A Closer Look

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A Closer Look A country’s currency is an excellent indicator of its financial health and practices. Below is a chart containing the currency, national debt, and per-capita income (how much the average person in that country makes a year). This may be used as a resource in the context of the upcoming activities. When presenting this to youth have them take a look at the chart below and look for differences between the nations featured. Discuss how these figures match up with what they already know about these countries: Per Capita Income National Debt Country Currency (US dollar Interesting Facts (2009) equivalent, 2008 est.) Dollar Australia subdivided $920,000,000,000 $38,1000 into 100 cents Real Brazil subdivided $216,100,000,000 $10,100 into 100centavos Renminbi units are the Yuan (元), The Chinese invented paper China Jiao (角), and $347,100,000,000 $6,000 Fen (分): 1 money in the 9th century. Yuan = 10 Jiao = 100 Fen. Birr Ethiopia Subdivided $4,229,000,000 $800 into 100 santim © www.learningtogive.org 1 European Union (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Euro is the Finland, official France, currency of US$7,000 Germany, 16 of the 27 to Greece, Member US$69,000 Ireland, Italy, States of the Luxembourg, European Malta, the Union (EU). Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain) Quetzal subdivided Guatemala into 100 $7,489,000,000 $5,200 cents Yen The yen is the third most-traded Large currency in the quantities of foreign exchange Japan $2,132,000,000,000 $34,200 yen are often market, after counted in United States multiples of dollar and the 10,000. euro. Rupee subdivided into India $223,900,000,000 $2,800 100 paise (singular paisa) © www.learningtogive.org 2 Inflation has Rupiah resulted in coins Indonesia subdivided $150,700,000,000 $3,900 and banknotes into 100 sen, denominated in sen as obsolete. Peso The peso was the first currency in Mexico subdivided $177,000,000,000 $14,200 into the world to use 100centavos the "$" sign. Naira Nigeria subdivided $9,689,000,000 $2,300 into 100 kobo Ruble Russia subdivided $369,200,000,000 $15,800 into 100kopeks Rand South Africa subdivided $73,840,000,000 $10,000 into 100 cents United Pound $9,088,000,000,000 $36,600 Kingdom sterling Dollar subdivided United States $13,450,000,000,000 $41,000 into 100 cents © www.learningtogive.org 3 .

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The Mao Era in Objects Money (钱) Helen Wang, The British Museum & Felix Boecking, University of Edinburgh Summary In the early twentieth century, when the Communists gained territory, they set up revolutionary base areas (also known as soviets), and issued new coins and notes, using whatever expertise, supplies and technology were available. Like coins and banknotes all over the world, these played an important role in economic and financial life, and were also instrumental in conveying images of the new political authority. Since 1949, all regular banknotes in the People’s Republic of China have been issued by the People’s Bank of China, and the designs of the notes reflect the concerns of the Communist Party of China. Renminbi – the People’s Money The money of the Mao era was the renminbi. This is still the name of the PRC's currency today - the ‘people’s money’, issued by the People’s Bank of China (renmin yinhang 人民银行). The ‘people’ (renmin 人民) refers to all the people of China. There are 55 different ethnic groups: the Han (Hanzu 汉族) being the majority, and the 54 others known as ethnic minorities (shaoshu minzu 少数民族). While the term renminbi (人民币) deliberately establishes a contrast with the currency of the preceding Nationalist regime of Chiang Kai-shek, the term yuan (元) for the largest unit of the renminbi (which is divided into yuan, jiao 角, and fen 分) was retained from earlier currencies. Colloquially, the yuan is also known as kuai (块), literally ‘lump’ (of silver), which establishes a continuity with the silver-based currencies which China used formally until 1935 and informally until 1949.
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Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham
Victorianizing Guangxu: Arresting Flows, Minting Coins, and Exerting Authority in Early Twentieth-Century Kham Scott Relyea, Appalachian State University Abstract In the late Qing and early Republican eras, eastern Tibet (Kham) was a borderland on the cusp of political and economic change. Straddling Sichuan Province and central Tibet, it was coveted by both Chengdu and Lhasa. Informed by an absolutist conception of territorial sovereignty, Sichuan officials sought to exert exclusive authority in Kham by severing its inhabitants from regional and local influence. The resulting efforts to arrest the flow of rupees from British India and the flow of cultural identity entwined with Buddhism from Lhasa were grounded in two misperceptions: that Khampa opposition to Chinese rule was external, fostered solely by local monasteries as conduits of Lhasa’s spiritual authority, and that Sichuan could arrest such influence, the absence of which would legitimize both exclusive authority in Kham and regional assertions of sovereignty. The intersection of these misperceptions with the significance of Buddhism in Khampa identity determined the success of Sichuan’s policies and the focus of this article, the minting and circulation of the first and only Qing coin emblazoned with an image of the emperor. It was a flawed axiom of state and nation builders throughout the world that severing local cultural or spiritual influence was possible—or even necessary—to effect a borderland’s incorporation. Keywords: Sichuan, southwest China, Tibet, currency, Indian rupee, territorial sovereignty, Qing borderlands On December 24, 1904, after an arduous fourteen-week journey along the southern road linking Chengdu with Lhasa, recently appointed assistant amban (Imperial Resident) to Tibet Fengquan reached Batang, a lush green valley at the western edge of Sichuan on the province’s border with central Tibet.
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About Beijing
BEIJING Beijing, the capital of China, lies just south of the rim of the Central Asian Steppes and is separated from the Gobi Desert by a green chain of mountains, over which The Great Wall runs. Modern Beijing lies on the site of countless human settlements that date back half a million years. Homo erectus Pekinensis, better known as Peking man was discovered just outside the city in 1929. It is China's second largest city in terms of population and the largest in administrative territory. The name Beijing - or Northern Capital - is a modern term by Chinese standards. It first became a capital in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), but it experienced its first phase of grandiose city planning in the Yuan Dynasty under the rule of the Mongol emperor, Kublai Khan, who made the city his winter capital in the late 13th century. Little of it remains in today's Beijing. Most of what the visitor sees today dates from either the Ming or later Qing dynasties. Huge concrete tower blocks have mushroomed and construction sites are everywhere. Bicycles are still the main mode of transportation but taxis, cars, and buses jam the city streets. PASSPORT/VISA CONDITIONS All visitors to Beijing and the People's Republic of China are required to have a valid passport (one that does not expire for at least 6 months after your arrival date in China). A special tourist or business visa is also required. CUSTOMS Travelers are allowed to bring into China one bottle of alcoholic beverages and two cartons of cigarettes.
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Twentieth Session, Commencing at 7.30 Pm GREAT BRITAIN GOLD
5490 Twentieth Session, Commencing at 7.30 pm Queen Victoria, old head, sovereign, 1898; half sovereign, 1896 (S.3874, 3878). Good fi ne. (2) $570 5491 Edward VII, sovereigns, 1905 (S.3969); half sovereigns, 1908 GREAT BRITAIN GOLD COINS (S.3974B). Very good - fi ne. (2) $500 5492 Edward VII, sovereign, 1910 (S.3969). Very fi ne. $370 5493 George V, half sovereigns, 1912 (S.4006). Fine - nearly very fi ne. (2) $350 5482* George III, fourth bust, guinea, 1774 (S.3728). Very fi ne. $600 5483* George III, fourth bust, guinea, 1777 (S.3728). Nearly extremely fi ne. $1,350 5484 George III, fi fth bust, guinea, 1787 (S.3729). Very good/ fi ne. $500 5485 George III, guinea, fi fth bust of spade type, 1788 (S.3729). Very good. $450 5486 George III, half guinea, fourth bust, 1781 (S.3734). Surface marked (from wear as jewellery?), otherwise very fi ne. $250 5494* George VI, proof specimen set of fi ve and two pounds, sovereign and half sovereign, 1937 (S.PS15). With case of 5487* issue, FDC. (4) George III, quarter guinea, 1762 (S.3741). Good fi ne. $7,000 $250 5488 Queen Victoria, Jubilee coinage, two pounds, 1887 (S.3865). Very good. $700 5495* George VI, proof half sovereign, 1937 (S.4077). Nearly FDC. $850 5489* 5496 Queen Victoria, Jubilee coinage, half sovereign, 1887 Elizabeth II, sovereigns, 1957-1959, 1962-1968 (S.4124, 5). (S.3869). Extremely fi ne. Nearly uncirculated - uncirculated. (10) $250 $3,700 532 5497 Elizabeth II, proof sovereigns, 1979 (S.4204) (2); proof half sovereigns, 1980 (S.4205) (2).
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CAST COINAGE of the MING REBELS John E. Sandrock
CAST COINAGE OF THE MING REBELS John E. Sandrock Collecting China's ancient coins can be a very worthwhile and rewarding experience. While at first glance this endeavor may appear overwhelming to the average Westerner, it is in reality not difficult once you master a few guidelines and get the hang of it. Essential to a good foundation of knowledge is a clear understanding of the chronology of dynasties, the evolution of the cash coin from ancient to modern times, the Chinese system of dating, the Nien Hao which identifies the coin to emperor and thus to dynasty, and the various forms of writing (calligraphy) used to form the standard characters. Once this basic framework is mastered, almost all Chinese coins fall into one dynastic category or another, facilitating identification and collection. Some do not, however, which brings us to the subject at hand. The coins of the Ming Rebels defy this pattern, as they fall between two dynasties, overlapping both. Thus they do not fit nicely into one category or another and consequently must be treated separately. To put this into historical perspective it is necessary to know that the Ming dynasty lasted from 1368 to the year 1644 and that its successor, the Ch'ing dynasty, existed from 1644 to its overthrow in 1911. Therefore our focus is on the final days of the Ming and beginning of the Ch'ing dynasties. The Ming era was a period of remarkable accomplishment. This was a period when the arts and craftsmanship flourished. Administration and learning soared to new heights.
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From Chinese Silver Ingots to the Yuan
From Chinese Silver Ingots to the Yuan With the ascent of the Qing Dynasty in 1644, China's modern age began. This epoch brought foreign hegemony in a double sense: On the one hand the Qing emperors were not Chinese, but belonged to the Manchu people. On the other hand western colonial powers began to influence politics and trade in the Chinese Empire more and more. The colonial era brought a disruption of the Chinese currency history that had hitherto shown a remarkable continuity. Soon, the Chinese money supply was dominated by foreign coins. This was a big change in a country that had used simple copper coins only for more than two thousand years. 1 von 11 www.sunflower.ch Chinese Empire, Qing Dynasty, Sycee Zhong-ding (Boat Shape), Value 10 Tael, 19th Century Denomination: Sycee 10 Tael Mint Authority: Qing Dynasty Mint: Undefined Year of Issue: 1800 Weight (g): 374 Diameter (mm): 68.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation A major characteristic of Chinese currency history is the almost complete absence of precious metals. Copper coins dominated monetary circulation for more than 2000 years. Paper money was invented at an early stage - primarily because the coppers were too unpractical for large transactions. The people's confidence in paper money was limited, however. Hence silver became a common standard of value, primarily in the form of ingots. The use of ingots as means of payment dates back 2000 years. However, because silver ingots were smelted now and again, old specimens are very rare. This silver ingot in the shape of a boat – Yuan Bao in Chinese – dates from the Qing dynasty (1644-1911).
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The Circulation of Foreign Silver Coins in Southern Coastal Provinces of China 1790-1890
The Circulation of Foreign Silver Coins in Southern Coastal Provinces of China 1790-1890 GONG Yibing A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in History •The Chinese University of Hong Kong August 2006 The Chinese University of Hong Kong holds the copyright of this thesis. Any person(s) intending to use a part or whole of the materials in the thesis in a proposed publication must seek copyright release from the Dean of the Graduate School. /y統系位書口 N^� pN 0 fs ？jlj ^^university/M \3V\ubrary SYSTEM^^ Thesis/Assessment Committee Professor David Faure (Chair) Professor So Kee Long (Thesis Supervisor) Professor Cheung Sui Wai (Committee Member) 論文評審委員會科大衛教授(主席）蘇基朗教授(論文導師）張瑞威教授(委員） ABSTRACT This is a study of the monetary history of the Qing dynasty, with its particular attentions on the history of foreign silver coins in the southern coastal provinces, or, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, from 1790 to 1890. This study is concerned with the influx of foreign silver coins, the spread of their circulation in the Chinese territory, their fulfillment of the monetary functions, and the circulation patterns of the currency in different provinces. China, as a nation, had neither an integrated economy nor a uniform monetary system. When dealing with the Chinese monetary system in whatever temporal or spatial contexts, the regional variations should always be kept in mind. The structure of individual regional monetary market is closely related to the distinct regional demand for metallic currencies, the features of regional economies, the attitudes of local governments toward certain kinds of currencies, the proclivities of local people to metallic money of certain conditions, etc.
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Oxford University Press. No Part of This Book May Be Distributed, Posted, Or
xix Gaining Currency xx 1 CHAPTER 1 A Historical Prologue At the end of the day’s journey, you reach a considerable town named Pau- ghin. The inhabitants worship idols, burn their dead, use paper money, and are the subjects of the grand khan. The Travels of Marco Polo the Venetian, Marco Polo uch was the strange behavior of the denizens of China in the Sthirteenth century, as narrated by Marco Polo. Clearly, using paper money was a distinguishing characteristic of the peoples the famed itinerant encountered during his extensive travels in China, one the explorer equated with what Europeans would have regarded as pagan rituals. Indeed, the notion of using paper money was cause for wonderment among Europeans at the time and for centuries thereafter; paper money came into use in Europe only during the seventeenth century, long after its advent in China. That China pioneered the use of paper money is only logical since paper itself was invented there during the Han dynasty (206 BC– 220 AD). Cai Lun, a eunuch who entered the service of the imperial palace and eventually rose to the rank of chief eunuch, is credited with the invention around the year 105 AD. Some sources indicate that paper had been invented earlier in the Han dynasty, but Cai Lun’s achievement was the development of a technique that made the mass production of paper possible. This discovery was not the only paper- making accomplishment to come out of China; woodblock printing and, subsequently, 2 movable type that facilitated typography and predated the Gutenberg printing press by about four centuries can also be traced back there.
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Proquest Dissertations
TO ENTERTAIN AND RENEW: OPERAS, PUPPET PLAYS AND RITUAL IN SOUTH CHINA by Tuen Wai Mary Yeung Hons Dip, Lingnan University, H.K., 1990 M.A., The University of Lancaster, U.K.,1993 M.A., The University of British Columbia, Canada, 1999 A THESIS SUBIMTTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 2007 @ Tuen Wai Mary Yeung, 2007 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-31964-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-31964-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these.
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Cultural Information
CULTURAL INFORMATION ENTERING CHINA When your flight nears its destination, you will be given a landing card to complete. On this, you must fill in your name, passport details, the address you will be staying at and the dates of your trip. Please ensure you take note of the address and carry it in your hand luggage, as you will not be able to access your hold luggage before having to hand the landing card over. You will also be given a departure card that you should keep safe during your stay, as you will need to fill this in and hand it in at passport control on your way home. MONEY Chinese currency is called Renminbi (people's money), often abbreviated as RMB. It is issued by The Bank of China and is the sole legal tender within the People’s Republic of China. The symbol for RMB is. The unit of Renminbi is a yuan and smaller denominations are called jiao and fen. The conversion among the three is: 1 yuan = 10 jiao =100 fen RMB consists of both notes and coins. The denominations of paper notes include 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 yuan; 5, 2 and 1 jiao; and 5, 2 and 1 fen. The denominations of coins are 1 yuan; 5, 2 and 1 jiao; and 5, 2 and 1 fen. Note: in spoken Chinese, yuan is often called as kuai and the jiao as mao. CHEQUES Foreigners’ cheques provide a fairly secure way of carrying your money. Always remember to keep the record of cheque numbers separate from the cheques for reference in the event of loss.
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Arms of Chinese Empire Provinces of China
Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World CHINA ====================================================================== ====================================================================== CHINA,Empire and Republic ====================================================================== Provinces of China China Mints striking Modern Silver Dime Size Coins ====================================================================== MINT (1) PROVINCE (2) REFERENCE (3) ANKING ANHWEI Y-42 CANTON KWANGTUNG Y-195, Y-200, Y-422, Y-425 CHANGSHA HUNAN Y-115 CHANGTU SZECHUAN Y-235, Y-240, Y-453 FOOCHOW FUKIEN Y-103, Y-326, Y-339, Y-380, Y-382, Y-388, Y-390 HANGCHOW CHEHKIANG Y-52, Y-371 KIRIN KIRIN (4) Y-180, Y-180A, Y-180C MUKDEN FENGTIEN (4) Y-84, Y-209 NANKING KIANGNAN (5) Y-142, Y-142A, Y-146 NANNING KWANGSI Y-414 (6) TAIPEH TAIWAN Y-247 TIENTSIN (7) CHIHLI (HOPEI) Y-12, Y-28, Y-62, Y-70, Y-334 WUCHANG HUPEH Y-124, Y-129 YUNNANFU YUNNAN Y-255 ====================================================================== (1) Mints which struck the 10 cents size only. FOOTNOTE: Since the middle of the thirteenth century China was (2) Other provinces: Shantung, Kweichow, Shansi, twice conquered by the foreigner; the Mongols in 1260 and the Shensi and Kansu. Manchus in 1644. The Manchus gave a stability and permanence (3) Modern World Coins, 11 Edition, R.S.Yeoman to the government. The head of the state was the Emperor, the (4) Manchuria, know as the Three Eastern Provinces: Sovereign by Divine right, the Son of Heaven. He was the Father Fengtien, Kirin and Heilungkiang (Since 1928 Jehol of the Nation. Succession passed in the male line to the Emperor’s was made a fourth Province). ablest rather than oldest son, not excluding the offspring of con- (5) A Region consisting of Kiangsu, Anhwei, Kiangsi.
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Currency Across the Globe
Currency Across the Globe A Comparative Look: A country’s currency is an excellent indicator of its financial health and practices. Below is a chart containing the currency, national debt, and per-capita income (how much the average person in that country makes a year). This may be used as a resource in the context of the upcoming activities. When presenting this to youth have them take a look at the chart below and look for differences between the nations featured. Discuss how these figures match up with what they already know about these countries: Country Currency National Debt Per Capita Interesting Facts (2009) Income (US dollar equivalent, 2008 est.) Australia Dollar $920,000,000,000 $38,1000 subdivided into 100 cents Brazil Real $216,100,000,000 $10,100 subdivided into 100 centavos China Renminbi $347,100,000,000 $6,000 The Chinese units are the invented paper Yuan (元), Jiao money in the 9th (角), and Fen ( century. 分): 1 Yuan = 10 Jiao = 100 Fen. Ethiopia Birr $4,229,000,000 $800 Subdivided into 100 santim European Union Euro is the US$7,000 (Austria, official to Belgium, currency of 16 US$69,000 Cyprus, Finland, of the 27 France, Member States Germany, of the Greece, Ireland, European Italy, Union (EU). Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, © www.learningtogive.org 1 Slovenia and Spain) Guatemala Quetzal $7,489,000,000 $5,200 subdivided into 100 cents Japan Yen $2,132,000,000,000 $34,200 The yen is the third Large most-traded currency quantities of in the foreign yen are often exchange market, counted in after United States multiples of dollar and the euro.
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