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Priscillian of Avila: Heretic Or Early Reformer? by Brian Wagner
Priscillian of Avila: Heretic or Early Reformer? by Brian Wagner Introduction The Lord Jesus Christ said, “For by your words you will be justified, and by your words you will be condemned” (Matthew 12:37).1 Though He was speaking of the last judgment, the principle of letting someone be judged, even in this life, by his own testimony is a sound one. The Bible also speaks of establishing one’s testimony in the mouth of two or three witnesses (1 Timothy 5:19), which is to be a safeguard against a false witness damaging someone’s reputation. History is a study of testimony. The primary source material written by an individual is often the best evidence by which to judge what that person believed and taught. Other contemporaries to that individual could also be used to evaluate whether he was presenting a consistent and coherent message at all times and whether his actions matched his words. As with all historical judgment of this kind, the testimony by friends or foes must be weighed with at least some suspicion of bias. Priscillian of Avila, from the fourth century, has been designated by most of history as a Christian heretic. This conclusion, made by many of his contemporary foes, led to his beheading by the civil authorities. After his death in A.D. 365, his writings were searched out for destruction, along with anyone promoting his teaching. Copies of some of his writings still survive. Very early ones, judged as possibly made within just a century of Priscillian’s martyrdom, were recovered at the University of Würzburg by Georg Schepss in 1885. -
Martin of Tours
Martin of Tours This article is about the French saint. For the Caribbean minority faith. island, see Saint Martin. For other uses, see Saint Martin As the son of a veteran officer, Martin at fifteen was re- (disambiguation). quired to join a cavalry ala. Around 334, he was sta- tioned at Ambianensium civitas or Samarobriva in Gaul Martin of Tours (Latin: Sanctus Martinus Turonensis; (now Amiens, France).[2] It is likely that he joined the 316 – 8 November 397) was Bishop of Tours, whose Equites catafractarii Ambianenses, a heavy cavalry unit shrine in France became a famous stopping-point for listed in the Notitia Dignitatum. His unit was mostly cer- pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. emonial and did not face much combat.[3] Around his name much legendary material accrued, and he has become one of the most familiar and recognis- able Christian saints. As he was born in what is now Szombathely, Hungary, spent much of his childhood in Pavia, Italy, and lived most of his adult life in France, he is considered a spiritual bridge across Europe.[1] His life was recorded by a contemporary, the hagiographer Sulpicius Severus. Some of the ac- counts of his travels may have been interpolated into his vita to validate early sites of his cult. He is best known for the account of his using his military sword to cut his cloak in two, to give half to a beggar clad only in rags in the depth of winter. Conscripted as a soldier into the Roman army, he found the duty incompatible with the Christian faith he had adopted and became an early conscientious objector. -
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE ALBERTO FERREIRO (October 2009) Address: Seattle Pacific University Department of History Seattle, WA 98119-1997 [email protected] (e-mail) 1-206-281-2939 (phone) 1-206-281-2771 (fax) Birthdate: 19 April, 1952, Mexico City, D.F. Education: Ph.D. 1986 University of California-Santa Barbara M. A. 1979 University of Texas-Arlington B. A. 1977 University of Texas-Arlington Languages: Fluent Spanish. Reading ability in Italian, French, Portuguese, German, Catalán, and Latin. Research Interests: Late Antique Gaul; Visigothic-Sueve Iberia; Medieval Monasticism; Christian Apocrypha; Cult of St. James; Priscillianism; and Early Christian-Medieval Heresy. Teaching Fields: Seattle Pacific University (Full Professor) At SPU since Autumn 1986 Fuller Theological Seminary , Seattle (Adjunct) 1991-1998 University of Sacramento, (Adjunct) 2006- University of Salamanca, (Visiting Professor/Lecturer) 2007- History of Christianity (Apostolic to Modern) Late Antiquity/Medieval History Medieval Monasticism - Spirituality Renaissance/Reformation Iberian Peninsula European Intellectual History 1 Publications: Books: Later Priscillianist Writings. Critical edition with historical commentary. Marco Conti and Alberto Ferreiro. Oxford University Press. (in preparation) The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia (Update): A Supplemental Bibliography, 2007-2009. Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World. Alberto Ferreiro. E. J. Brill. (in preparation) 2008 The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia (Update): A Supplemental Bibliography, 2004-2006. Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World, 35. Alberto Ferreiro. E. J. Brill, 2008. xxviii + 308 p. 2006 The Visigoths in Gaul and Iberia: (A Supplemental Bibliography, 1984- 2003). [Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World, 28]. Alberto Ferreiro. E. J. Brill: 2006. liv + 890 p. 2005 Simon Magus in Patristic, Medieval, and Early Modern Traditions. -
Vigiliae Christianae
Vigiliae Christianae The Origin of Zealous Intolerance: Paulus Orosius and Violent Religious Conflict in the Early Fifth Century --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: Full Title: The Origin of Zealous Intolerance: Paulus Orosius and Violent Religious Conflict in the Early Fifth Century Short Title: Article Type: Full Length Article Corresponding Author: Victoria Leonard, PhD Cardiff University Cardiff, UNITED KINGDOM First Author: Victoria Leonard, PhD Order of Authors: Victoria Leonard, PhD Abstract: This article explores the origins of religious intolerance in two episodes from the early fifth century AD: the forcible conversion of 540 Jews in Minorca by Bishop Severus, and the failed attempt by the monk Fronto to uncover heterodox belief in Tarragona, north-east Hispania. This article argues that, with the newly-discovered relics of St Stephen, Paulus Orosius brought a peculiarly vehement and absolute intolerance of non-orthodox Christianity to Minorca. Intolerance was facilitated and communicated through a trans-Mediterranean network of Christians connected through letter-writing and the exchange of visitors, of which Orosius was a particularly mobile and dynamic participant. In contrast to previous criticism, this article identifies Orosius as a point of intersection within the controversies, and, in the dissemination of his ideology of intolerance, as a catalyst for conflict. Keywords: Orosius; Jews; letters; St Stephen; heterodoxy; Severus of Minorca; networks; Consentius Funding Information: Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Title Page The Origin of Zealous Intolerance: Paulus Orosius and Violent Religious Conflict in the Early Fifth Century Victoria Leonard Cardiff University [email protected] Abstract This article explores the origins of religious intolerance in two episodes from the early fifth century AD: the forcible conversion of 540 Jews in Minorca by Bishop Severus, and the failed attempt by the monk Fronto to uncover heterodox belief in Tarragona, north-east Hispania. -
Abbots Between Community and Empire. the Cases of Martin of Tours and Benedict of Aniane Rutger Kramer, Veronika Wieser
You Only Die Twice? Abbots between Community and Empire. The Cases of Martin of Tours and Benedict of Aniane Rutger Kramer, Veronika Wieser UDC: 929:27-36(37)"05/09" R. Kramer 27-788(37) V. Wieser Original scientific paper Institut für Mittelalterforschung, ÖAW Manuscript received: 01. 03. 2017. Hollandstrasse 11-13, A-1020 Wien, Austria Revised manuscript accepted: 04. 03. 2017. [email protected] DOI: 10.1484/J.HAM.5.113745 [email protected] is article1 compares the deaths of two abbots as told by contemporary observers, and shows how the relationship between these saints and their ascetic communities on the one hand and secular imperial authorities on the other hand would be consolidated in the way people were shown to react to their demise. First, the life and death Saint Martin of Tours (c. 316-397) are analysed through the Vita Martini and the letters by Sulpicius Severus. Against the backdrop of a strenuous relation between Roman imperial interests and a burgeoning Christendom, the author uses Martin’s post-mortem reputation to appropriate the authority of his erstwhile rival, the emperor Maximus. In doing so, an attempt is made to resolve the conundrum of how to be Christian under Roman authority. en, two dierent descriptions of the death of Benedict of Aniane (c. 750-821) are presented, one by his hagiographer Ardo, the other a supposed eye-witness account by the monks of Inda. By contrasting these two accounts, it will be shown how dierent observers dealt with the tensions between personal salvation, imperial reform eorts and monastic idealism that emerged when secular and religious authority converged in the Carolingian era. -
The Fathers of the Church ; V
THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH A NEW TRANSLATION VOLUME 99 THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH A NEW TRANSLATION EDITORIAL BOARD Thomas P. Halton The Catholic University of America Editorial Director Elizabeth Clark Robert D. Sider Duke University Dickinson College Joseph T. Lienhard, S.J. Michael Slusser Fordham University Duquesne University Frank A.C. Mantello Cynthia White The Catholic University of America The University of Arizona Kathleen McVey Robin Darling Young Princeton Theological Seminary The Catholic University of America David J. McGonagle Director The Catholic University of America Press FORMER EDITORIAL DIRECTORS Ludwig Schopp, Roy J. Deferrari, Bernard M. Peebles, Hermigild Dressler, O.F.M. Cornelia Horn Staff Editor IBERIAN FATHERS volume 3 PACIAN OF BARCELONA OROSIUS OF BRAGA Translated by CRAIG L. HANSON Muskingum College New Concord, Ohio THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © 1999 THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standards for Information Science— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48–1984. ∞ library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Iberian fathers : Pacian of Barcelona and Orosius of Braga : [writings] / translated by Craig L. Hanson. p. cm. — (The fathers of the church ; v. 99) Includes bibliographical references and Indexes. ISBN 0-8132- 0099-7 (alk. paper) 1. Theology—Early works to 1800. 2. Apologetics—Early -
Sulpicius Severus and Martin of Tours: Defending a Mentor, Securing a Saint Matthew Yar N Reed Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2009 Sulpicius Severus and Martin of Tours: defending a mentor, securing a saint Matthew yaR n Reed Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Reed, Matthew Ryan, "Sulpicius Severus and Martin of Tours: defending a mentor, securing a saint" (2009). LSU Master's Theses. 3232. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3232 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SULPICIUS SEVERUS AND MARTIN OF TOURS: DEFENDING A MENTOR, SECURING A SAINT A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of History by Matthew R. Reed B.A., University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2006 May, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1. NOW FOR THE DEFENSE: SULPICIUS SEVERUS ......................................................1 2. A SOLDIER AND SIMPLETON ......................................................................................16 -
Justifying Religious Freedom: the Western Tradition
Justifying Religious Freedom: The Western Tradition E. Gregory Wallace* Table of Contents I. THESIS: REDISCOVERING THE RELIGIOUS JUSTIFICATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.......................................................... 488 II. THE ORIGINS OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN EARLY CHRISTIAN THOUGHT ................................................................................... 495 A. Early Christian Views on Religious Toleration and Freedom.............................................................................. 495 1. Early Christian Teaching on Church and State............. 496 2. Persecution in the Early Roman Empire....................... 499 3. Tertullian’s Call for Religious Freedom ....................... 502 B. Christianity and Religious Freedom in the Constantinian Empire ................................................................................ 504 C. The Rise of Intolerance in Christendom ............................. 510 1. The Beginnings of Christian Intolerance ...................... 510 2. The Causes of Christian Intolerance ............................. 512 D. Opposition to State Persecution in Early Christendom...... 516 E. Augustine’s Theory of Persecution..................................... 518 F. Church-State Boundaries in Early Christendom................ 526 G. Emerging Principles of Religious Freedom........................ 528 III. THE PRESERVATION OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN MEDIEVAL AND REFORMATION EUROPE...................................................... 530 A. Persecution and Opposition in the Medieval -
Imperial Authority and the Providence of Monotheism in Orosius's Historiae Adversus Paganos
Imperial Authority and the Providence of Monotheism in Orosius’s Historiae adversus paganos Victoria Leonard B.A. (Cardiff); M.A. (Cardiff) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy School of History, Archaeology, and Religion Cardiff University August 2014 ii Declaration This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ………………………………… (candidate) Date ……………………… STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed ………………………………… (candidate) Date ……………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed ………………………………… (candidate) Date ……………………… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ………………………………… (candidate) Date………………………… STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed ………………………………… (candidate) Date………………………… iii Cover Illustration An image of an initial 'P' with a man, thought to be Orosius, holding a book. Acanthus leaves extend into the margins. On the same original manuscript page (f. 7) there is an image of a roundel enclosing arms in the lower margin. -
Addressing Conflict in the Fifth Century: Rome and the Wider Church
_full_journalsubtitle: Journal of Patrology and Critical Hagiography _full_abbrevjournaltitle: SCRI _full_ppubnumber: ISSN 1817-7530 (print version) _full_epubnumber: ISSN 1817-7565 (online version) _full_issue: 1 _full_issuetitle: 0 _full_alt_author_running_head (change var. to _alt_author_rh): 0 _full_alt_articletitle_running_head (change var. to _alt_arttitle_rh): Addressing Conflict in the Fifth Century _full_alt_articletitle_toc: 0 _full_is_advance_article: 0 92 Scrinium 14 (2018) 92-114 Neil www.brill.com/scri Addressing Conflict in the Fifth Century: Rome and the Wider Church Bronwen Neil Macquarie University and University of South Africa [email protected] Abstract In seeking to trace the escalation, avoidance or resolution of conflicts, contemporary social conflict theorists look for incompatible goals, differentials in power, access to social resources, the exercise of control, the expression of dissent, and the strategies employed in responding to disagreements. It is argued here that these concepts are just as applicable to the analysis of historical doctrinal conflicts in Late Antiquity as they are to understanding modern conflicts. In the following, I apply social conflict theory to three conflicts involving the late antique papacy to see what new insights it can proffer. The first is Zosimus's involvement in the dispute over the hierarchy of Gallic bishops at the beginning of the fifth century. The second and longest case-study is Leo I's interven- tion in the Chalcedonian conflict over the natures of Christ. The final brief study is the disputed election of Symmachus at the end of the fifth century. Keywords Christology – Council of Chalcedon – Late antique papacy – Leo I, pope – papal letters – social conflict theory – Symmachus, pope – Zosimus, pope The term “conflict” is usually read as a negative, especially when used in the same phrase as “religious”. -
Historiography Early Church History
HISTORIOGRAPHY AND EARLY CHURCH HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS Historiography Or Preliminary Issues......................................................... 4 Texts ..................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................. 5 Definition.............................................................................................................. 5 Necessity............................................................................................................... 5 What Is Church History?............................................................................. 6 What Is The Biblical Philosophy Of History? ............................................ 7 The Doctrine Of God............................................................................................ 7 The Doctrine Of Creation..................................................................................... 8 The Doctrine Of Predestination............................................................................ 8 Why Study Church History? ....................................................................... 9 The Faithfulness Of God .................................................................................... 10 Truth And Experience ........................................................................................ 10 Truth And Tradition .......................................................................................... -
INQUISITION.Pdf
INQUISITION: INTRODUCTION by David Burr When medieval people used the word "inquisition," they were referring to a judicial technique, not an organization. There was , in fact, no such thing as "the Inquisition" in the sense of an impersonal organization with a chain of command. Instead there were "inquisitors of heretical depravity," individuals assigned by the pope to inquire into heresy in specific areas. They were called such because they applied a judicial technique known as inquisitio, which could be translated as "inquiry" or "inquest." In this process, which was already widely used by secular rulers (Henry II used it extensively in England in the twelfth century), an official inquirer called for information on a specific subject from anyone who felt he or she had something to offer. This information was treated as confidential. The inquirer, aided by competent consultants, then weighed the evidence and determined whether there was reason for action. This procedure stood in stark contrast to the Roman law practice normally used in ecclesiastical courts, in which, unless the judge could proceed on clear, personal knowledge that the defendant was guilty, judicial process had to be based on an accusation by a third party who was punishable if the accusation was not proved, and in which the defendant could confront witnesses. By the end of the thirteenth century most areas of continental Europe had been assigned inquisitors. The overwhelming majority were Franciscans or Dominicans, since members of these two orders were seen as pious, educated and highly mobile. Inquisitors worked in cooperation with the local bishops. Sentence was often passed in the name of both .