戶外運動遊憩 Outdoor Sports Recreation

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戶外運動遊憩 Outdoor Sports Recreation 戶外運動遊憩 Outdoor Sports Recreation Outdoor Sports Recreation Prefact Outdoor sports recreation refers to the experience of travel to engage in or view sport-related activities. The tourism industry has started to recognize the significance of sport tourism, it is important to develop a profound understanding of the benefits and impacts of outdoor sports recreation. Because of the wide range in technological innovations, the opening of travel and appeal of sport has greatly increased, thus leading to the rapid expansion of outdoor sports recreation. The diversity media popularized sport recreation in particular. Lastly, the innovations in sport equipment production have also contributed to the development and the popularizing of sport. More specifically, increased access, expanded availability, and ease of participation have contributed to the increased rise in popularity of sport recreation. This book will explore forms of active participation in outdoor sports recreation. Outdoor sports recreation is active, dynamic,mainly refers to outdoor recreation as a leisure, as a kind of enjoyment of life. These participatory events can take on a wide variety of forms in a wide variety of circumstance, Which covering hiking, mountaineering, kayaking, camping, fishing, snowboarding, skateboarding, biking, parading, windsurfing, and etc, about 60 terms, and covering mountains, forests, snow, waters, and sky circumstance. What is sport recreation? Why has it become popular.? How those sport tourism items could be playing? Also how about its venues or condition requirement? What are the environment impacts of different sport tourism?. What are the characteristics of sport tourists?. How sport tourism resources could be planning? Also how about its managemen? You can find the answers of these questions in the book, with case study. This book is helpful for sports tourism government administration, tourism investors, outdoor recreation planner, sports enthusiasts. -Author Dr. Xu, Feifei and Dr. Lin, Yeuzhuang 前 言 戶外運動旅遊 Outdoor Sports Recreation 這本書是生活休閒活動的推廣,戶外運動遊憩就是走入多自然或半 目 錄 Contents 自然的環境中從事的非生產活動。即使是釣魚,收穫的經濟價值遠不能與 一、戶外運動旅遊概說 Introduction 所獲取的快樂相比。Outoor Sports Recreation,不僅限於觀賞品嘗的互 動式旅遊項目,動起來的樂趣是其中的核心,而且是非體育場館的項目,強 1.1 戶外運動旅遊特性 Meaning 調環境體驗與互動,強調自己玩,追求自我的表現與同好的肯定。從菜鳥初 1.2 戶外運動旅遊分類 Classification 學,逐漸收集資訊、添加配備、提升技能,也就是遊憩活動專業化的過程。 1.3 新興極限運動潮流 Extreme sport 1.4 戶外運動旅遊資源 Resources 隨著經濟的發展,所得的提高,民眾的觀光旅遊的潮流也歷經幾 1.5 戶外運動旅遊發展策略 Development Strategy 個階段:第一階段「到此一遊」,到各處景點觀看風景,拍照留念,買個紀 念品;第二階段「休閒體驗」,民宿農場、花果餐點品嘗;第三階段「運動遊 二、陸域運動旅遊項目 LANDS 樂,深 入 自 然 」,高 山、森 林、 海 礁、沙 灘、露 營、划 船、滑 雪、釣 魚、自 行 2.1 越野健行 Hiking 車...。戶外運動遊憩成為國民休閒生活的一部分,也是健康社會的基礎。 2.2 原野定向 Orienteering 2.3 馬拉松.路跑 Marathon. Jogging 編著者從事景觀、旅遊教學與環境規劃工作,工作中接觸到許多 2.4 登山 Mountaineering 觀光旅遊規劃、森林與河川遊憩資源利用、戶外運動場域規劃、遊艇港、 2.5 攀岩 Rock Climbing 風景區等工作專案,發現這許多有趣的自然環境遊玩專案,卻因興趣項目 2.6 溪降.溯溪 Canyoning 愛好者分散,鮮少受到關注,譬如飛行傘安全性高、裝備費用不高、入門 2.7 森林拓展 Forest Adventure 學習容易、環境資源豐富、發展潛力很大,但是卻因法規、管理、場地配套 2.8 高空滑索 Zipe-line 規劃未能及時配套,仍然局限於很小眾的市場。譬如許多水庫埤塘,為了 2.9 露營 Camping 保護水資源與生態,不能開放動力船艇活動,但是風帆板、SUP立槳板,能 2.10 釣魚 Fishing 在靜水環境中無污染、低影響的使用。如果這些環境資源能夠利用,能帶 2.11 自行車 Biking 動多龐大的觀光旅遊與社會經濟效益。因此著手收集資料,整編本書,提 2.12 騎馬 Riding 供給運動、旅遊、規劃、環境等相關業者參考。知識之海無窮,編作者的 2.13 滑草 Grass Skiing 能力有限,本書中疏漏、錯誤可能很多,如有指教,都非常感激,歡迎來函 2.14 滑雪 Skiing .Snowboarding [email protected] 林雨莊荘 2.15 滑輪鞋 Roller skating 2.16 滑板 Skateboarding 2.17 滑冰 Ice Skating 2.18 射箭 Archery 林 雨 莊,淡 江 大 學 建 築 系 學 士、美 國 科 羅 拉多 2.19 射擊 Shooting 大學建築暨城鄉規劃碩士、南京大學自然地 2.20 漆彈 Paintball Gun 理學博士,服務於台灣永續環境工程顧問公 司-w w w.epa.com .tw,從事(並且愛好)建築、 2.21 高空彈跳 Bungee Jumping 旅 遊、景 觀、生 態、環 境 等 領 域 教 學及實 務 規 2.22 高爾夫球 Golf 劃 工作三十 年。 2.23 卡丁車 Karting 2.24 其他 Others 三、水域運動遊憩項目 WATERS RECREATION SPORTS 3.5 浮潛 Snorkeling 運動遊憩概說 3.6 水肺潛水 SCUPA 3.1 衝浪板 Surfing 3.2 風帆板 Windsurfing 3.3 風箏板 Kiteboarding 1.1 運動遊憩的特性 3.4 拖曳滑水Wakeboarding 3.7 皮划艇 Kayaking 1.2 運動遊憩的分類 3.8 獨木舟 Canoeing 1 3.9 立槳板 SUP 1.3 新興極限運動潮流 3.10 橡皮筏 Rafting 3.11 賽艇.划船 Rowing 1.4 運動遊憩資源 3.12 風帆船 Sailing 1.5 運動遊憩的發展策略 3.13 水上摩托艇 Jet-Ski 3.14 其他 Others 四、空域運動遊憩項目 4.3 熱氣球 Hot Air Balloon 4.1 飛行傘 Paragliding 4.2 滑翔三角翼 Hang Glider 4.4 降落傘 Parachute 4.5 拖曳傘 Parasailing 4.6 其他 Others 五、戶外運動遊憩規劃 5.1 遊憩資源調查 Survey 5.2 分析與評估 Analysis 5.3 遊憩區規劃 Planning 5.4 減輕環境影響 Environment 5.5 經營管理 Management 5.6 參考案例 Case Study 1-07 戶外運動遊憩概說 船、滑 水 衝 浪、溜 冰 滑 雪、漂 浮 飛 翔、水 濱 樹 林 露 營、溪 流海岸釣魚、觀賞鳥蝶生態、農場騎乘動物等等,這些 1.1 運動遊憩的特性 都是比景點觀光更寬廣的領域。光是觀看高山峽谷還 Ch.1 不過癮,如果能利用氣流,順勢滑翔、熱氣球俯瞰、高 空彈跳,享受大自然環境的美好,也鍛煉自己的健康、 一、旅 遊 體 驗 的 提 升 技能,滿足自我潛能的成長與挑戰。當然多瞭解國際正 過去很長的時間裡我們把「觀光旅遊(Tourism)」等同 式比賽的規則,有助於發展體育,也學習到更正確的 于遊客「景點觀光(Sightseeing)」,然後社會經濟進一步 運 動 內 涵。 發展了,經濟所得與工作外空閒的時間增加了,到此一 本書將探討風景資源中,如何規劃戶外運動遊 遊的視覺體驗已不再能滿足人們的需求。因此旅遊延 憩場域。如何發展對環境產生最少的負面影響,並且 伸到「休閒度假(Leisure)」的概念,到美麗的風景區、溫 在安全、舒適、可持續的前提下發展戶外運動遊憩。戶 泉區、森林、海灘去放鬆身心,更多的感官與心靈感知 外運動遊憩,它的核心價值不在於輸贏,不在收穫物的 都要體驗。住在環境優雅安靜、生活步驟緩慢的地方, 價值,更在於遊憩與環境的良性互動。賞鳥、釣魚的人 小住數日,閒逛靜思,品嘗美食、泡湯喝茶、體驗風土人 必然關心保護自然,登山健行的人更在乎環境景觀能 情。熱門景點的知名度不是那麼重要,只要是開闊的空 保持原貌,免得後續的人沒得玩,更符合生態旅遊的目 間,愉悅的氣候環境,都是休閒度假的資源,重要的是 標。 心情 感 受。 戶外運動遊憩的本質就是遊玩,生活環境中有 傳統定義的景點觀光趨近到有吸引力的景點,景物 山 玩 山,有 水 玩 水,有 草 地 玩 滑 草、騎 馬 射 箭,有 冰 雪 不動,遊客定點觀賞或聽取解說。這些有吸引力的熱門 玩溜冰、玩滑雪,有沙地玩滑沙、沙雕、沙灘車。無處不 「景 點」,當 然 不 包 含 大 面 積 的 高 山、森 林、溪 流、農 田、 可遊玩。因為現在的資訊與交通更為便利,拉近了不 海岸。台灣經濟條件進入高所得階段,國民觀光旅遊也 同 族 群 生 活 圈 的 距 離,也 促 成 同 好 的 小 眾 團 體。喜 好 登 改變為新的型態,農場與民宿體驗小住,蔚為風潮;自 山 的、喜 好 釣 魚 的、喜 好 熱 氣 球 的、喜 好滑 水 的、…,都 行 車、釣 魚、登 山、越 野、衝 浪 等 動 態 活 動更 為 普及,戶 使戶外戶外運動遊憩提升更高的質與量。 外運動遊憩成為普遍關注的焦點。 「戶外運動遊憩(Outdoor Sports Recreation)」更關注 二、運 動 遊 憩 的 快 樂 於人與風景的互動,特指非固定場地形的項目。譬如背 根據科學研究,運動15至30分鐘之後,可以釋放 包步行或騎自行車穿越田野與丘陵,攀登山嶽、水域划 出腦內嗎啡(endorphin),或稱安多酚。會開始製造大量 『愉快感覺』的神經麻醉劑。腦內嗎啡屬於一種人體 1-08 1-09 1 戶外運動遊憩 內自行生成的類嗎啡生物化學合成物。它是由脊椎動物的腦下垂體和丘 三、遊憩專業化與社群化 腦下部所分泌的氨基化合物(肽)。它能與嗎啡受體結合,產生跟嗎啡、鴉片 遊憩專業化是遊憩活動熟習某個特定遊憩項目的過程,由淺入深,隨著 劑一樣的止痛和愉快感,等同天然的鎮痛劑。 時間逐漸累積資訊與技能,對該項活動逐漸成長成強烈的參與感與愉悅 運動就是遊戲娛樂,運動可以獲取快樂,可以調節煩躁情緒,可以 感(參考Little 1976)。遊憩社群化指同樣興趣的運動遊憩者,長期交流特定 促進健康,因此人類趨之若鶩。遊憩活動也有同樣的效果,因此兩者結 運動項目的資訊與經驗,組合成的同好社群,以網路通訊、電話為連繫工 合,創造更大的發展空間。現代的人類已經不需要藉由運動狩捕動物、抵 具。 抗外敵,但是現代人類的生活中,仍然需要運動伸展體能,獲取快樂。因此 不同的運動遊憩項目有不同的環境體驗偏好,初學者僅嘗試與自然環境 運動仍然是人類生活的重心之一,也一直是經濟活動的重要專案。 互動的體驗,然後請教同好先進,不斷的累積知識,改進戶外運動遊憩技 傳統的運動產業依附在體育科學專業,以訓練比賽選手,發展個 能,並且改善戶外運動遊憩裝備,與同好團體建立社群關係,交流更專業 人潛能為主要導向。興建正式競賽場館或標準室外場域,舉辦競賽,爭取 化的訊息,並提攜後來的初學者,提供引導。專業化與社群化維繫著戶外 更多的人潮來參觀,或商業傳播視訊,附加商品廣告。雖然運動競賽也能 運動遊憩的長久不衰並逐漸成長。 促進"旅遊"的發展,遊客于比賽期間聚集某個城市觀看比賽,帶動食、宿、 戶外運動遊憩專業化過程包含:(1)認知面(環境屬性,技巧與知識);(2)情 購、遊等周邊附加價值。但是多數比賽是許多城市輪流舉辦的,當期舉辦 感面(過去經驗,環境熟悉度);(3)行為面(重要性、愉悅性、中心性及自我表 的城市必需瞬間興辦大容量比賽場館,大容量的交通運輸、停車場、餐飲 現)。並且,因其非場館的戶外遊憩性質,絕大多數的戶外運動遊憩場所不 住宿、保安、環保、衛生、訊息、接待等,旅遊承載量與旅遊品質壓力很大, 固 定,不 斷 的 體 驗 不 同 的 場 域,也 挑 戰 更 高、更 遠、更 峻、更 難 的 場 所。不 屬於不定期依靠宣傳聚眾或大眾性質的旅遊。活動過後,許多設施空置, 斷尋求新的和不同的體驗,使戶外運動遊憩能擴散到更廣大的鄉野環境 旅遊產業回復冷清,殊為可惜。本書倡議的戶外運動遊憩,屬於主動式、動 中。 態性質的戶外運動遊憩,主要指非場館的戶外遊憩,作為一種休閒,作為 一 種 生 活 樂 趣。 國內登山、釣魚、賞鳥、潛水、自行車、遙控飛機的愛好者各自成圈,網路 通訊、微博等更方便於建構同好專業社群,也擴大了戶外運動遊憩專業化 參酌Stebbins (2001)的觀點,深度旅遊、身體主動參與的戶外運動遊 的樂趣。他們的熱情數十年不衰減,同好之間的交流緊密,經常相邀小眾 憩 伴 隨 之 樂 趣 包 含: 集體行動,對於社區、環境都有正面意義。 • 自我實現(學習更多專項技巧、發揮運動體能、更專業化的知識) • 自我表現(同好社群的肯定、親友的肯定、自我的進步成就的肯定) • 增強自我意像(認知自己、認知社群、與社群接觸互動) • 自我滿足感(滿意自己的進步、獲得過程的樂趣) • 自我強化(熱愛該項活動之行為體驗與環境體驗) • 再創造(從該項活動中獲得啟發,延伸概念至生活的其他事物) [email protected] 1-10 1-11 圖片來源-www.raftingvaldisole.it/nonsoloacqua.htm Outdoor Sports Recreation 1 戶外運動遊憩 1.2 運動遊憩的分類 這些戶外或野外運動項目,才是景觀遊憩規劃專業所需要瞭解的 部分,本書將分類分項探討。野外運動遊憩項目依環境類型可概分為陸域 運動遊憩的項目繁多,而且日新月異,當我們蒐集完成當今的運動 ( 山 地、森 林、田 野、草 地、砂 地、雪 地 )、水 域 ( 河 湖、海 洋 )、空 域 三 大 類;運 遊憩項目的同時,可能又有新的項目被創造出來。譬如從前的冬季山區的 動媒介可分為徒手、工具配備、動力機械、設施佈置、動物等;依遊戲規則 滑雪(Skiing)與夏季海濱衝浪(Surfing),被結合成單板滑雪(Snowboarding), 可分為個人體驗型、競速競技型、雙方對戰型等。本書概略依據以上的次 原先只是某位仁兄因為好玩將兩個滑雪板綁再一起滑,短短一年間經風 序逐項介紹。 行於歐美大陸,還成了冬季奧運的項目。譬如從紐西蘭開始玩起的高空彈 跳(Bungee jumping)與太空球,帆船與衝浪板結合成風帆板,滑板用於沙 地、草地與雪地成為滑沙、滑草與單板滑雪,受到電影鋼鐵人影響最近幾 1.3 極限運動領域 年開始風行的水上鋼鐵人(噴流飛行)、飛鼠裝低空翼跳傘、遙控直昇機攝 行 車 走 馬 三 分 險,運 動 遊 憩 難 免 有 傷 害,但 是 越 是 驚 險 刺 激,愈 是 影等,要蒐集完整有事實上的困難,我們僅能將目前最普及、最大眾化的 吸引新新人類。極限運動與運動遊憩有許多重合,屬於運動遊憩中較激 項目進行分類與探討。 烈、冒險的領域。極限運動(Extreme sports)、冒險運動(Adventure sports)是本 首先,我們可將運動項目分為體育場館運動項目與野外運動項目, 世紀以來的風潮,被視為具有潛在高危險性的活動。這一類的運動追求速 前者包含室內的項目:桌球、羽球、體操、游泳、滑冰、拳擊、武術、柔道、擊 度、高 度、深 度、擺 盪、衝 撞、墜 落、攀 爬、…,體 力 消 耗 量 大,意 志 力、耐 力 劍、籃球等項目;也包含室外的項目:馬術、賽馬、賽車、田徑、網球、排球、 要高,技能熟練度也特別講究。譬如低空飛鼠裝跳傘、摩天大樓外牆攀爬, 棒球、足球、橄欖球等項目。室內的項目可以由人工控制環境,使各場運動 由於危險度過高,許多國家地區已經禁止從事這些項目。 不受天候或日夜影響,使競賽更為公平或更能延續。而且這些固定體育 我們將目前熱門的極限運動依據動能方式進行分類,可以發現野 場館的項目,都已經有很成熟的場地規範與國際比賽規則,是體育界專業 外運動遊憩的發展方向如下:徒手徒腳型(山地、雪地、水域)、滑板型、滑 與建築規劃師們專業熟悉的部分。這一類型的運動遊憩運動會、競技、球 輪 型、輪 圈 型、機 動 力 型、水 力 型、風 力 型。 賽、賽馬帶來的大量的旅遊人潮,需要都會大眾運輸、停車場與觀眾席。 可以創造很大的經濟效益,但是本書略過不討論這部分。 一、徒手徒腳型Free hand(以人力跨越自然環境障礙): 野外運動項目需要更大的戶外場地,並且必須因地制宜,與自然環 移動是動物的本能,原始的人類跨越障礙獲取資源,或是獵捕動 境結合。譬如,高爾夫球,海濱、丘陵各地的球場大多同樣18洞,但是球道 物,或是抵抗外敵。現在的人類移動身體,跨越障礙至為了獲取愉悅的快 造型幾乎沒有相同的;各地區的卡丁車跑道路徑、型態也都不同。 野外運 感,體 驗 新 奇 的 環 境。 動項目必須依賴風氣流的動能、水流的動能、地形高差、坡度所造成的位 能與障礙挑戰、多樣性環境的身心體驗。譬如個人輕艇、划船、帆船、越野 越 野 健 行、慢 跑、登 山、攀 岩、溪 降、溯 溪、游 泳、跳 水、自 由 潛 水 等, 自行車、馬拉松、滑雪、攀岩、風浪板、飛行傘、滑翔翼等項目,受制於環境 都屬於此類。為了增加安全型,增加體能移動極限,就會發展一些簡單貼身 條件多樣,難以制定標準化場地,本書逐項探討這些項目的特性,與場地 工具,譬如攀登繩索、潛水蛙鞋、安全頭盔、安全扣環等,我們仍將這些項 規劃的需求。某些野外運動項目,個人自我挑戰性質非常高,環境更為多 目歸 類 為 徒 手 型 運 動 項目。當然 場 地 跑、跳、擲、舉 等 田 徑 項目,摔 跤、扭 樣,較難制定公平競賽的規則。譬如登山、攀岩、跳傘、潛水、高空彈跳、熱 打、拳 擊 等 競 技 項目,場 地 球 類 項目( 足 球、手 球、排 球、網 球、棒 壘 球、籃 氣球等項,很多沒有納入比賽項目,但是個人的運動遊憩滿足感很高。 球、保齡球)也算是個人徒手體能運動,但是可在室內或固定場館舉行的項 目,本書暫且擱下固定場地項目不討論。 [email protected] [email protected] 1-12 1-13 Outdoor Sports Recreation 1 戶外運動遊憩 我們討論野外體驗性強的運動遊憩項目。而且極限運動講求速度、 (4) 地形沒有高差低,需要水上快船拉著跑的,為拖曳滑水板。加上輪 極難、極地,慢速的運動、規律的運動、溫和的運動都不符合極限運動,高 子,在陸地上由汽車拉著跑的為"陸上拖曳滑輪板"。 爾 夫 球、釣 魚、靜 水 划 船 與 運 動 場 館 項目大 多 不 列 入 極 限 運 動 範 圍。 (5) 在靜止水環境(湖、河、平靜海面),自己站著劃的為SUP手划板。 • 高山越野 Fell running、極限超跑Ultramarathon、跑酷(自由爬跳)、攀 岩、溪 降、溯 溪、浮 潛 等,需 要 更 強 的 體 能 與 訓 練,才 能 克 服 低 氧、沙 (6) 沒有板,只有輪子的鞋板,稱為"輪鞋",譬如滑輪鞋、直排輪鞋、滑 漠、高 溫、低 溫、雪 地、崎 嶇 山 地、深 水 高 壓 的 環 境。 草 鞋。 • 迷彩漆彈或BB槍戰鬥(生存遊戲) Airsoft、Paintball,參加者模擬步兵 慣性力(inertial
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