Prof. Dr. Timm Beichelt

Viadrina Summer University Political Economy of Football

Session I – 06.06.2012 Overview: Political Dimensions of Football on the Global, European, National, and Regional Level Program

06.06. Overview: Political Dimensions of Football on the Global, European, National, and Regional Level (session 1) 08.06. The EURO 2012: Political Tales of Two Countries (session 2) 11.06. Football and Nationalism (session 3, co-session with core course I) 13.06. Politics and Football in Democracies: Cultural Capital, Tycoons, and Free Riders (session 4) 18.06. Racism and the Far Right in Football (session 5, co- session with core course I) 20.06. Politics and Football in Autocracies: Economic Capital, Oligarchs, and Generals (session 6) Student presentations

Date Session topic Topics of student presentations 06.06. Overview: Political Dimensions of • Football and Politics: FIFA Football on the Global, European, • Football and Politics: UEFA National, and Regional Level 08.06. The EURO 2012: Political Tales of • Football and Politics in Poland Two Countries • Football and Politics in Ukraine 11.06. Football and Nationalism (co- Student presentations by members of session with core course I) core course I 13.06. Politics and Football in • Football and Politics in Italy Democracies: Cultural Capital, • Football and Politics in England Tycoons, and Free Riders • Football and Politics in Germany 18.06. Racism and the Far Right in Student presentations by members of Football (co-session with core core course I course I)

20.06. Politics and Football in • Football and Politics in Russia Autocracies: Economic Capital, • Football and Politics Egypt Oligarchs, and Generals Student presentations

Date Student presentations 06.06. Mathias Gerspacher (Football and Politics: FIFA) Oskar Jan Mross (Football and Politics: UEFA)

08.06. Dirk Andrews (Football and Politics in Poland) Olga Zhdanova (Football and Politics in Ukraine) 13.06. Ivo Bosilkov (Football and Politics in Italy) Sofia Elena González (Football and Politics in Spain) Patrick Stief (Football and Politics in Germany) 20.06. Khurshed Tojiboev (Football and Politics in Russia) Elena Bruckner (Football and Politics Egypt)

a) short outline of major events that link football and politics in the given country, b) specific contribution of football to national identity (what elements/arguments/factors are involved) c) usage/ instrumentalisation of football by political actors. From there, we will start our discussions. Political Economy of Football; Basic Concerns • Interdependencies between the spheres of politics, economics, and football; in particular: 1. How are actors in football dependent on the economic sector? 2. How and where do political actors influence the football market? • Market qualities of football; in particular: 3. Does the loyalty of football consumers distort market mechanisms? 4. How do clubs/actors deal with the specific market qualities of football? Political Economy of Football; Basic Concerns • Interdependencies between the spheres of politics, economics, and football; in particular: 1. How are actors in football dependent on the economic sector? 2. How and where do political actors influence the football market? • Market qualities of football; in particular: 3. Does the loyalty of football consumers distort market mechanisms? 4. How do clubs/actors deal with the specific market qualities of football? Economic Dependence

http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/fotostrecke-73312.html English Premier League: Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan (Arab Emirates) bought about 90% of shares of Manchester City in September 2008. Costs: about £200 million. Investment in club since 2008: about £700 million. Manchester City won the Premier League championship in 2012 (FAZ: “The most expensive title in the history of football”) Economic Dependence

http://www.abendzeitung-muenchen.de/media.media.e272b8e6-47bd-44c8-8438-bd08bb246bda.normalized.jpeg http://www.waho.org/reports.asp?ID=SAUDI Economic Dependence

Germany: Russian state controlled Gazprom is main sponsor of Bundesliga club FC Schalke 04 since 2007. Estimated amount of sponosoring so far: €125 Mio. Euro.

http://www.schalke04.de/uploads/RTEmagicP_110518_gazprom.jpg http://365news.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/fc-schalke-04.png Economic Dependence

Leonid Arnoldovich Fedun, partial owner of Russian Lukoil which runs as main sponsor of Spartak Moscow.

http://sportemblems.ru/files/344.jpg http://www.football-shirts.co.uk/fans/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/spartak2.jpg http://www.aktuell.ru/russland/menschen/lange_biographie/leonid_arnoldowitsch_fedun_98print.html Economic Dependence

Emirates (State owned Airline from Dubai, United Arab Emirates), Sponsor of FC Arsenal in British Premier League and one of the Official Partners of the FIFA Worldcups South Africa 2010.

http://cache2.allpostersimages.com/p/LRG/18/1851/EV58D00Z/poster/arsenal-emirates-stadium.jpg http://arsenalfcblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/N_L_H86808Yy.jpg http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Sport/Pix/pictures/2010/2/16/1266335800621/Emirates-001.jpg Economic Dependence

Second League, Germany: Hasan Ismaik (Jordan) receives 49% of shares of TSV 1860 München for about €33 million in May 2011, saving the club from insolvency. Ismaik‘s H.A.M. deals with oil and real estate.

http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/2bundesliga/startseite/555344/artikel_schneide r-dementiert-ruecktrittsdrohung.html Economic Dependence

US-American Real Estate Investor Stan Kroenke owns FC Arsenal London since 2011. At the same time, Kroenke also owns teams in the American NBA (basketball) and the American NHL (ice hockey). Arsenal is said to be the only profitable top club of the Premier League.

http://www.ground-hopping.net/images/CLUB/orig/64e5351ee3081c019423f24d21345515.jpg http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/02/24/article-0-11D6263F000005DC-479_468x368.jpg Economic Dependence

Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz holds 49% of shares of Bull. In 2006, he bought the New York MetroStars (soccer) for 30 million US$. Red Bull is also main sponsor of Red Bull Salzburg (First Austrian Football League) and Red Bull Leipzig (German Amateur League)

http://www.rockefeller-news.com/4828/red-bull- will-mit-mobile-sparte-weltmarkt-erobern/

Logo seit 2008 Logo 1996-2002 Economic Dependence

http://www.cordialcup.com/de/verein/fc-red-bull-salzburg-1.html

In 2005 Red Bull took over Austrian Salzburg (Austria) and renamed the Club Red Bull Salzburg. Economic Dependence

Roman Abramowitsch (Russian oligarch) bought FC Chelsea in 2003 for about €210 million. Chelsea won three national championships http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/andre-villas-boas-is-better-off-without-chelsea-not- vice-versa/ and, finally, the European Champions league trophy in 2012. http://www.emirates247.com/sports/football/getafe-deny-sale-of-club- complete-2011-04-24-1.384542 FC Getafe (Spain) is owned by the Royal Emirates Group of Companies (Dubai). Owner Sheikh Butti bin Suhail al- Maktoum is said to have paid between €70 und 90 million. The club is now named unbenannten „Getafe Club de Fútbol S.A.D. Team Dubai“ . Economic Dependence

Florentino Perez, a real estate tycoon, has been president of Real Madrid from 2000-2006 and again since 2009. Perez is famous for the Galacticos strategy, attracting world stars like Zinedine Zidane (2001), Ronaldo (2002), David Beckham (2003), Michael Owen (2004), and Robinho (2005).

• http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1197114/Florentinos-fantasy-team--Kaka-Ronaldo-Benzema-Albiol-push-Real-Madrid-spree-200m--follow.html Economic Dependence: summary

Aim of owners/ Aim of owners/ sponsors: social sponsors: financial capital revenue Corporate Manchester City Manchester United , sponsorship across FC Chelsea (Premier FC Arsenal (Premier national borders League) League), FC Schalke (Bundesliga)

Corporate Spartak Moscow Red Bull Salzburg sponsorship within (Russia) (Austria) national borders FC Hoffenheim (Germany) „Sustainability or not? Bundesliga vs. Premier League

Bundesliga Premier League

Turnover €1.94 billion €2.7 billion Revenue from TV €470 million €1,19 billion sales National: €430 million National: €717 million International: €40 million International: €480 million Advertising/ €522 million €560 million sponsoring Debt €594 million €3,5 billion Wages of players €780 million €1,7 billion Visitors per game 41.100 35.400

Figures are for season 2010/2011. Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, 13.05.2012, p. 19 Political Economy of Football; Basic Concerns • Interdependencies between the spheres of politics, economics, and football; in particular: – How are actors in football dependent on the economic sector? – How and where do political actors influence the football market? • Market qualities of football; in particular: – Does the loyalty of football consumers distort market mechanisms? – How do clubs/actors deal with the specific market qualities of football? Influence of political actors on football

• Rules, Laws, Regulations on football (primary legislation) • Rules, Laws, Regulations on consequences of football (secondary regulation) • Building up social and political capital • Football as a stage of interaction for politicians  Legal dimension, identity dimension, instrumentalisation dimension Influence of political actors on football Active football politics Passive football politics (Legal dimension, primary and (identity dimension, secondary legislation) instrumentalisation dimension)

Global Level

European Level

National Level

Regional Level Student presentations

Active football politics Passive football politics (Legal dimension, primary and (identity dimension, secondary legislation) instrumentalisation dimension)

Global Level FIFA (session 1) FIFA (session 1) European Level UEFA (session 1) UEFA (session 1) National Level Poland (session 2) Poland (session 2) Ukraine (session 2) Ukraine (session 2) England (session 4) England (session 4) Germany (session 4) Germany (session 4) Italy (session 4) Italy (session 4) Serbia (session 4) Serbia (session 4) Egypt (session 6) Egypt (session 6) Russia (session 6) Russia (session 6) Regional Level No student presentations – No student presentations – examples will be discussed in examples will be discussed in all sessions all sessions Primary legislation

International/global level Active football politics: Legislation, Rule setting

Student presentation Football and Politics: FIFA Instrumentalisation

Quelle: BBC News UK, 20.05.2012 Online: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk- 18139744

http://d1.stern.de/bilder/stern_5/sport/2012/KW20/cl-g8/ga8_cl_merkel_cameron_maxsize_735_490.jpg Instrumentalisation

• http://www.rp-online.de/sport/fussball-em/alles-zum-dfb-team/kanzlerin-merkels-geheime-gesten-fuer-jogis-elf-1.1455340 Instrumentalisation

• Merkel überreicht dem chilenischen Staatschef Pinera ein Trikot von Mario Gomez.

http://www.fussball-vorort.de/sport/fc-bayern/chile-wunder-merkel-verschenkt-gomez-trikot-973566.html European level Active football politics: Legislation, Rule setting

Student presentation Football and Politics: UEFA Primary legislation

http://www.google.de/imgres?q=politiker+und+fu%C3%9Fball&start=145&um=1&hl=de&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=841&tbm=isch&tbni d=DP41H1yDvVfZNM:&imgrefurl=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/fussball-em/fussball-und-politik-em-boykott-und-jetzt- alle/6577540.html&docid=IbJsqaIwPArSIM&imgurl=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/images/barroso/6581526/1.jpg%253Fformat%253 Dformat1&w=300&h=225&ei=kIKiT- izBozmtQaY_vmcBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=418&vpy=360&dur=234&hovh=180&hovw=240&tx=65&ty=107&sig=100353568158 388994555&page=7&tbnh=152&tbnw=207&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:145,i:151 Identity politics: Building social capital

http://www.focus.de/fotos/eine-der-schoenen-aufgaben-der- queen-1996-uebergibt-sie-der_mid_119980.html Identity politics: Building social capital Identity politics: Building social capital

German President Joachim Gauck and Bayern München player Sebastian Schweinsteiger, Champions League Final 19.05.2012

http://www.bild.de/sport/fussball/bayern-muenchen/champions-league-finale-gegen-chelsea-24228012.bild.html National level Primary legislation

Sports Committee of German Bundestag: Number of Members: 18 Primary Concerns: Professional and Popular Sport, Meaning of Sport in general for issues of health, society and economy

http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/ausschuesse17/a05/mitglieder.html Football players in political office

Yordan Letchkov, former Bulgarian football hero, became mayor of his home town Sliwen. In 2010, he was convicted for alleged corruption.

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--iUJVcJ9S4k/TYoaMI4O_RI/AAAAAAAAAlg/582mn4oznLw/s1600/Letchkov.jpg Football players in political office

Pierre Littbarski, former German football player, was selected by the Christian Democratic Party to participate in the Election of the German President as an electoral delegate. Littbarski today: „They put me in a black suit and told me to toss my ballot very slowly in order to allow as many photographers as possible a picture.“ Football players in political office

Former Liberian football star George Weah ran for president of Liberia in 2005, forming the Congress for Democratic Change to back his candidacy. He lost the run-off to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and later alleged that the election had been rigged through voter intimidation and ballot tampering. Later he accepted the vote. The Congress for Democratic Change chose Weah as its 2011 vice presidential candidate, running with presidential candidate Winston Tubman.

Source: Wikipedia (english), 01.06.2012 Secondary legislation: dealing with fans/violence

„An Ultra has no name, only good friends know him. An Ultras has no face, most of the time a hood is covering his head, a scarf covering his mouth. […] An Ultra attacks if attacked, and helps when needed, they don't stop being ultras as soon as they take their scarf off and return home, they battle 7 days a week. An experienced Ultra leads an example to the youth, the youth have respect for the older Ultra. The young ultras are proud while standing next to someone more experienced, they learn from the critics of the older Ultras, they go red when given a handshake from them.[…] Every ultra is different: there are those who wear supporter logos or club colors and those who have never had those things in their life. […] …Ultras are different, but what unites them is their love for their club, their persistence to stay 90 minutes on their feet during the rain or cold, (…) united by one look, by one ideal, by a one and only mentality.

All the things which unite us together, at the same time distance us from the rest of the world[…] Ultras is not vandalism or violence without reason, it is a persistant defence of a way of life, that has now fell in crisis because of social problems, because of stupid televisions, because of discos which attract more and more youth but most of all because of UN- JUSTIFIABLE REPRESSION (by police and federations) […]“.

Self-description, source: http://www.ultras-tifo.net/who-is-ultras.html Identity politics: Building social capital

Former French President Nicolas Sarkozy After the early failure of the French team World Cup of 2010 (South Africa), Sarkozy called in French player Thierry Henry right after the team landed in Paris http://www.france24.com/en/2010062 4-domenech-france-world-cup-2010- french-team-returns-florent-malouda- laurent-blanc Identity politics: Building social capital 1998: Captain of German national team Jürgen Klinsmann and Jürgen Kohler present a ball with player signatures to Chancellor Helmut Kohl.

http://www.merkur-online.de/nachrichten/politik/welche-politiker-dfb-elf-profitieren-wollten-829918.html Identity politics: Building social capital

Chancellor Merkel visits the German team after a match. She later insists that the integrative function of players like Mesut Özil (with Turkish parents) is extraordinary. The German football association later publicly criticizes the presence of politicians in changing rooms.

http://www.google.de/imgres?q=merkel+%C3%B6zil&um=1&hl=de&sa=N&biw=1014&bih=608&tbm=isch&tbnid=MrWTIdkQjJz1GM:&imgrefurl=http://www.hersfelder- zeitung.de/sport/fussball/oezil-macht-merkel-pin-up-kanzlerin-976714.html&docid=OfhcTwBQpnbCkM&imgurl=http://www.hersfelder-zeitung.de/bilder/2010/10/25/976714/1915516710- angela-merkel-mesut-oezil.9.jpg&w=475&h=356&ei=ZY- iT8mBLcjXsgbyj4G8Bw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=188&sig=107212100625040835096&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=155&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:70&tx=124&ty=84 Identity politics: Building social capital

2010: German President Christian Wulff, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, and Angela Merkel Match Germany - Turkey

http://www.google.de/imgres?q=merkel+%C3%B6zil&start=85&um=1&hl=de&sa=N&biw=1014&bih=608&tbm=isch&tbnid=zujMz3zJ0ZGufM:&imgrefurl=http://koptisch.word press.com/2010/10/12/integrations-kicker-ozil-80-minuten-lang- ausgepfiffen/&docid=Did87_LEM5uylM&imgurl=http://koptisch.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/1erdo.jpg&w=720&h=541&ei=gI- iT6DUEYvLswb6yoHWBw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=62&sig=107212100625040835096&page=6&tbnh=132&tbnw=207&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:85,i:23&tx=52&ty=9 6 Identity politics: Building social capital

German President Joachim Gauck, DFB chairman Wolfgang Niersbach und Chancellor Angela Merkel, German Cup Final, 12.05.2012, Borussia Dortmund versus FC Bayern München Identity politics: Building social capital

Silvio Berlusconi, media mogul, former prime minister of Italy. Owner of AC Milan since 1986.

http://www.google.de/imgres?q=berlusconi+fu%C3%9Fball&um=1&hl=de&biw=1014&bih=608&tbm=isch&tbnid=_eSvxpruWQWQyM:&imgref url=http://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/italien-milan-ehrt-klub-eigner- berlusconi_aid_601312.html&docid=ZUN8h1BimUvR7M&imgurl=http://p4.focus.de/img/gen/o/t/photo_1298041553984-1- HD_1542556_1_sid_Pxgen_r_300xA.jpg&w=300&h=225&ei=vJSiT9atII3ntQbrvNifBw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=359&sig=107212100625040835 096&page=2&tbnh=132&tbnw=214&start=15&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:15,i:106&tx=137&ty=84 Identity politics: Building social capital

• http://www.google.de/imgres?q=berlusconi+fu%C3%9Fball&um=1&hl=de&biw=1014&bih=608&tbm=isch&tbnid=qtp33ppeC4FN2M:&imgrefurl=http:// www.n-tv.de/sport/fussball/Berlusconi-regiert-bei-Milan-weiter-article4756976.html&docid=p6xUn4XCCwp8-M&imgurl=http://www.n- tv.de/img/47/4756956/Img_16_9_450_hj.jpg&w=450&h=253&ei=vJSiT9atII3ntQbrvNifBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=99&vpy=309&dur=469&hovh=168& hovw=300&tx=103&ty=105&sig=107212100625040835096&page=2&tbnh=125&tbnw=222&start=15&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:15,i:104 Identity politics: Building social capital

2010: Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Zapatero and Spanish coach Vicente del Bosque

http://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article1565113/Der-Weltmeister-ist-zurueck-in-Spanien.html Identity politics: Building social capital

Russian Prime Minster Vladimir Putin receives a football shirt of Spartak Moscow

• http://www.google.de/imgres?q=putin+soccer&um=1&hl=de&biw=1014&bih=608&tbm=isch&tbnid=rm3- slPdQSlDKM:&imgrefurl=http://ticketsofrussia.ru/gov/putin/public.html&docid=uVFXIKc1sfL5tM&imgurl=htt p://ticketsofrussia.ru/photos/gov/putin/spartak.jpg&w=300&h=261&ei=vpCiT_DcDoyTswbm2syGBw&zoom =1&iact=rc&dur=78&sig=107212100625040835096&page=1&tbnh=122&tbnw=139&start=0&ndsp=15&ved =1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:66&tx=135&ty=56 Regional/club level Active football politics: Legislation, Rule setting

• Legislation, rule setting: usually referred to national level • Regional identity – FC Barcelona: “Més que un club” – Athletic Club Bilbao: Basque players only • Building social capital: support for regional clubs by regional politicians and administrations • Instrumentalisation: Politicians expressing support Identity politics: Building social capital

2012: German politician Jürgen Trittin gives public advice on relegating Hertha BSC Berlin Goalkeeper Thomas Kraft to Berlin‘s second team.

http://www.11freunde.de/img/artikel/150113_huge.jpg Political Economy of Football; Basic Concerns • Interdependencies between the spheres of politics, economics, and football; in particular: – How are actors in football dependent on the economic sector? – How and where do political actors influence the football market? • Market qualities of football; in particular: – Does the loyalty of football consumers distort market mechanisms? – How do clubs/actors deal with the specific market qualities of football? Regular assumption: Football ruled by money Primera División 2011/2012

Club Squad ø-Age Market value ø-Market value FC Barcelona 22 27,2 591.000.000 € 26.863.636 € Real Madrid 23 26,4 539.000.000 € 23.434.783 € FC Valencia 26 26,3 181.000.000 € 6.961.538 € Atlético Madrid 22 25,9 179.500.000 € 8.159.091 € Athletic Bilbao 25 26,3 141.700.000 € 5.668.000 € FC Villarreal 26 27 140.600.000 € 5.407.692 € FC Sevilla 26 26,2 118.200.000 € 4.546.154 € FC Málaga 27 27,7 116.800.000 € 4.325.926 € Espanyol Barcelona 27 24,7 72.700.000 € 2.692.593 € Real Sociedad San Sebastián 23 25,9 67.700.000 € 2.943.478 € FC Getafe 25 28 66.600.000 € 2.664.000 € FC Granada 25 27,7 57.300.000 € 2.292.000 € RCD Mallorca 24 26,3 55.200.000 € 2.300.000 € Sporting Gijón 26 27 50.100.000 € 1.926.923 € Real Betis Sevilla 26 27,4 49.000.000 € 1.884.615 € Real Saragossa 22 27,2 48.900.000 € 2.222.727 € CA Osasuna 26 28,3 44.400.000 € 1.707.692 € Rayo Vallecano 22 27,8 41.300.000 € 1.877.273 € Racing Santander 23 25,9 36.500.000 € 1.586.957 € UD Levante 22 30 35.900.000 € 1.631.818 € 2.633.400.000 € 5.396.311 € Regular assumption: Football ruled by money Premier League 2011/2012

Club Squad ø-Age Market value ø-Market value Manchester City 28 26,9 496.000.000 € 17.714.286 € Manchester United 30 26,6 423.500.000 € 14.116.667 € FC Chelsea 27 27,4 393.000.000 € 14.555.556 € FC Arsenal 30 25,3 305.750.000 € 10.191.667 € Tottenham Hotspur 29 28,3 268.250.000 € 9.250.000 € FC Liverpool 25 26,9 237.000.000 € 9.480.000 € FC Everton 23 27,6 141.000.000 € 6.130.435 € Newcastle United 30 25,9 138.000.000 € 4.600.000 € Aston Villa 24 26,3 117.750.000 € 4.906.250 € AFC Sunderland 26 26,7 106.250.000 € 4.086.538 € FC Fulham 31 27,8 103.000.000 € 3.322.581 € Stoke City 29 29,5 94.200.000 € 3.248.276 € Queens Park Rangers 35 29,6 82.300.000 € 2.351.429 € Wolverhampton Wanderers 30 26 80.125.000 € 2.670.833 € Bolton Wanderers 28 28,1 78.500.000 € 2.803.571 € West Bromwich Albion 27 27,5 74.000.000 € 2.740.741 € Wigan Athletic 28 26,8 73.000.000 € 2.607.143 € Blackburn Rovers 27 25,9 70.400.000 € 2.607.407 € Swansea City 29 26,5 63.250.000 € 2.181.034 € Norwich City 28 25,8 51.400.000 € 1.835.714 € 3.396.675.000 € 6.022.473 € Football ruled by money

1. Bundesliga 2011/2012

Club Squad ø-Age Market value ø-Market value FC Bayern München 25 26,1 360.550.000 € 14.422.000 € Borussia Dortmund 25 25,1 191.250.000 € 7.650.000 € FC Schalke 04 29 25,9 142.450.000 € 4.912.069 € Bayer 04 Leverkusen 26 24,6 140.450.000 € 5.401.923 € VfL Wolfsburg 36 25,9 99.150.000 € 2.754.167 € VfB Stuttgart 28 25,9 98.000.000 € 3.500.000 € SV Werder Bremen 34 24,3 93.450.000 € 2.748.529 € Hamburger SV 33 24,5 87.825.000 € 2.661.364 € Borussia Mönchengladbach 25 24,8 77.100.000 € 3.084.000 € Hannover 96 29 26,2 76.700.000 € 2.644.828 € TSG 1899 Hoffenheim 29 23,8 71.075.000 € 2.450.862 € 1.FC Köln 27 25,5 69.450.000 € 2.572.222 € Hertha BSC 29 25 55.850.000 € 1.925.862 € 1.FC Nürnberg 30 24,6 51.550.000 € 1.718.333 € 1.FSV Mainz 05 29 26,2 51.000.000 € 1.758.621 € 1.FC Kaiserslautern 30 24,1 39.550.000 € 1.318.333 € SC Freiburg 27 25,1 37.750.000 € 1.398.148 € FC Augsburg 30 26,3 36.450.000 € 1.215.000 € 1.779.600.000 € 3.415.739 € Football ruled by money

Serie A 2011/2012

Club Squad ø-Age Market value ø-Market value AC Mailand 33 29,1 270.800.000 € 8.206.061 € Juventus Turin 25 28,9 246.700.000 € 9.868.000 € Inter Mailand 27 28,9 238.850.000 € 8.846.296 € SSC Neapel 25 28,4 194.250.000 € 7.770.000 € AS Rom 27 27,3 164.000.000 € 6.074.074 € AC Florenz 28 26 124.975.000 € 4.463.393 € Udinese Calcio 31 25,6 116.200.000 € 3.748.387 € FC Genua 1893 25 28,3 100.775.000 € 4.031.000 € Lazio Rom 30 28,5 95.125.000 € 3.170.833 € US Palermo 27 25,9 92.150.000 € 3.412.963 € FC Parma 26 27,6 68.825.000 € 2.647.115 € Cagliari Calcio 26 25,7 66.100.000 € 2.542.308 € FC Bologna 31 26,5 56.450.000 € 1.820.968 € Atalanta Bergamo 28 28,8 54.500.000 € 1.946.429 € Chievo Verona 29 28,3 44.175.000 € 1.523.276 € Catania Calcio 27 27,6 40.400.000 € 1.496.296 € AC Cesena 27 27,9 34.950.000 € 1.294.444 € AC Siena 29 28,4 31.450.000 € 1.084.483 € US Lecce 28 27,2 27.325.000 € 975.893 € Novara Calcio 1908 27 29 26.100.000 € 966.667 € 2.094.100.000 € 3.766.367 € Football ruled by money

Ekstraklasa 2011/2012

Club Squad ø-Age Market value ø-Market value Wisla Krakau 28 26,5 24.150.000 € 862.500 € Legia Warschau 29 25,6 22.700.000 € 782.759 € Lech Posen 24 25,4 22.350.000 € 931.250 € Slask Wroclaw 27 26,9 17.425.000 € 645.370 € Polonia Warschau 27 25,9 14.500.000 € 537.037 € Zaglebie Lubin 29 26,1 10.875.000 € 375.000 € Lechia Gdansk 30 25,1 10.375.000 € 345.833 € Jagiellonia Bialystok 26 24,4 9.650.000 € 371.154 € Cracovia Krakau 32 26,1 8.625.000 € 269.531 € Korona Kielce 29 25,4 8.625.000 € 297.414 € Ruch Chorzow 25 26,8 8.200.000 € 328.000 € Gornik Zabrze 26 25,4 8.200.000 € 315.385 € GKS Belchatow 28 25,3 7.825.000 € 279.464 € Widzew Lodz 27 24,8 7.475.000 € 276.852 € LKS Lodz 34 26,6 6.775.000 € 199.265 € Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biala 31 26,8 6.625.000 € 213.710 € 194.375.000 € 430.033 € Football ruled by money

Premier Liga 2011/2012

Club Squad ø-Age Market value ø-Market value Shakhtar Donetsk 28 26,4 148.450.000 € 5.301.786 € Dynamo Kiew 27 26,3 102.500.000 € 3.796.296 € Metalist Kharkiv 25 28,6 71.200.000 € 2.848.000 € Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk 24 24,9 63.600.000 € 2.650.000 € Karpaty Lviv 25 25,3 21.900.000 € 876.000 € Arsenal Kiew 26 27,3 20.200.000 € 776.923 € Kryvbas Kryvyi Rig 27 25,6 19.200.000 € 711.111 € Ilyichivets Mariupol 28 24 18.575.000 € 663.393 € Metalurg Donetsk 24 26,4 18.550.000 € 772.917 € Vorskla Poltava 28 26,2 18.000.000 € 642.857 € Volyn Lutsk 34 26,4 17.050.000 € 501.471 € Tavriya Simferopol 26 26,2 16.150.000 € 621.154 € Chornomorets Odessa 26 26,3 15.200.000 € 584.615 € Zorya Lugansk 27 26,5 12.900.000 € 477.778 € Obolon Kiew 33 26,2 10.800.000 € 327.273 € PFK Oleksandria 23 27 8.600.000 € 373.913 € 582.875.000 € 1.352.378 € Football ruled by money: Champions League semi-finals Football ruled by money: Champions League finals Distortion of markets? Loyalty of football fans

Diego Maradona as a tattoo

http://www.fussball-vorort.de/bilder/2009/03/06/94508/402093492-fans_dpa_475px.9.jpg http://www.tattoo-spirit.de/subsystems/lexikon/images/lex_fussball01_369x500.jpg http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41656000/jpg/_41656650_arsenal_fan_crying203.jpg http://www.edelight.de/i/fussball-liebe-wandtattoo-von-your-design Loyalty of football fans

Geography is a major factor in fan loyalty.

This map of london shows the clear geographical slant of football (2) fandom in the British capital: the centres of gravity for each ‘fanland’ tend to be around the home grounds of each team.

http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5084/5344627435_a48d632ac2_b.jpg Loyalty of football fans

Share of FC Union Berlin stadium

http://bilder.bild.de/fotos-skaliert/plakat-23741471_mbqf-1321214049-20986242/3,h%3D343.bild.jpg http://www.stadion-an-der-alten-foersterei.de/cache/28409da0f7cc87615ecaf9b6011ffe3c-700.jpeg Loyalty of football fans

FC St. Pauli (Germany): Sale of „Rescuer“ T-shirts saves the club from bankruptcy in 2002.

http://www.rocknshop.de/st-pauli-shirt-retter/p_6313_de/ Political Economy of Football; Basic Concerns • Interdependencies between the spheres of politics, economics, and football; in particular: – How are actors in football dependent on the economic sector? – How and where do political actors influence the football market? • Market qualities of football; in particular: – Does the loyalty of football consumers distort market mechanisms? – How do clubs/actors deal with the specific market qualities of football? Reactions to loyalty: consumers instead of fans

FIFA Merchandising FIFA Magazine, monthly release FIFA Football, World Cup 2006 Germany http://de.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/fifaworldmagazine.html http://www.worldcupyears.com/merchandise/soccercom/fifa%20ball.jpg http://de.fifa.com/worldcup/officialemblem/index.html Reactions to loyalty

Einnahmen aus Merchandising http://images.derstandard.at/2008/11/23/1227290472121.jpg http://image1.dhgate.com/upload/20107/47/4028804811d99b3e0111da5e13b839c6/productimg1278081539266.jpg http://www.multifanshop.de/WebRoot/Store22/Shops/62315058/4C7E/59A4/3312/E1C7/71AF/C0A8/2981/5F23/BMG-054-1.jpg http://files.rakuten.de/22d972ae707acafe0f0104b468c425fb/images/2d79bec50a5f039b698a2947ce948244.jpg Reactions to loyalty: consumers instead of fans

Merchandising product: Merchandising product: Merchandising product: „Babylätzchen „Fußballschuh Pelé“ „Trikot Dukla Prague“ Internacionale Milan“

http://www.merchandisingplaza.de/FC-Inter/Inter-Baby-Laetzchen-37749 http://www.merchandisingplaza.de/Dukla-Prague/Vintage-Trikot-Dukla-Prague-6084 http://www.merchandisingplaza.de/Pele/Fussballschuhe-Pele-53709