Cross-Country Evidence on the Association Between Contact Tracing
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No Autopsies on COVID-19 Deaths: a Missed Opportunity and the Lockdown of Science
Journal of Clinical Medicine Review No Autopsies on COVID-19 Deaths: A Missed Opportunity and the Lockdown of Science 1, 2, 3 1 1 Monica Salerno y, Francesco Sessa y , Amalia Piscopo , Angelo Montana , Marco Torrisi , Federico Patanè 1, Paolo Murabito 4, Giovanni Li Volti 5,* and Cristoforo Pomara 1,* 1 Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (F.P.) 2 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Law, Forensic Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of General surgery and medical-surgical specialties, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.L.V.); [email protected] (C.P.); Tel.: +39-095-478-1357 or +39-339-304-6369 (G.L.V.); +39-095-378-2153 or +39-333-246-6148 (C.P.) These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 12 March 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 14 May 2020 Abstract: Background: The current outbreak of COVID-19 infection, which started in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019, is an ongoing challenge and a significant threat to public health requiring surveillance, prompt diagnosis, and research efforts to understand a new, emergent, and unknown pathogen and to develop effective therapies. -
The Decline in Child Mortality: a Reappraisal Omar B
Theme Papers The decline in child mortality: a reappraisal Omar B. Ahmad,1 Alan D. Lopez,2 & Mie Inoue3 The present paper examines, describes and documents country-specific trends in under-five mortality rates (i.e., mortality among children under five years of age) in the 1990s. Our analysis updates previous studies by UNICEF, the World Bank and the United Nations. It identifies countries and WHO regions where sustained improvement has occurred and those where setbacks are evident. A consistent series of estimates of under-five mortality rate is provided and an indication is given of historical trends during the period 1950–2000 for both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that 10.5 million children aged 0–4 years died in 1999, about 2.2 million or 17.5% fewer than a decade earlier. On average about 15% of newborn children in Africa are expected to die before reaching their fifth birthday. The corresponding figures for many other parts of the developing world are in the range 3–8% and that for Europe is under 2%. During the 1990s the decline in child mortality decelerated in all the WHO regions except the Western Pacific but there is no widespread evidence of rising child mortality rates. At the country level there are exceptions in southern Africa where the prevalence of HIV is extremely high and in Asia where a few countries are beset by economic difficulties. The slowdown in the rate of decline is of particular concern in Africa and South-East Asia because it is occurring at relatively high levels of mortality, and in countries experiencing severe economic dislocation. -
MAIN CAUSES of MORTALITY Over 5 200 000 People Died in EU Countries in 2015 Diseases, Followed by Pneumonia (See Indicator (Figure 3.7)
II.3. HEALTH STATUS MAIN CAUSES OF MORTALITY Over 5 200 000 people died in EU countries in 2015 diseases, followed by pneumonia (see indicator (Figure 3.7). An unusual large increase in the number of “Mortality from respiratory diseases”). deaths in 2015 explains the reduction in life External causes of death, which include accidents, expectancy in many countries compared with 2014 (see suicides, homicides and other violent causes of death, indicator “Trends in life expectancy”). The higher were responsible for 3% of all deaths among women and number of deaths in 2015 across EU countries was 6% of deaths among men in EU countries in 2015. The concentrated mainly among people aged 75 and over, most important causes of violent deaths are road traffic and was attributed mainly to higher mortality from accidents and other accidental deaths, and suicides. influenza and pneumonia triggering cardiorespiratory Road traffic accidents are a particularly important cause events, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, and of death among young people (aged 18-25), whereas heart diseases. suicide rates generally increase with age. Slightly more women than men died across EU More than 80% of all deaths in EU countries occur countries in 2015, as there are more women in the after the age of 65. While the main cause of death population, particularly in older age groups. Once the among people aged over 65 is circulatory diseases, the population structure is adjusted by age, the age- main cause for people under 65 is cancer, particularly standardised mortality rate was about 50% higher among women (Eurostat, 2018). -
Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life
Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life January 2014 Acknowledgements and authorship Edited by: Stephen R. Connor, PhD, Senior Fellow to the Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance (WPCA). Maria Cecilia Sepulveda Bermedo, MD, Senior Adviser Cancer Control, Chronic Diseases Prevention and Management, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion, World Health Organization. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the World Health Organization. This publication was supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Foundations’ International Palliative Care Initiative. Special thanks to Mary Callaway and Dr Kathleen Foley. Contributing writers: Sharon Baxter, MSW, Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Association, Canada Samira K. Beckwith, ACSW, LCSW, FACHE, Hope Hospice, Ft Myers, FL, USA David Clark, PhD – University of Glasgow, Scotland James Cleary, MD – Pain and Policies Study Group, Madison, WI, USA Dennis Falzon, MD – WHO Global TB Program, WHO Geneva Philippe Glaziou, MD, MPhil, Dip Stat – WHO Global TB Program, WHO Geneva Peter Holliday, St. Giles Hospice, Litchfield, England Ernesto Jaramillo, MD – WHO Global TB Program, WHO Geneva Eric L. Krakauer, MD, PhD – Harvard Medical School Center for Palliative Care, Boston, MA, USA Suresh Kumar, MD – Neighborhood Network in Palliative Care, Kerala, India Diederik Lohman – Human Rights Watch, New York, USA Thomas Lynch, PhD – International Observatory for End of Life Care, Lancaster, England Paul Z. Mmbando (MBChB, MPH, DrH) Evangelical Lutheran Church, Arusha, Tanzania Claire Morris, Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance, London, England Daniela Mosoiu, MD – Hospice Casa Sperantei, Brasov, Romania Fliss Murtagh FRCP PhD MRCGP, Cicely Saunders Institute, Kings College London Roberto Wenk, MD – Programa Argentino de Medicina Paliativa Fundación, Argentina In addition, the editors would like to thank the following: All WHO collaborating centres on palliative care (see appendix for details) Ricardo X. -
2018 Infant Mortality and Selected Birth Characteristics
OCTOBER 2020 Infant Mortality and Selected Birth Characteristics 2019 South Carolina Residence Data and Environmental Control Vital Statistics CR-012142 11/19 Executive Summary Infant mortality, defined as the death of a live-born baby before his or her first birthday, reflects the overall state of a population’s health. The infant mortality rate is the number of babies who died during the first year of life for every 1,000 live births. The South Carolina (SC) Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) collects and monitors infant mortality data to improve the health of mothers and babies in our state. In 2019, there were 391 infants who died during the first year of life. While the most recent national data shows that the US infant mortality rate in 2018 (5.7 infant deaths per 1,000 live births)1 surpassed the Healthy People (HP) 2020 Goal of no more than 6.0 infant deaths per 1,000 live births2, the SC infant mortality rate is still higher than the HP target despite a decrease of 4.2% from 7.2 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2018 to 6.9 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. The racial disparity for infant mortality remains a concern in SC, and the gap is now at its widest point in 5 years (see Figure 1 below). The infant mortality rate among births to minority women remained moderately constant from 2018 to 2019 (11.1 and 11.2, respectively) while the infant mortality rate among births to white mothers decreased 9.8% from 5.1 in 2018 to 4.6 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. -
Lethal Violence Update Violence Lethal Chapter
Chapter Two 49 Lethal Violence Update n recent years, lethal violence has remained and reviews changes in rates for the entire period firmly in the headlines. In the aftermath of for which data is available (2004–12). The chapter I the Arab uprisings, for instance, violence continues to use the ‘unified approach’ to lethal erupted in Libya and Syria, with the latter experi- violence that was introduced in the previous edi- 1 encing particularly high levels of lethality ever tion of this report. The approach covers conflict, LETHAL UPDATE VIOLENCE since. Honduras, Mexico, and Venezuela have criminal, and interpersonal forms of violence and been exhibiting a high incidence of violent deaths includes data from a large variety of sources on in the face of ongoing gang and drug wars. In fact, homicide, conflict, and other forms of violence. some of the world’s highest homicide rates are In highlighting medium- and long-term changes found in these countries. Volatility in the levels in lethal violence as well as the most recent of violence in the Central African Republic, Egypt, available figures on violent deaths, the chapter and Ukraine serve as reminders that episodes of also draws attention to improvements in the col- 1 great lethality can be short-lived and concentrated. lection of data. Indeed, the availability of more Meanwhile, in many other countries around the 2 refined data allows for more accurate estimates world, enduring trends hold the promise that levels and for the unpacking of patterns in lethal vio- 3 of violence may continue to drop. lence (see Box 2.2). -
Worden's Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A
Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020 Dec 15; 8(T1):553-560. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5502 eISSN: 1857-9655 Category: T1 - Thematic Issue “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)” Section: Public Health Education and Training Worden’s Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review Mohsen Khosravi* Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Abstract Edited by: Mirko Spiroski BACKGROUND: A wide range of studies has shown that the coronavirus disease (COVID)-2019 pandemic could Citation: Khosravi M. Worden’s Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During cause many deaths on the global scale by the end of 2020 because of the high speed of transmission and predicted the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. case-fatality rates. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020 Dec 15; 8(T1):553-560. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020. 5502 AIM: This paper is a narrative review aiming to address the treatment of persistent complex bereavement disorder Keywords: Bereavement; Coronavirus disease-19; Pandemics; Review (PCBD) during the COVID-19 crisis using Worden’s task-based model. *Correspondence: Mohsen Khosravi, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Baharan Psychiatric MATERIALS AND METHODS: Related papers published from 2000 to 2020 were searched in the EMBASE, Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Postal PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. Bereavement, COVID-19, Code: 9813913777, Zahedan, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] pandemics, and Worden’s task-based model constituted the search terms. -
Case Fatality Rates for COVID-19 Are Higher Than Case Fatality Rates for Motor Vehicle Accidents for Individuals Over 40 Years of Age
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.09.21255193; this version posted April 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license . Case fatality rates for COVID-19 are higher than case fatality rates for motor vehicle accidents for individuals over 40 years of age Arjun Puranik1, Michiel J.M. Niesen1, Emily Lindemer1, Patrick Lenehan1, Tudor Cristea-Platon1, Colin Pawlowski1*, Venky Soundararajan1* 1 nference, One Main Street, East Arcade, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA * Correspondence: Colin Pawlowski ([email protected]), Venky SoundararaJan ([email protected]) Abstract The death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented, due to both the high number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the seriousness of the disease resulting from these infections. Here, we present mortality rates and case fatality rates for COVID-19 over the past year compared with other historic leading causes of death in the United States. Among the risk categories considered, COVID-19 is the third leading cause of death for individuals 40 years old and over, with an overall annual mortality rate of 325 deaths per 100K individuals, behind only cancer (385 deaths per 100K individuals) and heart disease (412 deaths per 100K individuals). In addition, for individuals 40 years old and over, the case fatality rate for COVID-19 is greater than the case fatality rate for motor vehicle accidents. In particular, for the age group 40-49, the relative case fatality rate of COVID-19 is 1.5 fold (95% CI: [1.3, 1.7]) that of a motor vehicle accident, demonstrating that SARS- CoV-2 infection may be significantly more dangerous than a car crash for this age group. -
Leading Causes of Death Infant Mortality
Leading Causes of Death Mortality rates, which are the number of deaths per population at risk, are used to describe the leading causes of death. Mortality rates provide a measure of magnitude of deaths within a population. However, behaviors and exposures to hazardous agents often take many years to impact health outcomes, like exposure to tobacco smoke and the development of lung cancer. In this report, mortality rates are presented for infants (less than 1 year) and for persons age 65 and over. Deaths occurring between ages 1-64 are presented in the Leading Causes of Premature Death section which follows. Infant Mortality In 2001, Georgia had the ninth highest infant mortality rate in the United States with a rate of 8.6 deaths per 1,000 live births (13). Infant mortality rates in DeKalb County have been increasing slightly from 9.9 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1994 to 10.5 in 2002 (Figure 16). From 1994 to 2002, there was an average of 12 black infant deaths per 1,000 live births and 4.7 white infant deaths per 1,000 live births. However, the infant mortality rate of whites increased 84% from 3.5 deaths per 1,000 per live births in 1994 to 6.8 in 2002. Because of small annual numbers of deaths to Asian and Hispanic infants, a detailed analysis of these groups is not possible. Compared to whites and blacks, Asians and Hispanics had the lowest nine-year average infant mortality rates from 1994 to 2002 (Table 10). Figure 16. Infant mortality rates by race, age 0 - 1 year DeKalb County, Georgia, 1994 - 2002 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Rate per 1,000 live births 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year Total White Black Data Source: Georgia Division of Public Health 32 Status of Health in DeKalb Report, 2005 Table 10. -
Network Analysis to Identify the Risk of Epidemic Spreading
applied sciences Article Network Analysis to Identify the Risk of Epidemic Spreading Kiseong Kim 1,2,† , Sunyong Yoo 3,*,† , Sangyeon Lee 1,4 , Doheon Lee 1,4,* and Kwang-Hyung Lee 1,5,* 1 Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea; [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (S.L.) 2 R&D Center, BioBrain Inc., Daejeon 34141, Korea 3 Department of ICT Convergence System Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61005, Korea 4 Bio-Synergy Research Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea 5 Moon Soul Graduate School of Future Strategy, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (K.-H.L.); Tel.:+82-62-350-1761 (S.Y., D.L. & K.-H.L.) † Co-first author, these authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Several epidemics, such as the Black Death and the Spanish flu, have threatened human life throughout history; however, it is unclear if humans will remain safe from the sudden and fast spread of epidemic diseases. Moreover, the transmission characteristics of epidemics remain undiscovered. In this study, we present the results of an epidemic simulation experiment revealing the relationship between epidemic parameters and pandemic risk. To analyze the time-dependent risk and impact of epidemics, we considered two parameters for infectious diseases: the recovery time from infection and the transmission rate of the disease. Based on the epidemic simulation, we identified two important aspects of human safety with regard to the threat of a pandemic. First, humans should be safe if the fatality rate is below 100%. -
Bereavement Management During COVID-19 Pandemic: One Size May Not Fit All!
Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article contains supplementary material. Cite as: Rammohan A, Ramachandran P, Rela M. Bereavement © 2021 The Author(s) management during COVID-19 Pandemic: One size may not fit JoGH © 2021 ISGH all! J Glob Health 2021;11:03009. Bereavement management during COVID-19 Pandemic: VIEWPOINTS One size may not fit all! Ashwin Rammohan1, Priya Ramachandran1,2, Mohamed Rela1 1 The Institute of Liver Disease & Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India 2The Ray of Light Foundation, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India he way in which individuals react to the death of a loved one varies across cultures. The coping mech- anisms to this grief however, remain remarkably constant. Irrespective of race, religion or culture death Tis almost universally followed by a funeral service or ritual [1]. Across the globe, communities have de- veloped these rites to enable individuals and families cope and deal with the loss of their loved one. A funeral ritual allows for a culturally accepted expression of emotions, emphasizing the irreversibility of death. It also initiates the recovery processes of continuity, transition and transformation [2]. Deaths during communicable disease epidemics are even more distress- While statistics on the number of de- ing as they defy the concepts of an “ideal death”. Family members may not have the opportunity to achieve closure by resolving “unfinished ceased are readily available, the grief of business”. The pain and guilt of not physically seeing or being with their losing a loved one remains intangible. -
Hospital Mortality Rates: How Is Palliative Care Taken Into Account? J
914 Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol. 40 No. 6 December 2010 Special Article Hospital Mortality Rates: How Is Palliative Care Taken into Account? J. Brian Cassel, PhD, Amber B. Jones, MEd, Diane E. Meier, MD, Thomas J. Smith, MD, Lynn Hill Spragens, MBA, and David Weissman, MD Virginia Commonwealth University (J.B.C., T.J.S.), Richmond, Virginia; and Center to Advance Palliative Care (A.B.J., D.E.M., L.H.S., D.W.), New York, New York, USA Abstract Context. Using mortality rates to measure hospital quality presumes that hospital deaths are medical failures. To be a fair measure of hospital quality, hospital mortality measures must take patient-level factors, such as goals of care, into account. Objectives. To answer questions about how hospital mortality rates are computed and how the involvement of hospice or palliative care (PC) are recognized and handled. Methods. We analyzed the methods of four entities: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ‘‘Hospital Compare;’’ U.S. News & World Report ‘‘Best Hospitals;’’ Thomson-Reuters ‘‘100 TopHospitals;’’ and HealthGrades. Results. All entities reviewed rely on Medicare data, compute risk-adjusted mortality rates, and use ‘‘all-cause’’ mortality. They vary considerably in their recognition and handling of cases that involved hospice care or PC. One entity excludes cases with prior hospice care and another excludes those discharged to hospice at the end of the index hospitalization. Two entities exclude some or all cases that were coded with the V66.7 ‘‘Palliative Care Encounter’’ International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code. Conclusion. Proliferation of, and variability among, hospital mortality measures creates a challenge for hospital administrators.