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Sustainable Mountain Tourism – Opportunities for Local Communities

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Sustainable Mountain Tourism – Opportunities for Local Communities ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420261 - Friday, July 12, 2019 7:34:01 AM IP Address:213.147.110.26 Sustainable Mountain Tourism Opportunities for Local Communities ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420261 - Friday, July 12, 2019 7:34:01 AM IP Address:213.147.110.26 Sustainable Mountain Tourism Opportunities for Local Communities ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420261 - Friday, July 12, 2019 7:34:01 AM IP Address:213.147.110.26 Copyright © 2018, World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) Copyright cover photo: © Olegmit | Dreamstime.com Sustainable Mountain Tourism – Opportunities for Local Communities ISBN (printed version): 978-92-844-2025-4 ISBN (electronic version): 978-92-844-2026-1 DOI: 10.18111/9789284420261 Published by the World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ), Madrid, Spain. First printing: 2018 All rights reserved. World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) Tel. : ( +34 ) 915 67 81 00 Calle del Poeta Joan Maragall, 42 Fax : ( +34 ) 915 71 37 33 28020 Madrid Website : www.unwto.org Spain E-mail : info @ unwto.org The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinions whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Tourism Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Citation : World Tourism Organization ( 2018 ), Sustainable Mountain Tourism – Opportunities for Local Communities, UNWTO, Madrid, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420261. All UNWTO publications are protected by copyright. Therefore, and unless otherwise specified, no part of a UNWTO publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm, scanning, without prior permission in writing. UNWTO encourages dissemination of its work and is pleased to consider permissions, licensing, and translation requests related to UNWTO publications. ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420261 - Friday, July 12, 2019 7:34:01 AM IP Address:213.147.110.26 Permission to photocopy UNWTO material in Spain must be obtained through : CEDRO, Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos Tel. : ( +34 ) 913 08 63 30 Calle Alcalá, 26, 3º Fax : ( +34 ) 913 08 63 27 28014 Madrid Website : www.cedro.org Spain E-mail : cedro @ cedro.org For authorization of the reproduction of UNWTO works outside of Spain, please contact one of CEDRO’s partner organizations, with which bilateral agreements are in place ( see : www.cedro.org/en ) . For all remaining countries as well as for other permissions, requests should be addressed directly to the World Tourism Organization. For applications see : http://publications.unwto.org/content/rights-permissions. Table of contents Acknowledgments 7 Foreword 9 Executive summary 11 Chapter 1 The characteristics of mountain tourism 17 1.1 Perceptions of mountain tourism 17 1.2 Links between mountain ecosystems and tourism 17 1.3 Mountain tourism’s potential 18 Chapter 2 The long specialization process of mountain tourism 21 2.1 The discovery of mountains as a destination 21 2.2 The popularization of mountain tourism 22 2.3 The industrialization of mountain tourism 25 2.4 The need for favourable framework conditions 26 2.5 Introduction to the cases 28 2.6 The case of Courchevel, Savoy, France 28 2.6.1 History of Courchevel’s development 28 2.6.2 Geographic situation 29 2.6.3 The skiing area of the Three Valleys 31 2.6.4 The hospitality sector 31 2.6.5 Alpine wellness, leisure sports, shopping and events 32 2.6.6 Public-private partnership as success factor 32 2.7 The potential of ski resorts in Europe and Asia: benchmarking new ski resorts against ski resorts in the Alps 33 ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420261 - Friday, July 12, 2019 7:34:01 AM IP Address:213.147.110.26 2.7.1 The basic success factors of ski resorts 33 2.7.2 The international benchmark 34 2.7.3 Central and Eastern European and Central Asian ski resorts 35 2.7.4 Analysis of the tables 37 2.7.5 Conclusions 38 Chapter 3 The nature of the mountain tourism market 41 3.1 The dual nature of mountain tourism 41 3.2 The local aspects of mountain tourism 42 3.3 Structural risks 50 3.4 China and the Republic of Korea: the new destinations 51 3.5 The Chinese market 52 3.5.1 Overview 52 3.5.2 Development factors impacting the Chinese market 54 3.5.3 Jundushan Ski Resort, Beijing 54 3.5.4 Yabuli Sun Mountain Resort, Heilongjiang Province 55 3.5.5 The Wanda Changbaishan Resort, Jilin Province 55 3.5.6 Conclusions for China 56 3.6 The case of Yongpyong All-seasons Resort, Republic of Korea 56 3.6.1 Basic conditions 56 3.6.2 The importance of the domestic ski and mountain tourism market 57 3.6.3 The business model of Yongpyong All-seasons Resort 58 Chapter 4 The dynamics of structural change in mountain tourism 61 4.1 The maturity of mountain tourism in the main markets 61 4.2 The new market conditions 65 4.3 Changing supply structures and new visitors’ behaviour in traditional mountain countries 66 4.4 New trends creating mountain tourism potential 68 4.5 Introduction to the cases 70 4.6 The rejuvenation of mountain resorts of countries in transition, Tatry Mountain Resorts Company TMR 71 4.6.1 The basic conditions 71 4.6.2 A growth-oriented business strategy 72 4.6.3 The performance drivers 73 4.6.4 Conclusions 74 4.7 The comeback of snow tourism in Japan: the case of Niseko 74 4.7.1 The basic conditions 74 4.7.2 Niseko’s changing ski market 75 4.7.3 Adapting to the needs of the international ski market 77 ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420261 - Friday, July 12, 2019 7:34:01 AM IP Address:213.147.110.26 4.7.4 Conclusions 78 Chapter 5 Positioning and branding 79 5.1 Positioning and branding 79 5.2 Capitalizing on information technology 81 5.3 Repositioning summer and winter mountain tourism 83 5.4 Lessons learnt 84 5.5 Case studies 84 5.6 Beyond the stereotypes: the case of Ischgl, Tyrol, Austria 85 5.6.1 Basic conditions 85 5.6.2 Positioning and branding 86 5.6.3 Après-ski, nightlife and events 87 5.6.4 Conclusions 88 5.7 The case of Allgäu, Bavaria, Germany 88 5.7.1 Basic facts 88 5.7.2 Positioning and branding 89 5.7.3 Conclusions 90 Chapter 6 Key success factors of mountain resorts 91 6.1 The characteristics of destinations 91 6.2 Different types of mountain resorts 93 6.3 Planning principles for the building of mountain resort capacities 96 6.4 Introduction to the cases 99 6.5 The success of small and medium-sized mountain resorts in Austria 99 6.5.1 Strategies of small and medium-sized mountain resorts 101 6.5.2 Success stories: small and medium-sized mountain resorts in Austria 103 6.5.3 Conclusions 105 6.6 The case of Flaine, Upper Savoy, France: Revitalizing mountain summer tourism 105 6.6.1 Uniqueness through contemporaneous architecture 105 6.6.2 Flaine’s summer season strategy 106 6.6.3 Conclusions 108 Chapter 7 Sustainable development in mountain tourism 109 7.1 The challenge of sustainable development 109 ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420261 - Friday, July 12, 2019 7:34:01 AM IP Address:213.147.110.26 7.2 The ecological problem 111 7.3 Global and local ecological problems of mountain tourism 112 7.4 The management of tourism-related mountain resources 114 7.5 Introduction to the cases 118 7.6 The case of Cervinia-Valtournenche-Valley of Aosta, Italy 119 7.6.1 Basic conditions 119 7.6.2 Optimising transport facilities 120 7.6.3 Optimization of slope layout and snow production 120 7.6.4 Energy production and recycling 121 7.7 The case of Andermatt, San Gottardo, Switzerland 122 7.7.1 The impact of climate change on the Alps’ cryosphere 122 7.7.2 The problem of snow cover and mechanical snowmaking 123 7.7.3 Glacier retreat and accessibility problems 124 7.7.4 Permafrost warming and potential problems for high mountain infrastructures 124 7.7.5 Rejuvenating the resort despite ecological challenges 125 Chapter 8 The institutional framework of mountain tourism development 127 8.1 Entrepreneurship and local initiative as scarce resources 127 8.2 The level and process of development 128 8.3 The mountain tourism development models 129 8.4 The externalities of mountain tourism growth 130 8.5 The role of public administration in the field of mountain tourism 131 8.6 Introduction to the cases 133 8.7 The case of Valsassina, Lombardy, Italy 134 8.7.1 The framework conditions and weak points of smaller ski resorts in Lombardy 134 8.7.2 Leveraging market proximity: the case of Valsassina 136 8.7.3 Conclusion 138 8.8 The case of Whistler, British Columbia, Canada 138 8.8.1 General framework conditions 138 8.8.2 History of Whistler’s development 139 8.8.3 The Whistler tourism system 140 8.8.4 Adapting governance for resort sustainability 142 8.8.5 Conclusion 143 List of figures and tables 145 References and bibliography 147 ${protocol}://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420261 - Friday, July 12, 2019 7:34:01 AM IP Address:213.147.110.26 T 7 Acknowledgments This report was written for the Word Tourism Organization (UNWTO) by Professor Dr.
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