Where and Why Are 10 Million Children Dying Every Year?
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Maternal Bereavement: the Heightened Mortality of Mothers After The
Economics and Human Biology 11 (2013) 371–381 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Economics and Human Biology jo urnal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ehb Maternal bereavement: The heightened mortality of mothers after the death of a child a, b,1 Javier Espinosa *, William N. Evans a Department of Economics, Rochester Institute of Technology, 92 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA b Department of Economics, University of Notre Dame du Lac, 437 Flanner Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Using a 9-year follow-up of 69,224 mothers aged 20–50 from the National Longitudinal Article history: Received 4 August 2011 Mortality Survey, we investigate whether there is heightened mortality of mothers after Received in revised form 30 March 2012 the death of a child. Results from Cox proportional hazard models indicate that the death Accepted 15 June 2012 of a child produces a statistically significant hazard ratio of 2.3. There is suggestive Available online 23 June 2012 evidence that the heightened mortality is concentrated in the first two years after the death of a child. We find no difference in results based on mother’s education or marital Keywords: status, family size, the child’s cause of death or the gender of the child. Bereavement ß 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Mother mortality Child death Cox proportional hazard National Longitudinal Mortality Study 3 1. Introduction ‘‘spousal bereavement effect’’. Empirical results have also demonstrated negative relationships between bereave- 4 5 Inquiry into the health outcomes of bereavement has ment and measures of health for grandparents, parents, 6 7 been conducted over the past decades by researchers from children, and siblings, but there remains a paucity of a variety of disciplines, including psychology, epidemiol- research addressing the bereavement effect for non- ogy, economics, sociology, and other social and medical spousal relationships. -
Structure, Function and Five Basic Needs of the Global Health Research System
Edinburgh Research Explorer Structure, function and five basic needs of the global health research system Citation for published version: Rudan, I & Sridhar, D 2016, 'Structure, function and five basic needs of the global health research system', Journal of Global Health, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 010505. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.06.010505 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.7189/jogh.06.010505 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Journal of Global Health Publisher Rights Statement: Copyright © 2016 by the Journal of Global Health. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download -
Child Labor and Human Trafficking: How Children in Burkina Faso and Ghana Lose Their Childhood
Global Majority E-Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2 (December 2015), pp. 101-113 Child Labor and Human Trafficking: How Children in Burkina Faso and Ghana Lose Their Childhood Kaitie Kudlac Abstract This article examines the impact and effects of human trafficking, child labor, and the various forms of mortality and immunization in the West African countries of Burkina Faso and Ghana. While human trafficking and inadequate labor laws encompasses all ages and genders, the primary focus of this article is to examine child trafficking and child labor and the degree to which people sold into slavery or forced labor are below eighteen years of age in these West African countries. Through the use of a literature review and the analysis of data provided by the World Bank and other scholarly sources, this article provides a comparison and an analysis on the effects of children “losing their childhood” in the two countries and the impacts of children born and raised in these West African nations. The concluding remarks of this article introduces and analyzes some solutions. I. Introduction Many people say that poverty is multidimensional. While multidimensional is technically defined as affecting many areas of life, I believe it has another, more important meeting. Poverty is non- discriminatory. It affects everyone and some more than others. Through the root causes of poverty like lack of access to clean drinking water, improper sanitation, malnutrition, inadequate vaccinations and immunizations, and a high rate of child immortality, children in the countries of Burkina Faso and Ghana are forced to fight for their lives before they even reach their fifth birthday. -
Child Deaths in MICHIGAN 2006
Child Deaths IN MICHIGAN 2006 Michigan Child Death State Advisory Team S i x t h A n n u a l REPORT A Report on Reviews conducted in 2004 A report on the causes and trends of child deaths in Michigan based on findings from community-based Child Death Review Teams. With recomendations for policy and practice to prevent child deaths. The Michigan Department of Human Services Michigan Public Health Institute ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to acknowledge the dedication of the nearly twelve hundred volunteers from throughout Michigan who serve our state and the children of Michigan by serving on Child Death Review Teams. It is an act of courage to acknowledge that the death of a child is a community problem. Their willingness to step outside of their traditional professional roles, and examine all of the circumstances that lead to child deaths, and to seriously consider ways to prevent other deaths, has made this report possible. Many thanks to the local Child Death Review Team Coordinators, for volunteering their time to organize, facilitate and report on the findings of their reviews. Because of their commitment to the child death review process, this annual report is published. The Michigan Department of Community Health, Office of the State Registrar, Division for Vital Records and Health Statistics has been especially helpful in providing the child mortality data and in helping us to better understand and interpret the statistics on child deaths. The Michigan Department of Human Services provides the funding and oversight for the Child Death Review program, which is managed by contract with the Michigan Public Health Institute. -
The 9Th SIDS International Conference Program and Abstracts
Program and Abstracts The 9th SIDS The9th International Conference SIDS International June 1-4 2006 in YOKOHAMA Conference June 1-4 2006 in YOKOHAMA www.sids.gr.jp Co-sponsored by The Japan SIDS Research Society and SIDS Family Association Japan Meeting with the International Stillbirth Alliance (ISA) and the International Society for the Study and Prevention of Infant Deaths (ISPID) Program and Abstracts Secretariat PROTECTING LITTLE LIVES, PROVIDING A GUIDING LIGHT FOR FAMILIES General lnquiry : SIDS Family Association Japan 6-20-209 Udagawa-cho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0042, Japan Phone/Fax : +81-3-5456-1661 Email : [email protected] Registration Secretariat : c/o Congress Corporation Kosai-kaikan Bldg., 5-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8481, Japan Phone : +81-3-5216-5551 Fax : +81-3-5216-5552 Email : [email protected] Federation of Pharmaceutical WAM Manufacturers' Associations of JAPAN The 9th SIDS International Conference Program and Abstracts Table of Contents Welcome .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Greeting from Her Imperial Highness Princess Takamado ................................ 2 Thanks to our Sponsors!.............................................................................................................. 3 Access Map ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Floor Plan ............................................................................................................................................... -
The Decline in Child Mortality: a Reappraisal Omar B
Theme Papers The decline in child mortality: a reappraisal Omar B. Ahmad,1 Alan D. Lopez,2 & Mie Inoue3 The present paper examines, describes and documents country-specific trends in under-five mortality rates (i.e., mortality among children under five years of age) in the 1990s. Our analysis updates previous studies by UNICEF, the World Bank and the United Nations. It identifies countries and WHO regions where sustained improvement has occurred and those where setbacks are evident. A consistent series of estimates of under-five mortality rate is provided and an indication is given of historical trends during the period 1950–2000 for both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that 10.5 million children aged 0–4 years died in 1999, about 2.2 million or 17.5% fewer than a decade earlier. On average about 15% of newborn children in Africa are expected to die before reaching their fifth birthday. The corresponding figures for many other parts of the developing world are in the range 3–8% and that for Europe is under 2%. During the 1990s the decline in child mortality decelerated in all the WHO regions except the Western Pacific but there is no widespread evidence of rising child mortality rates. At the country level there are exceptions in southern Africa where the prevalence of HIV is extremely high and in Asia where a few countries are beset by economic difficulties. The slowdown in the rate of decline is of particular concern in Africa and South-East Asia because it is occurring at relatively high levels of mortality, and in countries experiencing severe economic dislocation. -
Cross-Country Evidence on the Association Between Contact Tracing
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Cross‑country evidence on the association between contact tracing and COVID‑19 case fatality rates Abdullah Yalaman1*, Gokce Basbug2, Ceyhun Elgin3 & Alison P. Galvani4 The coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) outbreak has killed over a million people since its emergence in late 2019. However, there has been substantial variability in the policies and intensity of diagnostic eforts between countries. In this paper, we quantitatively evaluate the association between national contact tracing policies and case fatality rates of COVID‑19 in 138 countries. Our regression analyses indicate that countries that implement comprehensive contact tracing have signifcantly lower case fatality rates. This association of contact tracing policy and case fatality rates is robust in our longitudinal regression models, even after controlling for the number of tests conducted and non‑ pharmaceutical control measures adopted by governments. Our results suggest that comprehensive contact tracing is instrumental not only to curtailing transmission but also to reducing case fatality rates. Contact tracing achieves the early detection and isolation of secondary cases which are particularly important given that the peak in infectiousness occurs during the presymptomatic phase. The early detection achieved by contact tracing accelerates the rate at which infected individuals receive medical care they need to maximize their chance of recovery. In addition, the combination of reduced transmission and more rapid recovery diminishes the burden on the healthcare system which in turn ensures that the resources remain available for individuals who do become infected. Te ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has spread to 213 countries and territories, causing more than 47,000,000 cases and over 1.2 million deaths as of November 2020. -
Africa Key Facts and Figures for Child Mortality
Africa Key Facts and Figures for Child Mortality Newborn and Child Mortality Estimates Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest risk of death in the first month of life and is among the regions showing the least progress. However, Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a faster decline in its under-five mortality rate, with the annual rate of reduction doubling between 1990–2000 and 2000–2011. Sub-Saharan Africa, which accounts for 38 percent of global neonatal deaths, has the highest newborn death rate (34 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2011). Neonatal deaths there account for about a third of under-five deaths globally (1.1 million newborns die in the first month of life).Sub-Saharan Africa has reduced under-five mortality by 39% between 1990 and 2011. If current trends persist, 1 in 3 children in the world will be born in sub-Saharan Africa, and its under-five population will grow rapidly. The highest rates of child mortality are still in Sub-Saharan Africa—where 1 in 9 children dies before age five, more than 16 times the average for developed regions (1 in 152). Under-five mortality rate in Africa (per 1,000 live births) declined from 163 in 1990 to 100 in 2011. These rates are still insufficient to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 by 2015. o In Eastern and Southern Africa the decline was from 162 in 1990 to 84 in 2011. o In West and Central Africa the decline was from 197 in 1990 to 132 in 2011. o Eastern and Southern Africa have reduced under-five deaths by 48% from 1990 to 2011. -
World Mortality Report 2007
ST/ESA/SER.A/289 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Mortality Report 2007 United Nations New York, 2011 DESA The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Note The designations employed in this report and the material presented in it do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. This publication has been issued without formal editing. Suggested citation: United Nations, Department -
Lethal Violence Update Violence Lethal Chapter
Chapter Two 49 Lethal Violence Update n recent years, lethal violence has remained and reviews changes in rates for the entire period firmly in the headlines. In the aftermath of for which data is available (2004–12). The chapter I the Arab uprisings, for instance, violence continues to use the ‘unified approach’ to lethal erupted in Libya and Syria, with the latter experi- violence that was introduced in the previous edi- 1 encing particularly high levels of lethality ever tion of this report. The approach covers conflict, LETHAL UPDATE VIOLENCE since. Honduras, Mexico, and Venezuela have criminal, and interpersonal forms of violence and been exhibiting a high incidence of violent deaths includes data from a large variety of sources on in the face of ongoing gang and drug wars. In fact, homicide, conflict, and other forms of violence. some of the world’s highest homicide rates are In highlighting medium- and long-term changes found in these countries. Volatility in the levels in lethal violence as well as the most recent of violence in the Central African Republic, Egypt, available figures on violent deaths, the chapter and Ukraine serve as reminders that episodes of also draws attention to improvements in the col- 1 great lethality can be short-lived and concentrated. lection of data. Indeed, the availability of more Meanwhile, in many other countries around the 2 refined data allows for more accurate estimates world, enduring trends hold the promise that levels and for the unpacking of patterns in lethal vio- 3 of violence may continue to drop. lence (see Box 2.2). -
Worden's Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A
Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020 Dec 15; 8(T1):553-560. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5502 eISSN: 1857-9655 Category: T1 - Thematic Issue “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)” Section: Public Health Education and Training Worden’s Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review Mohsen Khosravi* Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Abstract Edited by: Mirko Spiroski BACKGROUND: A wide range of studies has shown that the coronavirus disease (COVID)-2019 pandemic could Citation: Khosravi M. Worden’s Task-Based Model for Treating Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder During cause many deaths on the global scale by the end of 2020 because of the high speed of transmission and predicted the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. case-fatality rates. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020 Dec 15; 8(T1):553-560. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020. 5502 AIM: This paper is a narrative review aiming to address the treatment of persistent complex bereavement disorder Keywords: Bereavement; Coronavirus disease-19; Pandemics; Review (PCBD) during the COVID-19 crisis using Worden’s task-based model. *Correspondence: Mohsen Khosravi, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Baharan Psychiatric MATERIALS AND METHODS: Related papers published from 2000 to 2020 were searched in the EMBASE, Hospital, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Postal PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. Bereavement, COVID-19, Code: 9813913777, Zahedan, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] pandemics, and Worden’s task-based model constituted the search terms. -
Case Fatality Rates for COVID-19 Are Higher Than Case Fatality Rates for Motor Vehicle Accidents for Individuals Over 40 Years of Age
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.09.21255193; this version posted April 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license . Case fatality rates for COVID-19 are higher than case fatality rates for motor vehicle accidents for individuals over 40 years of age Arjun Puranik1, Michiel J.M. Niesen1, Emily Lindemer1, Patrick Lenehan1, Tudor Cristea-Platon1, Colin Pawlowski1*, Venky Soundararajan1* 1 nference, One Main Street, East Arcade, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA * Correspondence: Colin Pawlowski ([email protected]), Venky SoundararaJan ([email protected]) Abstract The death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented, due to both the high number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the seriousness of the disease resulting from these infections. Here, we present mortality rates and case fatality rates for COVID-19 over the past year compared with other historic leading causes of death in the United States. Among the risk categories considered, COVID-19 is the third leading cause of death for individuals 40 years old and over, with an overall annual mortality rate of 325 deaths per 100K individuals, behind only cancer (385 deaths per 100K individuals) and heart disease (412 deaths per 100K individuals). In addition, for individuals 40 years old and over, the case fatality rate for COVID-19 is greater than the case fatality rate for motor vehicle accidents. In particular, for the age group 40-49, the relative case fatality rate of COVID-19 is 1.5 fold (95% CI: [1.3, 1.7]) that of a motor vehicle accident, demonstrating that SARS- CoV-2 infection may be significantly more dangerous than a car crash for this age group.