 11/9/2013 5:40:54 PM Chapter 2 State Correspondence in the Hittite World M a r k W e e d e n T HIS chapter describes and discusses the evidence 1 for the internal correspondence of the Hittite state during its so-called imperial period (c. 1450– 1200 BC). Af er a brief sketch of the geographical and historical background, we will survey the available corpus and the generally well-documented archaeologi- cal contexts—a rarity among the corpora discussed in this volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Diversity of Ixodid Ticks Feeding on Humans in Amasya, Turkey: Seasonal Abundance and Presence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
    VECTOR/PATHOGEN/HOST INTERACTION,TRANSMISSION Species Diversity of Ixodid Ticks Feeding on Humans in Amasya, Turkey: Seasonal Abundance and Presence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus 1 1,2 1 1 3 A. BURSALI, S. TEKIN, A. KESKIN, M. EKICI, AND E. DUNDAR Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/article-abstract/48/1/85/905733 by Balikesir University user on 22 August 2019 J. Med. Entomol. 48(1): 85Ð93 (2011); DOI: 10.1603/ME10034 ABSTRACT Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are important pests transmitting tick-borne diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) to humans. Between 2002 and 2009, numerous CCHF cases were reported in Turkey, including Amasya province. In the current study, species diversity, seasonal abundance of ticks, and presence of CCHF virus (CCHFV) in ticks infesting humans in several districts of Amasya province were determined. In the survey, a total of 2,528 ixodid ticks were collected from humans with tick bite from April to November 2008 and identiÞed to species. Hyalomma marginatum (18.6%), Rhipicephalus bursa (10.3%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (5.7%), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (2.2%), Dermacentor marginatus (2.5%), Haemaphysalis parva (3.6%), and Ixodes ricinus (1.6%) were the most prevalent species among 26 ixodid tick species infesting humans in Amasya province. Hyalomma franchinii Tonelli & Rondelli, 1932, was a new record for the tick fauna of Turkey. The most abundant species were the members of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus through summer and declined in fall, whereas relative abundances of Ixodes and Dermacentor ticks were always low on humans in the province. Of 25 Hyalomma tick pools tested, seven pools were CCHFV positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Inscriptions
    GREEK INSCRIPTIONS This report on inscriptions found in the American Excavations of the Athenian Agora continues those which have appeared in previous volumes of Hesperia, and gives a preliminary discussion of twelve texts. The texts are arranged in five groups, decrees of the Demos and the Council, a decree of a tribe or religious organization, financial records, lists of offices, and dedications. Within each group the texts are placed in so far as possible in chronological order. DECREES 1. Fragment of a stele of Hymettian marble with the left face and a bit of the rougrh-pickedback preserved, found March 28, 1936, in a late wall in Section P. Height, 0.22 m.; width, 0.24 m.; thickness, 0.075-0.08 m. Height of letters, 0.005 m.; eight letters, measured on centres, 0.078 m.; eight lines, 0.084 m. Inv. No. I 3878. No. 1 American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Hesperia ® www.jstor.org GREEK INSCRIPTIONS 443 321|0 B.C. CT'OIX.26 Iirt 4 ovX1k?V xovroPetL T7 .] [ ? ~ Otgu :71vrar8e] [ag -t - [- aTf8' eThV8) xat Ef.. 5 .... ... O''ova3vcaJ [ij El, trera,e8t [xat Qlaxocvl8t T6] g rrQv a8ag2 E[xx])A. [oa xTct1& 1r] laya f?ovxig 7tYviro [8hewv elaq] 10 Tq9WEV"'AIcp)oxog Fv .rtI0wv? eYd] Ogsv Te flovxt xaal TWl aJ[I( o tv TnXox.X-Ti;Xvyvrlo [v] '42[w),-xIe] eV 87fEV, 44irXl*&4E o. .EV 'r- r(-O -,UM,0ffUffT68 X'[,OoV(l dlte-r] 15 2&t eUrOvg6V WY TJP 6Wb[{wtTlt ~d0Ov] UTrMvIcat xalv T[&g E11qOUSgEt] or8p'vroXev 6 [ar>8it[7rt,t6, d7iyuo] xdat AV OtXe[i]Og [&v TWV SO00VrwrV] 20 SlJZt HQWUOV[.
    [Show full text]
  • TREASURES of EASTERN TURKEY September 18 to October 03, 2021 Led by “STS” Tour Manager
    TREASURES OF EASTERN TURKEY September 18 to October 03, 2021 Led by “STS” Tour Manager Can be combined with our Kurdistan Tour (Oct 03 to 10, 2021) Eastern Turkey is the true cradle of civilization, encompassing the earliest farmers, the great Hittite and Urartian empires of antiquity, the conquering Romans, early Christian churches, and medieval fortresses. Bordering Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, this seldom-vis- ited region offers travelers simply incredible sights. See the earliest “temple” at Göbekli Tepe with its 12,000-year-old carvings. Visit Hittite sites with carved reliefs, and cuneiform inscriptions on the Urartian capital at Tushpa. Explore the Biblical connections of Urfa and Harran (where Abraham once lived), and Mount Ararat, claimed to be the final resting place of Noah’s Ark. Eastern Turkey is a fantastic repository of ancient Roman, biblical, Seljuk, Armenian and Crusader relics. See the magnificent carvings in the Armenian Church on Akdamar Island in Lake Van, and an entire ghostly ruined Armenian city at Ani. And you will not forget the stunningly situated sculptured heads of Nemrut Dag, or Ishak Pasha Palace, the Taj Mahal of Turkey. Ihab Zaki Managing Director, Spiekermann Travel Sat-Sun, Sep 18-19 6,000 feet. As you enter the city, the large Aziziye monument USA - Istanbul commemorating the Turkish-Russian War will catch your eye. The Depart your hometown for Istanbul arriving the following day. city has an immensely rich past and a unique architectural style. Upon arrival, meet and transfer to the hotel for check in and overnight. The city walls and fortress are reminiscent of the period of Byzan- tine rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Explore Eastern Turkey
    S P I R I T U A L D I R E C T O R B I S H O P T E R R Y K E E EXPLORE EASTERN TURKEY T U R K E Y 2 8 A U G - 9 S E P 2 0 2 0 1 3 D 1 0 N ( 1 1 T O U R I N G D A Y S ) @Armenian (Main Office): 7 Armenian Street, Bible House #04--02, Singapore 179932 @Orchard: 14 Scotts Road, Far East Plaza #01-83, Singapore 228213 Tel: +65 6304 3762 I Email: [email protected] I Website: www.ibex.sg I TA(02822) SPIRITUAL DIRECTOR I ISTANBUL Bishop Terry Kee TRABZON G KARS H ERZURUM DOGUBEYAZIT F TURKEY E VAN C ADIYAMAN D MARDIN B ADANA URFA TARSUS ANTIOCH A Legend: A-I + Overnight Site to visit Domestic flight In 2009, The Right Reverend Terry *Map not drawn to scale. For information only. Kee succeeded Bishop John Tan as the second bishop of the Day 1 – Fri, 28 Aug Turkish coffee at a local coffee house Lutheran Church in Singapore SINGAPORE (at your own expense). Continue the since its separation from the Assemble at Changi Airport to begin your journey to Urfa. (B/L/D) Lutheran Church in Malaysia in journey to Turkey. 1997. Bishop Terry Kee was a Departure Flight: TK55 SIN-IST 2325-0525 Day 5 – Tue, 1 Sep ADIYAMAN former missionary to Thailand for Check-in starts from 8.30pm (Check-out in the morning) about 10 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblical World
    MAPS of the PAUL’SBIBLICAL MISSIONARY JOURNEYS WORLD MILAN VENICE ZAGREB ROMANIA BOSNA & BELGRADE BUCHAREST HERZEGOVINA CROATIA SAARAJEVO PISA SERBIA ANCONA ITALY Adriatic SeaMONTENEGRO PRISTINA Black Sea PODGORICA BULGARIA PESCARA KOSOVA SOFIA ROME SINOP SKOPJE Sinope EDIRNE Amastris Three Taverns FOGGIA MACEDONIA PONTUS SAMSUN Forum of Appius TIRANA Philippi ISTANBUL Amisos Neapolis TEKIRDAG AMASYA NAPLES Amphipolis Byzantium Hattusa Tyrrhenian Sea Thessalonica Amaseia ORDU Puteoli TARANTO Nicomedia SORRENTO Pella Apollonia Marmara Sea ALBANIA Nicaea Tavium BRINDISI Beroea Kyzikos SAPRI CANAKKALE BITHYNIA ANKARA Troy BURSA Troas MYSIA Dorylaion Gordion Larissa Aegean Sea Hadrianuthera Assos Pessinous T U R K E Y Adramytteum Cotiaeum GALATIA GREECE Mytilene Pergamon Aizanoi CATANZARO Thyatira CAPPADOCIA IZMIR ASIA PHRYGIA Prymnessus Delphi Chios Smyrna Philadelphia Mazaka Sardis PALERMO Ionian Sea Athens Antioch Pisidia MESSINA Nysa Hierapolis Rhegium Corinth Ephesus Apamea KONYA COMMOGENE Laodicea TRAPANI Olympia Mycenae Samos Tralles Iconium Aphrodisias Arsameia Epidaurus Sounion Colossae CATANIA Miletus Lystra Patmos CARIA SICILY Derbe ADANA GAZIANTEP Siracuse Sparta Halicarnassus ANTALYA Perge Tarsus Cnidus Cos LYCIA Attalia Side CILICIA Soli Korakesion Korykos Antioch Patara Mira Seleucia Rhodes Seleucia Malta Anemurion Pieria CRETE MALTA Knosos CYPRUS Salamis TUNISIA Fair Haven Paphos Kition Amathous SYRIA Kourion BEIRUT LEBANON PAUL’S MISSIONARY JOURNEYS DAMASCUS Prepared by Mediterranean Sea Sidon FIRST JOURNEY : Nazareth SECOND
    [Show full text]
  • Elamo-Hittitica I: an Elamite Goddess in Hittite Court 07 3
    Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture www.dabirjournal.org Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review ISSN: 2470-4040 Vol.01 No.03.2017 1 xšnaoθrahe ahurahe mazdå Detail from above the entrance of Tehran’s fire temple, 1286š/1917–18. Photo by © Shervin Farridnejad The Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review (DABIR) ISSN: 2470-4040 www.dabirjournal.org Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture University of California, Irvine 1st Floor Humanities Gateway Irvine, CA 92697-3370 Editor-in-Chief Touraj Daryaee (University of California, Irvine) Editors Parsa Daneshmand (Oxford University) Arash Zeini (Freie Universität Berlin) Shervin Farridnejad (Freie Universität Berlin) Book Review Editor Shervin Farridnejad (Freie Universität Berlin) Editorial Assistants Ani Honarchian (UCLA) Sara Mashayekh (UCI) Advisory Board Samra Azarnouche (École pratique des hautes études); Dominic P. Brookshaw (Oxford University); Matthew Canepa (University of Minnesota); Ashk Dahlén (Uppsala University) Peyvand Firouzeh (Cambridge University); Leonardo Gregoratti (Durham University); Frantz Grenet (Collège de France); Wouter F.M. Henkelman (École Pratique des Hautes Études); Rasoul Jafarian (Tehran University); Nasir al-Ka‘abi (University of Kufa); Andromache Karanika (UC Irvine); Agnes Korn (Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main); Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (University of Edinburgh); Jason Mokhtarain (University of Indiana); Ali Mousavi (UC Irvine); Mahmoud Omidsalar (CSU Los Angeles); Antonio Panaino (University of Bologna); Alka Patel (UC Irvine); Richard Payne (University of Chicago); Khoda- dad Rezakhani (Princeton University); Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis (British Museum); M. Rahim Shayegan (UCLA); Rolf Strootman (Utrecht University); Giusto Traina (University of Paris-Sorbonne); Mohsen Zakeri (University of Göttingen) Logo design by Charles Li Layout and typesetting by Kourosh Beighpour Contents Notes 1.
    [Show full text]
  • About North Cyprus Cyprus Lies in the Eastern Mediterranean, Only Four
    About North Cyprus Cyprus lies in the Eastern Mediterranean, only four hours flying time from central Europe. Its nearest neighbour is Turkey, just 40 miles north. It’s geography shares many characteristics with mainland Turkey. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean. It is smaller than Sicily and Sardinia and larger than Corsica and Crete. The total area of the island is 3584 sq. miles. (9250 sq. kilometers) Northern Cyprus has four major towns, the capital being Lefkosa (Nicosia), which serves as the main administration and business centre. The other main towns are Magosa (Famagusta), the country's principal port; Girne (Kyrenia), the main tourist centre well known for its ancient harbour, and Guzelyurt the centre of the citrus fruit industry. British interest in the island dates back to the 12th century and continues to the present day, with many British ways adopted by the government of the Northern Cyprus. English is widely spoken and driving is on the left hand side of the road. Cyprus has a long vibrant history, with a perfect climate and warm hospitality. It has been a British playground for many years for relaxation, water sports and the excitement of exploring its beautiful coastline. Northern Cyprus is a rich source of archaeological sites and medieval castles. It enjoys over 300 days of uninterrupted sunshine, crystal clear Mediterranean seas with a beautiful unspoiled landscape and uncrowded beaches. Airports in Cyprus There are 3 airports flying to the Mediterranean Island of Cyprus. You can fly to North Cyprus through the International Airport Ercan (ECN), which is located near Nicosia and is approximately 40km from Kyrenia/Girne.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Turkish Bryophyte Vegetation
    42 (2): (2018) 173-179 Original Scientific Paper Checklist of Turkish bryophyte vegetation Mevlüt Alataş Munzur University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, 62000, Tunceli, Turkey ABSTRACT: A list of the known bryophyte syntaxa in Turkey compiled according to the methodology of Braun-Blanquet is presented in this study. Altogether, 41 associations and 19 subassociations belonging to 19 alliances, 12 orders, and eight bryosociological classes have been determined to date in Turkey. Moreover, six communities and 17 units of unknown phytosociological status have also been reported. The bryosociological syntaxa are grouped on the basis of their aquatic, terrestrial, or epiphytic character and given together with their localities and synonyms. Keywords: bryophytes, bryosociology, checklist, Turkey, vegetation. Received: 02 May 2018 Revision accepted: 09 July 2018 UDC: 582.32(560) DOI: INTRODUCTION have been few bryosociological studies in Turkey. The first bryosociological study in Turkey was conducted by Turkey’s geographical location and geological structure Walther & Leblebici (1969). As a result of their study have resulted in a number of different climates, as well as on moss vegetation in the Yamanlar Mountain-Karagöl in the formation of different ecosystems, including ones Region north of İzmir, a total of 20 associations were de- of the forest, mountain, steppe, wetland, coastal, and termined as epilitic and epiphytic. Following this study, marine types. This diversity of ecosystems has led to the the bryophyte vegetation of Liquidambar orientalis existence of different habitats, which has increased the forests and the Nif Mountains (İzmir) in southwestern species diversity of both flora and fauna. One of the most Anatolia (Marmaris-Köyceğiz, Muğla) was studied by important reasons for such a rich variety is Turkey’s lo- Walther (1975, 1979).
    [Show full text]