DOCSLIB.ORG

Infant Mortality, Because Its Symptoms in Children Were Less Apparent Than They Were Among Adults

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Infant Mortality, Because Its Symptoms in Children Were Less Apparent Than They Were Among Adults This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth-Century America Volume Author/Editor: Samuel H. Preston and Michael R. Haines Volume Publisher: Princeton University Press Volume ISBN: 0-691-04268-3 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/pres91-1 Conference Date: n/a Publication Date: January 1991 Chapter Title: The Social and Medical Context of Child Mortality in the Late Nineteenth Century Chapter Author: Samuel H. Preston, Michael R. Haines Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11541 Chapter pages in book: (p. 3 - 48) ONE THE SOCIAL AND MEDICAL CONTEXT OF CHILD MORTALITY IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY Y THE LATE nineteenth century, epidemics of cholera, ty- phus, yellow fever, and plague were claiming many fewer Blives in the modernizing states of Europe and North America. Governments had successfully asserted their rights to quarantine in- fected populations when these episodic horrors appeared, and im- proved standards of military hygiene had also blunted the diseases' spread (Kunitz 1983, 1986). Increasingly, the diseases of consequence were of an endemic infectious nature, the products of pathogens that were ever-present in communities and that took their greatest toll among infants and young children. These diseases were sufficiently dangerous to produce mortality levels that were, by present stan- dards, appallingly high. Nearly two out of every ten children died before reaching their fifth birthday. American child mortality was substantially higher in 1900 than it is today in either Asia or Latin America. Although the Death Registration Area (DRA) that was formed in 1900 covered only an unrepresentative 26 percent of the population, it is the only source of information about the medical causes of chil- dren's deaths. The published 1900 United States Census furnished information assembled by registrars and enumerators on deaths by age, sex, and cause for the DRA during the year preceding the census of June 1, 1900 (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1902b). Despite imperfect diagnoses and incomplete recording of deaths, the data are instruc- tive regarding the orders of magnitude of various diseases. Table 1.1 shows that, within the DRA, deaths below age 15 were highly concentrated at the youngest ages. Approximately 88 percent of these deaths occurred at ages 0-4, and 59 percent were infant deaths. Among the leading causes of death were gastrointestinal dis- eases, which caused 20 percent of all deaths for children aged 0-14 and 25 percent of deaths for infants. These diseases included such conditions as cholera infantum, enteritis, and diarrhea. Another leading group of causes was respiratory diseases, which included pneumonia and bronchitis. Proportionally, these struck children ON ONONCNCOOONONCNNO IN in rH co NO 00 00 CN in -^ oq oo IN T-H CN O inco'*NOONLnin'*NO ON NO i ONOI-HONOOOOOO O rH CO -^ T-H CO IN in T-H NO 3 6 9 0 rtOONONrHCNNOinCN CN 00 CN ON NO IN 6 <s cNO^comoocNin rH IN 00 rH CO ON 14 82 06 "3 O^-^NOONONO^fOO ON in •"* rH ON IN 07 38 . CN oo in" CN 00 ON T-H ON O-^OO^OOrHONO in IN CN ON NO rH ON IN IN CN 00 rH IN 00 i-HoomcocoNOioo T-H NO O O O OCNOO inOCNON CN O O O ro" IA Ol <H < bo •<* CN in CN IN oo NO vo NO IN m m co NO ON O rH O IN NO •<* CN NO ON IN CO TjH l-H 00 O 00 T-H rH tO ON CN CN rH fN CO O O CO IN CN rH ON NO NO ^ IN o IN NO m tN o m O in NO NO NO co co co CO CO 00 CN OrHQlNOOOON CO o l-H •*' in ON NO i—i IN 04 CN l-H l-H "* l-H 6 5 7 0 9 2 9 o oo rr tN "* •* O rH CN 4 IN CN 00 " 00 ON CO 94 98 76 20 82 33 CN CO 48 00 IN 58 rH IN m H \o" 5 NONOinCNlNOONCO'* CO NO o ON CO IN ON o IN CM 4 ON in CM NO NO ocoooooNin-tfinco o o o o rHOCOrHinrH m o o CN W 2 6 rH ooNOtNooco^ocoino 00 in "<* O ON ON 3 u oo^ONin^^inNo CN ON CN NO 0o0 o00 m o CoN 00 CO CO l-H ON CN ^* IN NO ,21 o rH HHNN^HHHlTl m ON CN ON l-H § IN IN CO CN in o CN in ON CN ON NO CN CO o CN m co o •<* 00 l-H OrHOOOOOOCN ON O O rH in i—I bo 8 OJD cs T-H C S 3 o 4 CNCNtNONr-HOOtNNOCN CN ON o l-HOOONNOCOOCOONON rH i—I rH 3PJ _ NO CN m 52 g 90 rHfNOCN^^rHrHCN NO CO CN NO CO l-H l-H 00 IN a o h NO at D a se </> 0) ! ro cfi ro a> ro o> tr> _£ i i c . y d g y w X etc -intes 3 ator tor , 4-t o ro c a, Isa p -e M-rol 'cL C o i o or O ro o ro , c ti at ro .2"& at 00 tn '£ g N 'c0 u ro 3 E 3 T3 „, ••c c 2 T3 M 3UI3 i l s r r p e e e e e c i! •$ s S u o e 0) 3 3 'B 2 01 J the yse ebil us hol hol [ect iflu ron [alf 0) "o iarr ro nj rou c c ro 13 U w U U <u c5 O o 2 D U cn D D u & cn £ U U OOLNCNCOLNOCOCOtNLDLD oqtNiDcoocoiNoqcNcoco •^OOOrHOOrHOOO ID ^ONCN^VDCOONOOOOCO LN o OOtNCOCOONO^lNlNNOLD CM ON LN LN CO LN CN "* o ONCNLDCOOCOINOOINCOCO CN rH CM* H CM* H ID*" CM* NnNHHMon NO o 00 ONrHNOcNNOCNNDO O rHrHOOOONCMLNND o rH HOHri^^dd dddcMooNoddd d (N rH Lr>^DLr>LDir> rHCNCOOOlNOCOlDCOOO O N K N N rHrHrH LD CNINON00 N tS If) N LN (N rH IN rHNOOLDO^OrH >£ O » * CO rH rH ON oo ONOrHCOCOOONDO LN CO LD CO ONCO <N CO CO rH HfOONHfirid •^OOOOOOrHOOO CM COTFCOLNLNONCMOO COLNONNOONCONOLDLDOCO Tt NO O NO rJH CO LNNOrHCMCOOCMONOOOOLD LN LN oO rH rH co CM CMCNLDCOOOCONOOrHCMCO rH* CN ON* d* rH^ co^ IN rH O rH CO NO rH 00 00 rH ON OOLDCMCO^ONNOrHLDCOLN rH CO LD ON NO LD CO o rH oqOOrHLDOLNLNOCM'H^ CO CM ^t1 CO CO CN No'drHdrHoddddd o CM o o rH in H tO 00 rf O N NOLNLNONLDCMNONOLNLN O ON 00 Tf LD ON 00 rHQ\CO"NflCNCMOrH\OcO ON LD ^ O O ON CM >* CM CM rH rtOOOONONONCNIrH ^rHLNOO^NOLNLNOOLDNO COCOrHOrHLDCNO LN^CO'^NO^|NO'Tt<cNcOCO . 13 oo C COCOOONCOONLD"*1 00 CM rH CM ON O 00 •*ON ON CO NO rH ID 00 LD rH ID ^ O NO LD CM 00 ON LN O CO NO rH rH 00 vD ^ \C H f) CO NO CM CM CM fNI CO CM ^hCO rH CM CM CM* CN* r-? a U OJ M_ ao, T, X o o o o o M-i QJ en O 13 2 IS s a s O rQ C se ;iti 0J ^ la 0 ^ QJ ^ -3 00 tj ^ o o rH "^ 4_J Cfi ^r-1 ^ — ^^ u i u ^3 C u ? i QJ QJ > ^ nj QJ OJ * H 0 6 CHAPTER 1 aged 1-4 most heavily, accounting for 32 percent of all deaths in this age group. Respiratory diseases also accounted for 19 percent of deaths among infants and 16 percent of deaths among children aged 5-14. Other identifiable infectious diseases, including measles, scar- let fever, diphtheria, whooping cough, and smallpox, were also im- portant, constituting 11.5 percent of all deaths among children below age 15. Despite the availability of diphtheria antitoxin since the mid- 18908, this disease accounted for 11 percent of the deaths in the age group 1-4 and 14 percent in the group aged 5-14. Scarlet fever, mea- sles, and whooping cough remained life-threatening to children in this era. Smallpox, on the other hand, had been largely eliminated as an important cause of death, almost certainly because of vaccination. Other important causes of death were meningitis (5 percent of child deaths) and accidents/injuries (3 percent of child deaths). Tu- berculosis, although significant as a cause of adult deaths (represent- ing 15 percent of all deaths to persons aged 15 and over), contributed only 2 percent of all deaths below age 15. There is evidence, how- ever, that tuberculosis was severely underestimated as a cause of, or contributor to, child and even infant mortality, because its symptoms in children were less apparent than they were among adults. Autop- sies in several cities around the turn of the century showed that 10 percent or more of infants who died were infected with tuberculosis (von Pirquet 1909). Woodbury (1925:35) reports that offspring of tu- berculous mothers in Baltimore in 1915 had 2.65 times the infant mor- tality rate of offspring of nontuberculous mothers. Among the deaths attributed to malformations and other congeni- tal conditions, some were undoubtedly truly congenital defects, largely affecting infants in the first days and weeks of life. Other terms within this category such as inanition (or inability to absorb nutrition, mostly affecting infants) and debility/atrophy were quite imprecise.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Maternal Bereavement: the Heightened Mortality of Mothers After The
    Economics and Human Biology 11 (2013) 371–381 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Economics and Human Biology jo urnal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ehb Maternal bereavement: The heightened mortality of mothers after the death of a child a, b,1 Javier Espinosa *, William N. Evans a Department of Economics, Rochester Institute of Technology, 92 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA b Department of Economics, University of Notre Dame du Lac, 437 Flanner Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Using a 9-year follow-up of 69,224 mothers aged 20–50 from the National Longitudinal Article history: Received 4 August 2011 Mortality Survey, we investigate whether there is heightened mortality of mothers after Received in revised form 30 March 2012 the death of a child. Results from Cox proportional hazard models indicate that the death Accepted 15 June 2012 of a child produces a statistically significant hazard ratio of 2.3. There is suggestive Available online 23 June 2012 evidence that the heightened mortality is concentrated in the first two years after the death of a child. We find no difference in results based on mother’s education or marital Keywords: status, family size, the child’s cause of death or the gender of the child. Bereavement ß 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Mother mortality Child death Cox proportional hazard National Longitudinal Mortality Study 3 1. Introduction ‘‘spousal bereavement effect’’. Empirical results have also demonstrated negative relationships between bereave- 4 5 Inquiry into the health outcomes of bereavement has ment and measures of health for grandparents, parents, 6 7 been conducted over the past decades by researchers from children, and siblings, but there remains a paucity of a variety of disciplines, including psychology, epidemiol- research addressing the bereavement effect for non- ogy, economics, sociology, and other social and medical spousal relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Labor and Human Trafficking: How Children in Burkina Faso and Ghana Lose Their Childhood
    Global Majority E-Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2 (December 2015), pp. 101-113 Child Labor and Human Trafficking: How Children in Burkina Faso and Ghana Lose Their Childhood Kaitie Kudlac Abstract This article examines the impact and effects of human trafficking, child labor, and the various forms of mortality and immunization in the West African countries of Burkina Faso and Ghana. While human trafficking and inadequate labor laws encompasses all ages and genders, the primary focus of this article is to examine child trafficking and child labor and the degree to which people sold into slavery or forced labor are below eighteen years of age in these West African countries. Through the use of a literature review and the analysis of data provided by the World Bank and other scholarly sources, this article provides a comparison and an analysis on the effects of children “losing their childhood” in the two countries and the impacts of children born and raised in these West African nations. The concluding remarks of this article introduces and analyzes some solutions. I. Introduction Many people say that poverty is multidimensional. While multidimensional is technically defined as affecting many areas of life, I believe it has another, more important meeting. Poverty is non- discriminatory. It affects everyone and some more than others. Through the root causes of poverty like lack of access to clean drinking water, improper sanitation, malnutrition, inadequate vaccinations and immunizations, and a high rate of child immortality, children in the countries of Burkina Faso and Ghana are forced to fight for their lives before they even reach their fifth birthday.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Deaths in MICHIGAN 2006
    Child Deaths IN MICHIGAN 2006 Michigan Child Death State Advisory Team S i x t h A n n u a l REPORT A Report on Reviews conducted in 2004 A report on the causes and trends of child deaths in Michigan based on findings from community-based Child Death Review Teams. With recomendations for policy and practice to prevent child deaths. The Michigan Department of Human Services Michigan Public Health Institute ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to acknowledge the dedication of the nearly twelve hundred volunteers from throughout Michigan who serve our state and the children of Michigan by serving on Child Death Review Teams. It is an act of courage to acknowledge that the death of a child is a community problem. Their willingness to step outside of their traditional professional roles, and examine all of the circumstances that lead to child deaths, and to seriously consider ways to prevent other deaths, has made this report possible. Many thanks to the local Child Death Review Team Coordinators, for volunteering their time to organize, facilitate and report on the findings of their reviews. Because of their commitment to the child death review process, this annual report is published. The Michigan Department of Community Health, Office of the State Registrar, Division for Vital Records and Health Statistics has been especially helpful in providing the child mortality data and in helping us to better understand and interpret the statistics on child deaths. The Michigan Department of Human Services provides the funding and oversight for the Child Death Review program, which is managed by contract with the Michigan Public Health Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • The 9Th SIDS International Conference Program and Abstracts
    Program and Abstracts The 9th SIDS The9th International Conference SIDS International June 1-4 2006 in YOKOHAMA Conference June 1-4 2006 in YOKOHAMA www.sids.gr.jp Co-sponsored by The Japan SIDS Research Society and SIDS Family Association Japan Meeting with the International Stillbirth Alliance (ISA) and the International Society for the Study and Prevention of Infant Deaths (ISPID) Program and Abstracts Secretariat PROTECTING LITTLE LIVES, PROVIDING A GUIDING LIGHT FOR FAMILIES General lnquiry : SIDS Family Association Japan 6-20-209 Udagawa-cho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0042, Japan Phone/Fax : +81-3-5456-1661 Email : [email protected] Registration Secretariat : c/o Congress Corporation Kosai-kaikan Bldg., 5-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8481, Japan Phone : +81-3-5216-5551 Fax : +81-3-5216-5552 Email : [email protected] Federation of Pharmaceutical WAM Manufacturers' Associations of JAPAN The 9th SIDS International Conference Program and Abstracts Table of Contents Welcome .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Greeting from Her Imperial Highness Princess Takamado ................................ 2 Thanks to our Sponsors!.............................................................................................................. 3 Access Map ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Floor Plan ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline in Child Mortality: a Reappraisal Omar B
    Theme Papers The decline in child mortality: a reappraisal Omar B. Ahmad,1 Alan D. Lopez,2 & Mie Inoue3 The present paper examines, describes and documents country-specific trends in under-five mortality rates (i.e., mortality among children under five years of age) in the 1990s. Our analysis updates previous studies by UNICEF, the World Bank and the United Nations. It identifies countries and WHO regions where sustained improvement has occurred and those where setbacks are evident. A consistent series of estimates of under-five mortality rate is provided and an indication is given of historical trends during the period 1950–2000 for both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that 10.5 million children aged 0–4 years died in 1999, about 2.2 million or 17.5% fewer than a decade earlier. On average about 15% of newborn children in Africa are expected to die before reaching their fifth birthday. The corresponding figures for many other parts of the developing world are in the range 3–8% and that for Europe is under 2%. During the 1990s the decline in child mortality decelerated in all the WHO regions except the Western Pacific but there is no widespread evidence of rising child mortality rates. At the country level there are exceptions in southern Africa where the prevalence of HIV is extremely high and in Asia where a few countries are beset by economic difficulties. The slowdown in the rate of decline is of particular concern in Africa and South-East Asia because it is occurring at relatively high levels of mortality, and in countries experiencing severe economic dislocation.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Country Evidence on the Association Between Contact Tracing
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Cross‑country evidence on the association between contact tracing and COVID‑19 case fatality rates Abdullah Yalaman1*, Gokce Basbug2, Ceyhun Elgin3 & Alison P. Galvani4 The coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) outbreak has killed over a million people since its emergence in late 2019. However, there has been substantial variability in the policies and intensity of diagnostic eforts between countries. In this paper, we quantitatively evaluate the association between national contact tracing policies and case fatality rates of COVID‑19 in 138 countries. Our regression analyses indicate that countries that implement comprehensive contact tracing have signifcantly lower case fatality rates. This association of contact tracing policy and case fatality rates is robust in our longitudinal regression models, even after controlling for the number of tests conducted and non‑ pharmaceutical control measures adopted by governments. Our results suggest that comprehensive contact tracing is instrumental not only to curtailing transmission but also to reducing case fatality rates. Contact tracing achieves the early detection and isolation of secondary cases which are particularly important given that the peak in infectiousness occurs during the presymptomatic phase. The early detection achieved by contact tracing accelerates the rate at which infected individuals receive medical care they need to maximize their chance of recovery. In addition, the combination of reduced transmission and more rapid recovery diminishes the burden on the healthcare system which in turn ensures that the resources remain available for individuals who do become infected. Te ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has spread to 213 countries and territories, causing more than 47,000,000 cases and over 1.2 million deaths as of November 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Key Facts and Figures for Child Mortality
    Africa Key Facts and Figures for Child Mortality Newborn and Child Mortality Estimates Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest risk of death in the first month of life and is among the regions showing the least progress. However, Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a faster decline in its under-five mortality rate, with the annual rate of reduction doubling between 1990–2000 and 2000–2011. Sub-Saharan Africa, which accounts for 38 percent of global neonatal deaths, has the highest newborn death rate (34 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2011). Neonatal deaths there account for about a third of under-five deaths globally (1.1 million newborns die in the first month of life).Sub-Saharan Africa has reduced under-five mortality by 39% between 1990 and 2011. If current trends persist, 1 in 3 children in the world will be born in sub-Saharan Africa, and its under-five population will grow rapidly. The highest rates of child mortality are still in Sub-Saharan Africa—where 1 in 9 children dies before age five, more than 16 times the average for developed regions (1 in 152). Under-five mortality rate in Africa (per 1,000 live births) declined from 163 in 1990 to 100 in 2011. These rates are still insufficient to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 by 2015. o In Eastern and Southern Africa the decline was from 162 in 1990 to 84 in 2011. o In West and Central Africa the decline was from 197 in 1990 to 132 in 2011. o Eastern and Southern Africa have reduced under-five deaths by 48% from 1990 to 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • World Mortality Report 2007
    ST/ESA/SER.A/289 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Mortality Report 2007 United Nations New York, 2011 DESA The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Note The designations employed in this report and the material presented in it do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. This publication has been issued without formal editing. Suggested citation: United Nations, Department
    [Show full text]
  • Lethal Violence Update Violence Lethal Chapter
    Chapter Two 49 Lethal Violence Update n recent years, lethal violence has remained and reviews changes in rates for the entire period firmly in the headlines. In the aftermath of for which data is available (2004–12). The chapter I the Arab uprisings, for instance, violence continues to use the ‘unified approach’ to lethal erupted in Libya and Syria, with the latter experi- violence that was introduced in the previous edi- 1 encing particularly high levels of lethality ever tion of this report. The approach covers conflict, LETHAL UPDATE VIOLENCE since. Honduras, Mexico, and Venezuela have criminal, and interpersonal forms of violence and been exhibiting a high incidence of violent deaths includes data from a large variety of sources on in the face of ongoing gang and drug wars. In fact, homicide, conflict, and other forms of violence. some of the world’s highest homicide rates are In highlighting medium- and long-term changes found in these countries. Volatility in the levels in lethal violence as well as the most recent of violence in the Central African Republic, Egypt, available figures on violent deaths, the chapter and Ukraine serve as reminders that episodes of also draws attention to improvements in the col- 1 great lethality can be short-lived and concentrated. lection of data. Indeed, the availability of more Meanwhile, in many other countries around the 2 refined data allows for more accurate estimates world, enduring trends hold the promise that levels and for the unpacking of patterns in lethal vio- 3 of violence may continue to drop. lence (see Box 2.2).
    [Show full text]
  • CI 3 Revised Results and Evidence Updated 28
    UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Innocenti Working Paper CHILD MORTALITY AND INJURY IN ASIA: SURVEY RESULTS AND EVIDENCE Michael Linnan, Le Vu Anh, Pham Viet Cuong, Fazlur Rahman, Aminur Rahman, Shumona Shafinaz, Chitr Sitti-Amorn, Orapin Chaipayom, Venus Udomprasertgul, Maria Consorcia Lim- Quizon, Guang Zeng, Jing Rui-wei, Zhu Liping, Katrina Irvine and Thomas Dunn Special Series on Child Injury No. 3 IWP-2007-06 October 2007 Innocenti Working Papers UNICEF Innocenti Working Papers are intended to disseminate initial research contributions within the Centre’s programme of work, addressing social, economic and institutional aspects of the realization of the human rights of children. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or the views of UNICEF. The Special Series on Child Injury is a joint initiative of UNICEF Programme Division, The Alliance for Safe Children, the UNICEF Regional Office for East Asia and the Pacific and the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. The present version of this paper (February 2008) reflects minor editorial adjustments to the original version. Extracts from this publication may be freely reproduced with due acknowledgement. © 2007 The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) ISSN: 1014-7837 Readers citing this document are asked to use the following form: Linnan, Michael, et al., ‘Child Mortality and Injury in Asia: Survey results and evidence’, Innocenti Working Paper 2007-06, Special Series on Child Injury No. 3. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, 2007. ii UNICEF INNOCENTI RESEARCH CENTRE The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre in Florence, Italy, was established in 1988 to strengthen the research capability of the United Nations Children’s Fund and to support its advocacy for children worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Worden's Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A
    Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020 Dec 15; 8(T1):553-560. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5502 eISSN: 1857-9655 Category: T1 - Thematic Issue “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)” Section: Public Health Education and Training Worden’s Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review Mohsen Khosravi* Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Abstract Edited by: Mirko Spiroski BACKGROUND: A wide range of studies has shown that the coronavirus disease (COVID)-2019 pandemic could Citation: Khosravi M. Worden’s Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During cause many deaths on the global scale by the end of 2020 because of the high speed of transmission and predicted the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. case-fatality rates. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020 Dec 15; 8(T1):553-560. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020. 5502 AIM: This paper is a narrative review aiming to address the treatment of persistent complex bereavement disorder Keywords: Bereavement; Coronavirus disease-19; Pandemics; Review (PCBD) during the COVID-19 crisis using Worden’s task-based model. *Correspondence: Mohsen Khosravi, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Baharan Psychiatric MATERIALS AND METHODS: Related papers published from 2000 to 2020 were searched in the EMBASE, Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Postal PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. Bereavement, COVID-19, Code: 9813913777, Zahedan, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] pandemics, and Worden’s task-based model constituted the search terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Fatality Rates for COVID-19 Are Higher Than Case Fatality Rates for Motor Vehicle Accidents for Individuals Over 40 Years of Age
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.09.21255193; this version posted April 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license . Case fatality rates for COVID-19 are higher than case fatality rates for motor vehicle accidents for individuals over 40 years of age Arjun Puranik1, Michiel J.M. Niesen1, Emily Lindemer1, Patrick Lenehan1, Tudor Cristea-Platon1, Colin Pawlowski1*, Venky Soundararajan1* 1 nference, One Main Street, East Arcade, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA * Correspondence: Colin Pawlowski ([email protected]), Venky SoundararaJan ([email protected]) Abstract The death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented, due to both the high number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the seriousness of the disease resulting from these infections. Here, we present mortality rates and case fatality rates for COVID-19 over the past year compared with other historic leading causes of death in the United States. Among the risk categories considered, COVID-19 is the third leading cause of death for individuals 40 years old and over, with an overall annual mortality rate of 325 deaths per 100K individuals, behind only cancer (385 deaths per 100K individuals) and heart disease (412 deaths per 100K individuals). In addition, for individuals 40 years old and over, the case fatality rate for COVID-19 is greater than the case fatality rate for motor vehicle accidents. In particular, for the age group 40-49, the relative case fatality rate of COVID-19 is 1.5 fold (95% CI: [1.3, 1.7]) that of a motor vehicle accident, demonstrating that SARS- CoV-2 infection may be significantly more dangerous than a car crash for this age group.
    [Show full text]