Z Zagadnień Koincydencji Art Déco I Ekspresjonizmu on the Issue of Coincidence of Art Déco and Expressionism

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Z Zagadnień Koincydencji Art Déco I Ekspresjonizmu on the Issue of Coincidence of Art Déco and Expressionism NAUKA SCIENCE Zdzisława Tołłoczko Z zagadnień koincydencji Art Déco i ekspresjonizmu Część II On the issue of coincidence of Art Déco and expressionism Part II Głównym animatorem architektury ‘Czerwonego The main animator of the architecture of ‘Red Vien- Wiednia’ był architekt Karl Ehn, który zgromadził wokół na’ was Karl Ehn, an architect who assembled a team of siebie zespół doskonałych architektów, a nawet zaprosił excellent architects and even invited to cooperate the do współpracy politycznie indyferentnego skądinąd Pete- politically indifferent Peter Behrens who designed Wi- ra Behrensa, który zaprojektował zbudowany między ro- narsky-Hof built between 1924 and 1926. The names of kiem 1924 a 1926 Winarsky-Hof. Nazwy poszczególnych particular residential areas were derived from the names osiedli poświęcone były nazwiskom wybitnych teorety- of eminent theoreticians of socialism, fallen heroes of ków socjalizmu, poległym bohaterom ruchu robotnicze- workers’ movement, as well as personages associated with go, a także postaciom kojarzonym z postępem, jak np. Je- progress e.g. George Washington. Designers were given rzy Waszyngton. Projektantom udzielono jednocześnie much freedom as far as façade modeling and object dec- sporej swobody w zakresie modelunku fasad i dekoracji oration were concerned. For example in the Karl Marx- obiektów. Przykładowo w ukończonym w 1927 roku Karl Hof, designed by Karl Ehn and completed in 1927, deep Marx-Hof, zaprojektowanym przez Karla Ehna, można risalits in the form of ziggurat can be observed from the zaobserwować od strony dziedzińca głębokie ryzality courtyard, while in Matteotti-Hof (architects: Schmid w formie zigguratów, zaś w Matteotti-Hof (arch. Schmid & Aichinger, 1925–1927) sharp, triangular finials, pro- & Aichinger, 1925–1927) w obramieniach portali trójkąt- filed and offset were set in portal frames. However, it is ne, ostre zwieńczenie, profilowane i uskokowe. Wszakże Liebknecht-Hof, realised in 1926 according to the plans za najbardziej dekoracyjne, a zarazem na poły ekspresjo- by Karl Krist that has to be considered the most decora- nistyczne rozwiązanie uznać wypada Liebknecht-Hof, tive and also partially expressionist solution. An ogival zrealizowany w 1926 roku podług planów Karla Krista. portal with zigzag decorative metalwork and three com- Ostrołukowy portal z zigzagowatą metaloplastyką, trzy bined triangular bays, also with such finials, make a sim- zespolone, trójkątne wykusze, również o takim zwieńcze- ilar impression as the Viennese Crematorium by Clem- niu, czynią podobne wrażenie jak wiedeńskie Kremato- ens Holzmeister. Those last, undoubtedly strong accents rium Clemensa Holzmeistera. Te ostatnie, bez wątpienia in Viennese architecture were, however, rare cases. Nei- mocne akcenty w wiedeńskiej architekturze są jednak ther expressionism nor Art Déco played a major role przypadkami odosobnionymi. Zarówno ekspresjonizm, there, although the examples mentioned here were an jak i Art Déco nie odegrały tam większej roli, aczkolwiek important element in the development of those trends przytoczone przykłady są ważnym ogniwem w rozwoju and their affiliation in Central Europe1. tych kierunków oraz ich filiacji w Europie Centralnej1. When discussing some aspects of Art Déco stylistics Przechodząc do omówienia niektórych aspektów sty- and its close ties with other currents prevalent in the first listyki Art Déco i bliskich jej związków z innymi nurta- decades of modernism, one should recall the phenome- mi pierwszych dziesiątków lat modernizmu, nie od rze- non of ideologisation of life during the twenty-year in- czy będzie przypomnieć zjawisko ideologizacji życia terwar period. It did not occur in all European coun- Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Conservation News • 29/2011 9 w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym. Nie wystąpiło ono tries, but affected too many of them. In such a situation we wszystkich krajach Europy, ale dotknęło ich zbyt wie- art too, to a greater or lesser extent, was subject to polit- le. W takiej sytuacji również i sztuka, mniej lub bardziej, ical instrumentalisation an extreme case of which could podlegała politycznej instrumentalizacji, a skrajnym przy- be the almost genetic hybrid of art and ideology. What is kładem może być genetyczny wręcz związek sztuki i ide- more, the futurists themselves were looking among fas- ologii. Co więcej, sami futuryści szukali u faszystów cze- cist ideas for a kind of a transmission belt that would goś w rodzaju pasa transmisyjnego przenoszącego ich convey their ghastly vision of complete isolation from koszmarną wizję całkowitego odcięcia się od przeszłości civilised and cultural past into everyday practice. The cywilizacyjnej i kulturowej w codzienną praktykę. Po- constructivists, for whom the Bolshevik regime was the dobnie czynili konstruktywiści, dla których reżym bol- only chance of realising their utopian belief in the unity szewicki był jedyną szansą urzeczywistnienia utopijnej of the extreme artistic avant-garde and the society, did wiary w jedność skrajnej awangardy artystycznej i spo- the same. German expressionists soon gave up such fan- łeczeństwa. Tego rodzaju mrzonki niemieccy ekspresjo- tasies seeing that this way of seeking the idea of art was niści rychło porzucili, widząc, że taka droga poszukiwa- leading nowhere, even though there were few exceptions. nia idei sztuki wiedzie donikąd, aczkolwiek były nielicz- Art Déco in any of its forms was not a subject to manip- ne wyjątki. Art Déco, niemal w każdej swej postaci, nie ulation either by politicians or by artists. In France and była przedmiotem manipulacji ani dla polityków, ani dla England that art may have been slightly shocking, but it artystów. We Francji oraz Anglii sztuka ta może nieco was exclusively a setting for the changing everyday life. szokowała, ale była wyłącznie oprawą zmieniającego się The situation was similar in the countries of Central Eu- życia codziennego. Podobnie było w państwach Europy rope, however there occurred a new factor here which Centralnej, jednakże wystąpił tu, nieznany po 1918 roku was regaining independence and national rebirth, un- na Zachodzie, czynnik, jakim było odzyskanie państwo- known in the West after 1918. Neither Art Déco, nor the wości i odrodzenie narodowe. Ani Art Déco, ani bliskie expressionist forms close to it, served any political pur- jej formy ekspresjonistyczne nie pełniły tam roli poli- pose there but they had social overtones, like modern- tycznej, jednak miały ważny wydźwięk społeczny, po- ism in general. The year 1918, symbolically speaking, dobnie jak modernizm w ogóle. Data 1918 roku, umow- indicated the end of the epoch of historicism and eclec- nie rzecz biorąc, wyznaczała koniec epoki historyzmu ticism, and at the same time marked out the beginning i eklektyzmu, a zarazem wytyczała początek nowego, od- of a new, disparate social life. The fact that historicist and miennego od poprzedniego, życia społecznego. Fakt, że eclectic forms, even though reduced and modernised, formy historyzujące i eklektyczne, wprawdzie zreduko- would still be in use, particularly in Art Déco remaining wane i zmodernizowane, będą nadal w użyciu, szczegól- within the contemporaine trend, did not change anything. nie w Art Déco pozostającym w nurcie contemporaine, nic Therefore, acknowledging Art Déco with all its varie- tu nie zmieniał. Przeto uznanie Art Déco z całą jej róż- ties, and even internal contradiction among its diverse norodnością, a nawet wewnętrzną sprzecznością jej róż- forms, as the “style of regained independence” as Irena nych odmian, za „styl odzyskanej niepodległości”, jak to Huml once did, should be regarded as still justified which onegdaj uczyniła Irena Huml, uznać należy za nadal uza- has been confirmed by further research on Polish ‘archi- sadniony, co potwierdzają dalsze badania nad polskim tectonic twenty-year period’. With this term I allude to ‘dwudziestoleciem architektonicznym’. Terminem tym the title of work by Andrzej Zawada, entitled “Literary nawiązuję do tytułu pracy Andrzeja Zawady „Dwudzie- twenty-year period”2. The latter in turn was immanent- stolecie literackie”2. To ostatnie z kolei było immanent- ly connected with the ‘artistic twenty-year period’. Co- nie związane z ‘dwudziestoleciem artystycznym’. Koin- incidence of outstanding achievements in the sphere of cydencja wybitnych zdarzeń z zakresu powieści, poezji, novel, poetry, theatre, or even unforgettable cabaret per- teatru, a nawet niezapomnianych spektakli kabaretowych, formances, with achievements in the field of architec- z osiągnięciami z zakresu architektury, również wnętrz, ture, interior design, painting and theatre design, graph- malarstwa i scenografii, grafiki i sztuki stosowanej, rzeź- ics and applied arts, sculpture etc., was an exceptional by itd., była w historii kultury polskiej wydarzeniem wy- event in the history of the Polish culture. Naturally, there jątkowym. Nie było, rzecz prosta, poezji à la Art Déco, was no poetry à la Art Déco, although in some poems by aczkolwiek w niektórych utworach Marii Pawlikowskiej- Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, whose maiden name -Jasnorzewskiej, jak by nie było, z domu Kossakówny, was Kossak, there is something of the atmosphere ema- jest coś z atmosfery emanującej z obrazów Tamary Łem- nating from the paintings by Tamara Łempicka, especially pickiej, osobliwie co się tyczy jej prac dedykowanych „wy- her works dedicated to ‘emancipated femininity’. In their zwolonej kobiecości”.
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