DOCSLIB.ORG

Structure, Function and Five Basic Needs of the Global Health Research System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Structure, Function and Five Basic Needs of the Global Health Research System Edinburgh Research Explorer Structure, function and five basic needs of the global health research system Citation for published version: Rudan, I & Sridhar, D 2016, 'Structure, function and five basic needs of the global health research system', Journal of Global Health, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 010505. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.06.010505 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.7189/jogh.06.010505 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Journal of Global Health Publisher Rights Statement: Copyright © 2016 by the Journal of Global Health. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 journal of global health Structure, function and five basic needs of the global health research system PAPERS VIEWPOINTS Igor Rudan, Devi Sridhar Background Two major initiatives that were set up to support and Centre for Global Health Research and WHO co–ordinate global health research efforts have been largely discon- Collaborating Centre for Population Health tinued in recent years: the Global Forum for Health Research and Research and Training, The Usher Institute for World Health Organization's Department for Research Policy and Co- Population Health Sciences and Informatics, operation. These developments provide an interesting case study into University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK the factors that contribute to the sustainability of initiatives to sup- port and co–ordinate global health research in the 21st century. Methods We reviewed the history of attempts to govern, support or co–ordinate research in global health. Moreover, we studied the changes and shifts in funding flows attributed to global health re- search. This allowed us to map the structure of the global health re- search system, as it has evolved under the increased funding contri- butions of the past decade. Bearing in mind its structure, core functions and dynamic nature, we proposed a framework on how to effectively support the system to increase its efficiency. Results Based on our framework, which charted the structure and function of the global health research system and exposed places and roles for many stakeholders within the system, five basic needs emerged: (i) to co–ordinate funding among donors more effectively; (ii) to prioritize among many research ideas; (iii) to quickly recognize results of successful research; (iv) to ensure broad and rapid dissem- ination of results and their accessibility; and (v) to evaluate return on investments in health research. Conclusion The global health research system has evolved rapidly and spontaneously. It has not been optimally efficient, but it is pos- sible to identify solutions that could improve this. There are already examples of effective responses for the need of prioritization of re- search questions (eg, the CHNRI method), quick recognition of im- Correspondence to: portant research (eg, systems used by editors of the leading journals) Professor Igor Rudan, MD, DSc, PhD, MPH, and rapid and broadly accessible publication of the new knowledge HonMFPH (eg, PLoS One journal as an example). It is still necessary to develop Chair in International Health and Molecular tools that could assist donors to co–ordinate funding and ensure more Medicine equity between areas in the provided support, and to evaluate the Joint Director, Centre for Global Health Research and WHO Collaborating Centre for value for money invested in health research. Population Health Research and Training Director of Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics In the past four years, two major initiatives that were set up with the aim University of Edinburgh to support and co–ordinate global health research efforts have been large- Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG Scotland, UK ly discontinued. The first is the Global Forum for Health Research, which [email protected] was established in Geneva in 1998 to support WHO’s focus on health re- www.jogh.org • doi: 10.7189/jogh.06.010505 1 June 2016 • Vol. 6 No. 1 • 010505 Rudan and Sridhar search [1]. The second is WHO's Department for Research challenges that may be relevant to low and middle–income Policy and Cooperation (WHO RPC), which ceased its op- countries should also be included. Still, under any assump- erations in 2012 during the WHO's internal reform. Almost tion, the interest in funding global health research is grow- ironically, the annual WHO World Health Report for 2012 ing, and the structure of this system is rapidly evolving. announced its theme as: “No health without research” and In Figure 2, we show the simplified representation of the was to be coordinated by the WHO RPC [2]. The journal key stakeholders and processes, based on how the funds PLoS Medicine agreed to publish a special series on health flow through the system. At the beginning of the system is research in parallel to the release of the World Health Re- the source of the funding – with donors being either pub- port, as discussed in the journal's editorial to the series, lic, private, or the emerging “class” of donors – the large entitled: “The World Health Report 2012 that Wasn’t” [3]. philanthropies, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foun- APERS Eventually, the report was retitled “Research for Universal VIEWPOINTS P dation (BMGF), the Carlos Slim Foundation, and the Rock- Health Coverage” and published in 2013 [4]. efeller Foundation. They all provide financial support for These developments provide an interesting case study into the projects of researchers employed in universities, re- the factors that contribute to the sustainability of initiatives search institutes, international organizations, biotech com- to govern, support and co–ordinate global health research panies and small and medium enterprises (SME are a grow- in the 21st century. A timeline of key events that set the ing “class” of recipients). They also fund stakeholders with current context is shown Figure 1. In this viewpoint, we research capacity in low and middle–income countries that will map the structure of the global health research system can help carry out the research projects as equal partners. as it has evolved under the funding increases of the past Eventually, the responsibility for spending the funds is decade. Bearing in mind its structure, core functions and passed down to research teams and their international con- dynamic nature, we will propose a framework on how to sortia, which conduct research to generate new knowledge effectively support the system to increase its efficiency. in several generic areas: measuring a problem; understand- ing its cause(s); elaborating solutions; translating the solu- tions or evidence into policy, practice and products; and/ THE EVOLVING STRUCTURE OF THE or evaluating the effectiveness of solutions [10]. GLOBAL HEALTH RESEARCH SYSTEM The decision over the channel of dissemination of this knowl- Over the past two decades, the funding available for health edge is made by a new set of stakeholders (Figure 2), which research has increased rather dramatically from US$ 50 bil- may involve research committees of public institutions, jour- lion in 1993 to US$ 240 billion in 2009 [5], but this did nal editors, reviewers, donor representatives, company man- not happen in any planned or coordinated way. Those who agers or owners. The bulk of work will end up published by tried tracking this funding – such as the Global Forum for research journals, where editors and reviewers, and some- Health Research in its annual reports, G–FINDER, the In- times even private publishers, influence decisions on the stitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and other aca- shape and form of publication. The funders increasingly re- demics, provided rather different figures [5–9]. This dis- quire researchers to publish in open–access journals. Some crepancy is largely due to the difficulty in distinguishing of the findings do not get published because placing the research funding from broader development assistance for knowledge in the public domain would invalidate patent ap- health. There is also lack of consensus on whether the plications and subsequent financial profits. This new knowl- funding invested in high–income countries to study health edge can also be presented at conferences, published as a re- COMMISSION GLOBAL WHO, THE GLOBAL WORLD MORE THAN WORLD ON HEALTH WHO SETS UP FORUM FOR WORLD BANK, THE "CHNRI" FORUM FOR HEALTH 50 RESEARCH ECONOMIC RESEARCH COUNCIL ON "AD HOC HEALTH GFHR AND METHOD FOR HEALTH REPORT 2012 PRIORITY FORUM FOR DEVELOP- HEALTH COMMITTEE" RESEARCH COHRED SETTING RESEARCH DELAYED, SETTING (DAVOS, SWI): MENT: THE RESEARCH ON HEALTH (GFHR) REVIEW PRIORITIES IN DISCON- WHO's EXERCISES THE GRAND "10/90 GAP" AND DEVELOP- RESEARCH ESTABLISHED "ESSENTIAL HEALTH TINUED ITS DEPARTMENT BASED ON CHALLENGES AND MENT RELATED TO AND "BEST NATIONAL RESEARCH OPERATIONS, FOR RESEARCH THE "CHNRI" INITIATIVE "ESSENTIAL (COHRED) FUTURE INTER- BUYS" IN HEALTH DEVELOPED THE CEO POLICY AND METHOD SPONSORED NATIONAL ESTABLISHED VENTION HEALTH RESEARCH" IN AND RESIGNED, COOPERATION CONDUCTED BY THE BMGF HEALTH OPTIONS RESEARCH BANGKOK, PRESENTED STAFF DISCON- AND AND NIH RESEARCH" PROPOSED THAILAND DISMISSED TINUED PUBLISHED 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Figure 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetic Comparison of a Croatian Isolate and CEPH European Founders
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Genetic comparison of a Croatian isolate and CEPH European founders Citation for published version: Navarro, P, Vitart, V, Hayward, C, Tenesa, A, Zgaga, L, Juricic, D, Polasek, O, Hastie, ND, Rudan, I, Campbell, H, Wright, AF, Haley, CS & Knott, SA 2010, 'Genetic comparison of a Croatian isolate and CEPH European founders', Genetic Epidemiology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 140-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.20443 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1002/gepi.20443 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Genetic Epidemiology General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 Genetic Epidemiology 34 : 140–145 (2010) Genetic Comparison of a Croatian Isolate and CEPH European Founders Pau Navarro,1Ã Ve´ronique Vitart,1 Caroline Hayward,1 Albert Tenesa,2 Lina Zgaga,3 Danica Juricic,4 Ozren Polasek,3,5 Nicholas D. Hastie,1 Igor Rudan,5,6 Harry Campbell,5 Alan F.
    [Show full text]
  • Demonstrating Reduced Environmental and Genetic Diversity in Human Isolates by Analysis of Blood Lipid Levels
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Brief Report Demonstrating Reduced Environmental and Genetic Diversity in Human Isolates by Analysis of Blood Lipid Levels Ozren Polašek1,2, Ivana Kolčić1, Ankica Smoljanović3, Dražen Stojanović4, Matijana Grgić5, Barbara Ebling6, Maja Klarić6, Josip Milas6, Dinko Puntarić6 1Department of Medical Statistics, Aim To test the hypothesis that phenotypic diversity in isolated hu- Epidemiology, and Medical Informatics, man populations is decreased in comparison with general outbred Andrija Štampar School of Public Health, population because of reduced genetic and environmental diversity. Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; To demonstrate this in populations for which reduced genetic and 2Department of Public Health Sciences, environmental diversity had already been established, by studying the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK amount of variation in plasma lipid levels. 3 Institute of Public Health, Split, Croatia Methods Fasting plasma lipid levels (cholesterol, triglycerides, low 4Department of Epidemiology, Rijeka density lipoprotein [LDL], and high density lipoprotein [HDL]) were University School of Medicine, measured in randomly selected 300 inhabitants from 2 isolated hu- Rijeka, Croatia man populations, the island of Rab and the neighboring islands of Vis 5Institute of Public Health, and Lastovo, Croatia. The populations were chosen based on previous Zagreb, Croatia analyses of genetic diversity and lifestyle patterns, which were shown 6Department of Epidemiology, Osijek University School of Medicine, to be both less diverse and more uniform than the general Croatian Osijek, Croatia population. We studied whether the 25’-75’ and 5′-95’ interpercentile ranges in observed values were consistently smaller in 2 samples of 300 examinees from isolated populations in comparison with nearly 6000 examinees from an earlier study who were demographically targeted to > Correspondence to: represent the larger Croatian population.
    [Show full text]
  • Following Abstracts Were Not Provided I Onda Ih
    Impressum PUBLISHER: ISABS – International Society for Applied Biological Sciences CIRCULATION: 500 copies Zagreb, June 2011 Copyright 2011 Video and/or audio-taping of any session is not permitted without prior approval from the speakers and from the scientific committee of the 7th ISABS Conference in Forensic, Anthropologic and Medical Genetics and Mayo Clinic Lectures in Translational Medicine 7th ISABS Conference in Forensic, Anthropologic and Medical Genetics and Mayo Clinic Lectures in Translational Medicine 1 June 20-24, 2011, Bol, Island of Braþ, Croatia Conference floor layout Braè Executive bar Press center WC Hvar Šolta Korèula WC Entrance Bar Ela Vis Souvenir shop Reception Restaurant Wellness Bowling Tavern “Vallum” Night club 7th ISABS Conference in Forensic, Anthropologic and Medical Genetics and Mayo Clinic Lectures in Translational Medicine 2 June 20-24, 2011, Bol, Island of Braþ, Croatia Table of Contents Table of Contents Welcome note …………………………………………………. 4 Conference Organizer ……………………………………….. 5 ISABS Committees …………………………………………… 7 The Young Investigator Awards…….. ……………………... 10 Scientific Program Information …………………………….. 11 General Information ………………………………………….. 13 Speakers ……………………………………………………….. 15 Scientific Program ……………………………………………. 20 Abstracts – Oral Presentations ……………………………. 30 Invited Lectures ………………………………………………… 31 Technial Workshop………………………………………………87 Selected Lectures ……………………………………………… 91 YIA ……………………………………………………………….. 96 Abstracts – Poster Presentations …………………………. 101 Forensic Genetics ………………………………………………
    [Show full text]
  • Article Reference
    Article Target genes, variants, tissues and transcriptional pathways influencing human serum urate levels TIN, Adrienne, et al. Abstract Elevated serum urate levels cause gout and correlate with cardiometabolic diseases via poorly understood mechanisms. We performed a trans-ancestry genome-wide association study of serum urate in 457,690 individuals, identifying 183 loci (147 previously unknown) that improve the prediction of gout in an independent cohort of 334,880 individuals. Serum urate showed significant genetic correlations with many cardiometabolic traits, with genetic causality analyses supporting a substantial role for pleiotropy. Enrichment analysis, fine-mapping of urate-associated loci and colocalization with gene expression in 47 tissues implicated the kidney and liver as the main target organs and prioritized potentially causal genes and variants, including the transcriptional master regulators in the liver and kidney, HNF1A and HNF4A. Experimental validation showed that HNF4A transactivated the promoter of ABCG2, encoding a major urate transporter, in kidney cells, and that HNF4A p.Thr139Ile is a functional variant. Transcriptional coregulation within and across organs may be a general mechanism underlying the observed pleiotropy between [...] Reference TIN, Adrienne, et al. Target genes, variants, tissues and transcriptional pathways influencing human serum urate levels. Nature Genetics, 2019, vol. 51, no. 10, p. 1459-1474 DOI : 10.1038/s41588-019-0504-x PMID : 31578528 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:147158 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Nat Genet Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2020 April 02. Published in final edited form as: Nat Genet.
    [Show full text]
  • Where and Why Are 10 Million Children Dying Every Year?
    CHILD SURVIVAL I Child survival I Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Robert E Black, Saul S Morris, Jennifer Bryce More than 10 million children die each year, most from preventable causes and almost all in poor countries. Six countries account for 50% of worldwide deaths in children younger than 5 years, and 42 countries for 90%. The causes of death differ substantially from one country to another, highlighting the need to expand understanding of child health epidemiology at a country level rather than in geopolitical regions. Other key issues include the importance of undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with infectious diseases, the effects of multiple concurrent illnesses, and recognition that pneumonia and diarrhoea remain the diseases that are most often associated with child deaths. A better understanding of child health epidemiology could contribute to more effective approaches to saving children’s lives. Substantial reductions in child mortality occurred in low- commensurate with needs. The mortality reduction target income and middle-income countries in the late 20th was reached for only five of 55 countries with an under-5- century, but more than 10 million children younger than year mortality rate of 100 or more in 1990.4 5 years still die every year.1,2 In this article, the first in a In 2002, as part of the millennium development goals series of five, we consider reasons for these deaths and for health, nations pledged to ensure a two-thirds provide recommendations for how they can be prevented. reduction in child mortality by 2015, from the base year Rates of decline in worldwide child mortality peaked in 1990.5 In addition to setting such a goal, the global public about 1980.1 In 1990–2001, the number of child deaths health community must critically assess how it can be fell by 1·1% every year, compared with 2·5% per year accomplished.
    [Show full text]
  • Setting Health Research Priorities Using The
    Setting health research priorities using the CHNRI method: I. Involving funders VIEWPOINTS Igor Rudan1, Sachiyo Yoshida2, Kit Yee Chan1, Simon Cousens3, Devi Sridhar1, Rajiv Bahl2, Jose Martines2 1 Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2 Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 3 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK n 2007 and 2008, the World Health Organization's De- were published in respected international journals [3–7] partment for Child and Adolescent Health and Devel- – the WHO officers were left with an additional question: Iopment (later renamed as WHO MNCAH – Maternal, how “fundable” were the identified priorities, ie, how at- Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health) commissioned tractive were they to research funders? More specifically, five large exercises to define research priorities related to should another criterion be added to the CHNRI exercises, the five major causes of child deaths for the period up to which would evaluate the likelihood of obtaining funding the year 2015. The exercises were based on the CHNRI support for specific research questions? (Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative) method, To answer these questions, coordinators of the CHNRI ex- which was just being introduced at the time [1,2]. The se- ercises at the WHO agreed that it would be useful to invite lected causes were childhood pneumonia, diarrhoea, birth a number of representatives from large funding organiza- asphyxia, neonatal infections and preterm birth/low birth tions interested in child health research to take part in a weight [3–7].
    [Show full text]
  • Health Effects of Human Population Isolation and Admixture Editorial
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Editorial > Croat Med J. 2006;47:526-31 Health Effects of Human Population Isolation and Admixture Igor Rudan There are occasions when, either by choice or by as its island populations represent one of the best- circumstances, human beings are driven to tem- characterized isolate resources in Europe. The hu- porary or permanent isolation from other people. man population biology of the Croatian islands has Some of the examples are working in a lighthouse, been thoroughly studied for decades, mainly by the serving a prison sentence, or doing research in less Institute for Anthropological Research in Zagreb, populated areas. The same can happen to entire hu- while the consequences of island populations’ isola- man populations, although this may seem quite im- tion on health and disease have been studied more probable in an era which provides ever-increasing recently by several groups of researchers, main- means of communication and transport. Howev- ly from the Rijeka and Split University Schools of er, the gap between those who have access to these Medicine and the Andrija Štampar School of Pub- technological advancements and those who do not lic Health in Zagreb. is increasingly widening. The number of people liv- This theme issue of the Croatian Medical Jour- ing in isolated communities, and whose isolation nal will systematically address the findings on from other populations is constantly increasing, is health effects of population isolation and admix- largely underestimated. ture on Croatian islands, resulting from the re- Even in a highly economically developed part search undertaken within the past 4 years and of the world, such as contemporary Europe, there funded by the Croatian Ministry of Science, Edu- are still many populations that live in the isola- cation, and Sports.
    [Show full text]
  • Smartphone Versus Pen-And-Paper Data Collection of Infant Feeding Practices in Rural China
    JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH Zhang et al Original Paper Smartphone Versus Pen-and-Paper Data Collection of Infant Feeding Practices in Rural China Shuyi Zhang1, MSc; Qiong Wu1, B.Sci; Michelle HMMT van Velthoven2, MSc; Li Chen1, MSc; Josip Car2, MD, PhD; Igor Rudan3, MPH, MD, PhD, DSc; Yanfeng Zhang1, MSc; Ye Li1, B.Sci; Robert W Scherpbier4, MPH, MD 1Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China 2Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom 3Centre for Population Health Sciences and Global Health Academy, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 4Section of Health and Nutrition, Water, Environment and Sanitation, UNICEF China, Beijing, China Corresponding Author: Yanfeng Zhang, MSc Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development Capital Institute of Pediatrics No 2 Ya Bao Road Chaoyang District Beijing, 100020 China Phone: 86 10 8569 5554 Fax: 86 10 8562 2025 Email: [email protected] Abstract Background: Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (MNCH) household survey data are collected mainly with pen-and-paper. Smartphone data collection may have advantages over pen-and-paper, but little evidence exists on how they compare. Objective: To compare smartphone data collection versus the use of pen-and-paper for infant feeding practices of the MNCH household survey. We compared the two data collection methods for differences in data quality (data recording, data entry, open-ended answers, and interrater reliability), time consumption, costs, interviewers' perceptions, and problems encountered. Methods: We recruited mothers of infants aged 0 to 23 months in four village clinics in Zhaozhou Township, Zhao County, Hebei Province, China.
    [Show full text]
  • Keynote Speakers CV
    Professor Peter Piot KCMG MD PhD, is the Director of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and a Handa Professor of Global Health. He was the founding Executive Director of UNAIDS and Under Secretary-General of the United Nations (1995-2008). A clinician and microbiologist by training, he co- discovered the Ebola virus in Zaire in 1976, and subsequently led pioneering research on HIV/AIDS, women’s health, and infectious diseases, mostly in Africa. He has held academi c positions at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp; the University of Nairobi; the University of Washington, Seattle; Imperial College London, and the College de France, Paris. He was a Senior Fellow at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and past president of the International AIDS Society. Professor Piot is a member of the US National Academy of Medicine, the National Academy of Medicine of France, the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, and the Royal Academy of Medicine of his native Belgium, and is a fellow of the UK Academy of Medical Sciences and the Royal College of Physicians. Professor Piot is the Chair of HMG’s Strategic Coherence of ODA-funded Research (SCOR) Board, London; of the King Baudouin Foundation (KBF) USA, New York; and of the African Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa. He is Vice-Chair of the Global Health Innovation Technology Fund (GHIT), Tokyo, and member of the Board of the Novartis Foundation, Basel; the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), and Sentebale. He is a Special Advisor to the President of the European Commission on research and innovation for COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • What Works in Girls' Education: Evidence
    With a foreword by Foreword by MALALA YOUSAFZAI Winthrop s MALALA YOUSAFZAI p E Student, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, and Cofounder of the Malala Fund rlin What Works in Hard-headed evidence demonstrating that no nation or family G can afford not to invest in the education of girls Girls’ Education Gene Sperling, coauthor of the seminal 2004 work on this subject published by the Council What Works Works What on Foreign Relations, and Rebecca Winthrop, director of the Center for Universal Education at Brookings, have written the definitive book on the importance of girls’ education and what Evidence works to ensure that all girls get a quality education. As Malala Yousafzai expresses in her fore- word, the idea that any child could be denied an education due to poverty, custom, the law, or for the terrorist threats is just wrong and unimaginable. What Works in Girls’ Education provides ample evidence that high-quality girls’ education around the world leads to wide-ranging returns: World’s Best Better outcomes in economic areas of growth and incomes Investment Reduced rates of infant and maternal mortality Reduced rates of child marriage Reduced rates of the incidence of HIV/AIDS and malaria in Increased agricultural productivity Increased resilience to natural disasters Girls’ Women’s empowerment What Works in Girls’ Education is a compelling work for both concerned global citizens and every academic, expert, nongovernmental organization (NGO) staff member, policymaker, or journalist seeking to dive into the evidence and policies on girls’ education. Education GEnE spErlinG is the founder of the Center of Universal Education.
    [Show full text]
  • Delivering the Millennium Development Goals to Reduce
    Delivering the Millennium Development Goals To Reduce Maternal and Child Mortality A Systematic Review of Impact Evaluation Evidence Delivering the Millennium Development Goals To Reduce Maternal and Child Mortality A Systematic Review of Impact Evaluation Evidence Contents ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................................... VII PREFACE .............................................................................................................................................. IX OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................... XIII Objectives of the Review .......................................................................................................................................... xv Methodology and Scope ......................................................................................................................................... xvi 1. INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND AND APPROACH ...................................................................... 1 Global Trends in Maternal and Child Health ............................................................................................................. 1 Current Progress in Maternal Health ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CUBN Is a Gene Locus for Albuminuria
    Edinburgh Research Explorer CUBN is a gene locus for albuminuria Citation for published version: CKDGen Consortium, Böger, CA, Chen, M-H, Tin, A, Olden, M, Köttgen, A, de Boer, IH, Fuchsberger, C, O'Seaghdha, CM, Pattaro, C, Teumer, A, Liu, C-T, Glazer, NL, Li, M, O'Connell, JR, Tanaka, T, Peralta, CA, Kutalik, Z, Luan, J, Zhao, JH, Hwang, S-J, Akylbekova, E, Kramer, H, van der Harst, P, Smith, AV, Lohman, K, de Andrade, M, Hayward, C, Kollerits, B, Tönjes, A, Aspelund, T, Ingelsson, E, Eiriksdottir, G, Launer, LJ, Harris, TB, Shuldiner, AR, Mitchell, BD, Arking, DE, Franceschini, N, Boerwinkle, E, Egan, J, Hernandez, D, Reilly, M, Townsend, RR, Lumley, T, Siscovick, DS, Psaty, BM, Campbell, H, Vitart, V, Hastie, ND & Rudan, I 2011, 'CUBN is a gene locus for albuminuria', Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 555-70. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2010060598 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1681/ASN.2010060598 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology Publisher Rights Statement: Copyright © 2011 by the American Society of Nephrology. Europe PMC open access link General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation.
    [Show full text]