June-July 2011 Volume 8 No 3 R `100.00 (India-based Buyer Only) SP’s AN SP GUIDE PUBLICATION

WWW.SPSLANDFORCES.NET ROUNDUP IN THIS ISSUE The ONLY journal in Asia dedicated to Land Forces

PAGE 4 >> INTERVIEW Smart Munitions to Minimise Damage A percentage of Indian armour (tanks) already has the capability of firing missiles from the gun tube apart from conventional munitions. This capability should also be ‘I visualise a broader introduced in future ICVs and tanks. Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor mandate for the Mechanised PAGE 7 Meeting Army’s Tactical Requirements Special vehicles are an essential part of the Forces in the future’ mobility that needs to be addressed. PHOTOGRAPHS : Anoop Kamath/SP Guide Pubns

Lt General (Retd) P.C. Katoch

PAGE 9 Modernising the Infantry The apathy of the Defence Ministry in equip - ment procurement could have disastrous results in the future. We need far greater focus and a firm political will to modernise our military and build the desired military capability for the future.

Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor

PAGE 10 Bots the Armoured Warriors Botnets are essentially malicious having turned into big business. In simple terms, it is a network of infected end-hosts (bots) under the command of a botmaster.

Lt General (Retd) P.C. Katoch

PAGE 11 India Inducts -III...... Is a step closer to ICBM

Vishal Thapar

PAGE 14 The Mechanised Forces Directorate of the Indian Army has evolved into a fully A Reality Check integrated model and is responsible for all issues with respect to Armoured Corps, India’s Special Forces do not have the same capability as the US forces due to non-avail - Mechanised Infantry and the Brigade of the Guards. In an exclusive interview ability of high-end technology. But depending with , Editor-in-Chief, and , Editor, upon the distance involved and combat envi - Jayant Baranwal Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor ronment up to and on the target, they are SP’s Land Forces , Lt General D.S. Siddhu , Director General Mechanised Forces capable of carrying out Operation Neptune’s Spear type missions across the border. (DGMF), spoke about the plethora of responsibilities of the Directorate.

General (Retd) V.P. Malik SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): What is the charter goals set in coordination with various other and implementing policies on upgradation, of duties of the DGMF in respect of Armoured Directorates. The Directorate has been vested modernisation and subsequent discard of PAGE 18 Corps and Mechanised Infantry? with the responsibility to ensure that the in-service equipment. Lt General D.S. Siddhu (DGMF) : DGMF Mechanised Forces are fit in all respects, at Our charter also includes formulation Thrust Towards Modernisation forms part of the General Staff Branch of all times to fulfill their envisaged operational of training policies in keeping with the rap - Officers of all three services and members of the IHQ of MoD (Army) and functions role across the full spectrum of conflict. idly evolving technology and its subsequent the defence industry participated in the under DCOAS (P&S). Earlier, the Armoured The Directorate is also responsible for a implementation at Armoured Corps Centre seminar on NCW organised by SP Guide Corps and Mechanised Infantry issues were plethora of operational, training, equip - and School, Mechanised Infantry Regiment Publications and CLAWS recently. being dealt with separately. However, since ment management and man management Centre and Guards Regimental Centre. The February 2005, the Directorate has evolved issues. We strive to ensure optimum aspects of man management encompass Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor into a fully integrated model and is respon - exploitation of our combat potential in con - various aspects of recruitment, improve - sible for all issues with respect to Armoured sonance with the overall politico-military ment of service conditions and their dis - PLUS Corps, Mechanised Infantry and the objectives. The Directorate is responsible for charge based on our present and future Brigade of the Guards. formulation of policies, selection of equip - requirements. The Directorate is responsible Vijayee Bhava 12 In short, the Directorate is responsible for ment, progressing cases of procurement, for ensuring that the professional and per - In the News 13 conceiving the vision, formulating and insti - induction, exploitation and support to the sonal aspirations of our personnel are effec - First / Tecknow 15 tuting the required policies to realise the Mechanised Forces. It includes formulating tively met. News in Brief 19

3/2011 SP’s LAND FORCES 1 >> INTERVIEW

History is replete with examples of nations being nuances of military science. strategic context. L unprepared for the types of wars thrust upon them. The next issue concerns trend analysis. Even l Defence planners usually produce impressive In 1914, Imperial Germany was prepared solely for the most intelligent analysis of recent trends can - solutions to problems they prefer to solve but

A a swift war of rapid movement. It had to shift gears not offer a reliable guide for the future. Trends in not the problems that wily and intelligent foes to learn about siege warfare on a grand scale. In warfare emerge with regional and global political might pose. I 1941-43, the Russians and the Allied Forces had to and strategic changes and while they interact with l Trend analysis and strategic futurology is not learn how to face swift wars of movement at opera - each other and their context, it is their conse - very helpful in predicting the future which is

R tional and strategic levels. They were prepared for quences rather than the trends themselves which guided more by the consequences of the the wrong kind of war. But they were saved by the make the future. Most of the defence planning trends that we see today rather than the trends

O factor of “time and space”. As World War II pro - which is based on the trends identified today is themselves. gressed, the transformation of the military, sought almost certain to rest on shaky foundations. There - l We must always be prepared for surprises irre -

T by Russia and the Allied Forces, was brought about fore a nation like ours, with vast and varied param - spective of how confident we feel about the with the passage of time and ultimately the superi - eters of security will have to base its future future.

I ority of resources prevailed. In the Indian context, structures after wider consultations. There is no l Based on India’s security parameters, we need we were totally unprepared, both mentally and phys - reason to believe that military analysts of today are to prepare for a wide spectrum of threats and

D ically, for a war of movement in the mountains and more gifted in the field of prophecy than their pred - challenges that may be thrust upon us and our had to face a humiliating defeat in 1962. Currently ecessors. The historical record of tolerably accu - genius should reside in utilising the available our most pivotal problem is to predict the future so rate strategic futurology is anything but impressive. budget in building a superior military capability E as to transform our military for future wars. The “realm of uncertainty” is the nature of wars through tri-Service synergy and not through There is a temptation to treat the contemporary as stated long back by none other than Clausewitz exclusive, single service focus. trends in warfare as a signal for a momentous rad - himself. Hence, let us assure ourselves that the A Parliamentary Directive to enforce inter- ical shift in the nature of war. Admittedly the “gram - transformation we are seeking will produce a military Services integration is in fact long overdue. mar” of war in Clausewitzian terms has changed capability which iwill be able to face all types of sit - since the end of the cold war but the importance uations which policy will throw its way. and primacy of the logic of policy remains para - The rationale points to the conclusions which mount. As always, the character of war in any are both negative and positive in their content. period is shaped and propelled by the political, These are: social, and strategic including technological con - l The approach to wars and warfare must not texts. It is not merely a change brought about by be divorced from its political, social and Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor

SP’s: In the context of the future threats and agility over all types of terrain as also surviv - challenges, have any new roles been defined ability. It will be equipped to carry out recon - for the Armoured Corps and the Mechanised naissance tasks during day as well as night Infantry? in all weather conditions. Electronic control DGMF : The security environment facing our displays will integrate all on board systems nation is in a state of constant flux. There is ‘There is a need for ease of management and efficiency. a need for close monitoring of the changes taking place within and outside, especially in for close SP’s: With the ageing T-72 fleet, what is the our close neighbourhood. We are constantly status of medium repair and base overhaul of reviewing our military preparedness based monitoring of these tanks? on these changes. The Mechanised Forces DGMF : Tank T-72 was inducted in the need to constantly evolve, develop and adapt the changes Indian Army in 1979. In order to enhance to the changing “capability cum threat” the service life, medium repair and over - spectrum, in order to remain ‘operationally taking place haul norms were evolved and implemented. relevant’ at all points of time and to main - Under these programmes, the tanks are put tain the deterrence value. within and out - through extensive repair and refurbish - The Mechanised Forces have a role side, especially ment at a laid down periodicity. The Army across all types of terrain and combat sce - and the MoD is seized of the criticality of narios. Our basic role may remain the same, in our close these programmes, and in keeping with the but it has evolved with changes in capability, requirements, a massive modernisation technology, infrastructure and the equip - neighbourhood’ programme has been recently sanctioned ment held with us. We are constantly reori - to improve both our capacities and quality enting our training, equipment and policies of overhaul. to meet these new challenges. I visualise a broader mandate for the SP’s: How far have we reached in the T-72 Mechanised Forces in the future. We are upgrade and modernisation programme? likely to be employed in a broad spectrum of DGMF : The tank T-72 forms the mainstay of operational scenarios, ranging from opera - The formal arrangements in place to SP’s: It seems that the T-90 is planned to be the the Mechanised Forces currently. A number tions in amphibious and mountainous ter - ensure user inputs at all stages of develop - current main battle tank of the Army. Is the of modernisation projects and upgrades are rain to various overseas deployments as part ment are as under: Heavy Vehicle Factory at Avadi geared to handle under way to enhance its operational effi - of an UN mandate. In addition, ever grow - l Regular visit by user to the production this responsibility in addition to its other cacy. Our projects focus on night enabling, ing urbanisation has resulted in the likeli - agency responsibilities? What has been our experience higher protection levels, better mobility and hood of being involved in urban warfare and l Regular joint review and audit with the indigenous production of this tank? crew comfort. In addition, secure communi - resultant consolidation operations. l Quarterly interaction meets DGMF: Heavy Vehicle Factory, Avadi is des - cations and better NBC capability schemes l Customer satisfaction meets ignated by the Department of Defence Pro - have also been included. Each of these pro - SP’s: What are the basic parameters which We are also looking at much closer inter - curement (DDP) and Ordnance Factory grammes is at different levels. you consider essential and vital for designing action with the industry as also contemplat - Board (OFB) as the nodal factory for manu - the future MBT of the Indian Army? How is the ing a new model which will be dynamic and facture of tanks. In the past, HVF produced SP’s: Russians have made the ICV BMP-3 Army and the Armoured Corps keeping a tab allow user participation at all levels of devel - the Vijayanta and T-72 tanks. In addition, which has a 100mm 2A70 semi-automatic on the work being done by the DRDO in this opment, integration and trials. These aspects HVF is also in the process of reactivating the rifled gun as its main armament and fires and field? What are the formal arrangements in are yet to be finalised. assembly line to produce T-72 variants. anti-tank guided missile from the same place to ensure user inputs at all stages of The process of licence production of T-90 barrel. It also has a 30mm automatic gun. Is development? SP’s: The requirement of a light tank for the tanks has been worked out in detail and the the Indian Army planning for a future ICV on DGMF : Based on the operational require - Eastern Theatre as also for some sectors of training of factory staff and inculcation of this pattern? ments, perspective planning and technolo - our mountainous regions is a necessity skills done by assembling semi-knocked down DGMF : BMP-3, though a versatile equipment, gies available at present as well as in the which few can deny. What is the current sta - (SKD) tanks, completely knocked down (CKD) its physical attributes impinge on its deploy - future, the basic contours and the roadmap tus of procurement of light tank for the tanks and graduating to indigenous manu - ment and floatation capability. Indian Army of the futuristic main battle tank (FMBT) Indian Army? facture. Currently, the process of indigenous has planned for a futuristic infantry combat have emerged. The preliminary staff quali - DGMF : The relevance of armour has manufacture has commenced. vehicle (FICV) to replace the BMP-2 with key tative requirement (PSQR) for the FMBT is expanded from the erstwhile manoeuvre operational and performance parameters evolved after taking the views of all the warfare to operations in difficult terrain, SP’s: Has any new equipment been planned envisaged in the Indian context. The project t e stakeholders. The efforts towards indigenisa - amphibious operations and fourth genera - for the reconnaissance troops and platoons of is a pioneer in ‘Make-High Tech’ category n . s tion/absorption of transfer of technologies tion warfare. Consequently, a need has been armoured regiments and mechanised infantry where for the first time the defence industry e c

r (ToT) and the lessons learnt play a major felt to customise our equipment profile to battalions respectively, to make them more has invited participation by private estab - o f part in development of the FMBT. Right from meet the specialised requirement. To that effective? lished agencies. The project is in an advance d n evolving the PSQR to building of prototypes, effect, the light tank is being proposed to DGMF : The Indian Army is looking at the stage for development of a prototype. We are a l s followed by limited production, till finally its meet different operational requirements. procurement of a light armoured vehicle of the view that our operational requirements p s

. regular production, mechanisms are being Currently, doctrinal and technical issues are designed to meet the requirements of the can be met with a weapon mix of a cannon, w put in place to ensure our country and the being deliberated. Thereafter, the qualitative reconnaissance troops and platoons. This machine gun, missile firing capability and w

w armed forces get the best product. requirements will be finalised. vehicle will have the required mobility and automatic grenade launcher.

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PHOTOGRAPH : US Army decision-makers an option to exert force in A soldier aims an circumstances that just two decades ago, they XM25 weapon system would not have considered possible.” The capability of launching precision attacks via drones flying overhead has been fully exploited by the US in Afghanistan and Pakistan where Predators (UCAVs) with Hellfire missiles have been employed exten - sively to get at Taliban and Al-Qaeda leaders who otherwise would have been inaccessi - ble. Thus, decision-makers now have the freedom to use military force in built up areas (cities and towns) in an enemy home - land or in enemy-occupied territory without risking their own troops and without the fear of causing collateral damage. In a strategic sense, this capability can act as a powerful deterrent to an aggressor who thinks that the danger of collateral damage will discourage an attacker in using force in areas where his armed cadres have mingled with the local population. Hence both strate - gically and tactically, precision munitions give a military enhanced capability to not only destroy the adversary’s vital combat elements, but also impart deterrence to the force which possesses such weapons and munitions. Air and Space Aspects With the advent of precision guided muni - tions combined with accurate reconnais - sance, surveillance and target acquisition n LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR not possible to hide excesses anywhere, and population of a coalition nation that engaged systems and GPS-aided navigation systems; in a seamless world adverse global opinion in such action. But after being briefed on the modern technology has given airpower, the PRECISION-GUIDED MUNITION can have an adverse impact both internally air campaign plan for the Gulf War, coalition capability of destroying targets with single (PGM) also termed as “smart and externally. political and military leaders were very com - digit CEP and with least amount of collateral munition,” is a guided munition fortable with the notion of using precision damage. Given the wherewithal, these char - intended to precisely hit a spe - Changed Nature of Warfare weapons in attacks deep in the midst of major acteristics endow air power with the ability cific target, and to minimise col - Additionally wars and warfare have changed cities, once they had been assured that the to psychologically and physically imbalance lAateral damage. It is well known that the considerably. Andrew Marshall, the former accuracies claimed for such weapons were an opponent and achieve strategic aims set damage effects of explosive weapons fall off Director of the Office of Net Assessments in realistic and not the stuff of an overenthusi - by the national leadership with highly selec - with distance, thus even modest improve - the Office of the Secretary of Defense, had astic trade-show sales briefing. On ‘opening tive employment of land forces. The effects ments in accuracy enable a target to be stated in the late 1990s that profound night’ of the Gulf War, for example, Baghdad are fundamentally greater than before. Air effectively attacked with fewer or smaller changes were occurring in the nature of was struck by two kinds of precision attack - power has become the decisive force in war, bombs. The creation of precision-guided warfare brought about by the innovative ers: ship-launched cruise missiles, and air- allowing air power to shape the battlefield munitions resulted in the renaming of older application of new technologies which com - launched laser-guided bombs. Later, the before committal of ground forces. In high- bombs as “gravity bombs,” “dumb bombs” bined with dramatic changes in military extensive use of precision weaponry in the intensity combat, the main role of land or “iron bombs.” doctrine and operational and organisational NATO air campaign in Bosnia without (to the forces would now be to secure a victory, concepts, have fundamentally altered the author’s knowledge) any collateral losses, rather than achieve it. Advantages of PGMs character and conduct of military opera - affirmed again that this kind of attack offers It is becoming increasingly evident that Precision munitions give a decision-maker tions. The use of precision munitions falls in the long-term, manned fighters will give the confidence of contemplating the use of within this mould. way to unmanned combat. The transition force in circumstances where collateral dam - It is in this context that Richard P. Hallon from operating UAVs as sensor platform to age would be unacceptable or call into ques - in his article “Precision Guided Munitions Both strategically and employing them as weapons carriers is seen tion the viability of continued military action and the New Era of Warfare” (ASPC Paper No tactically, precision by analysts as the logical outcome of the and hence may preclude the use of force as an 53) states, “There has been a generalised lack available technologies and the extensive use option. Thus precision technologies have been of appreciation of how warfare has changed munitions give a military of Predators mounted with Hellfire missiles used to design munitions which could be since the Second World War. On the eve of the in the Af-Pak region proves the efficacy of employed to overcome such inhibitions. Gulf War, for example, critics of proposed mil - enhanced capability to this concept. The US Air Force has armed its In low intensity conflict operations like itary action posited scenarios where tens of Predator and Global Hawk UAVs with preci - coun ter-insurgency and counter-terrorism thousands of Iraqis would be killed by largely not only destroy the sion weapons. The US Congress has man - and even in high intensity conventional con - indiscriminate air attacks that would ‘carpet dated that a third of all US deep-strike flicts, attitudes towards both own and enemy bomb’ population centres, particularly Bagh - adversary’s vital combat aircraft in the future will be unmanned. In causalities have changed. This has come dad. To give viewers some idea of what a the future, manned fighters may be used for t elements, but also e about because of negative publicity regard - ‘modern’ air war might be like, commenta - only a limited number of roles, whereas n . s ing the use of heavy weaponry which results tors, ironically, ran footage of Berlin and other stealthy unmanned combat aircraft, e impart deterrence to the c

r in a large number of civilian causalities and German cities after Victory in Europe (VE) together with low-observable long-range o f which has serious implications for public Day. In fact, of course, coalition leaders had stand-off munitions, will lessen the need for d force which possesses n opinion and policy. This is more so in demo - no intention whatsoever of using such a level manned aircraft to penetrate enemy a l s cratic countries where the political leader - of force against an opponent, recognising such weapons and defences. These factors raise the question of p s

. ship is often at pains to explain the necessity that, given the moral climate of the present whether and for how long manned aircraft w of use of force. Moreover, due to availability day, this use of power simply would not be tol - munitions will be needed for the delivery of precision- w

w of excellent communications worldwide, it is erated by the world community or even the guided munitions.

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PHOTOGRAPHS : US Army, Lockheed Martin, USAF load on an F-16 flying in the War MQ-1 Predator unmanned aircraft, included a single 2,000-lb JDAM and two armed with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles 1,000-lb LGBs. With LJDAM, and the new small diameter bomb, these same aircraft can carry more bombs if necessary, and have the option of satellite or laser guidance for each weapon release. Cannon Launched Guided Projectiles The US Army’s MGM-51 Shillelagh missile can be considered a type of cannon launched guided projectiles (CLGP). Intended for use on the M551 Sheridan light tank, the Shillelagh missile was fired out of the Sheridan’s cannon to provide robust anti-tank capability. The Army’s M712 Copperhead laser-guided artillery round was used in Desert Storm. Army CLGPs include the M982 Excalibur 155mm artillery shell, the XM395 Precision Guided Mortar Munition, and the XM1156 precision guidance kit to refit existing 155mm shells with precision guidance, as the Air Force’s JDAM programme converts dumb bombs into precision munitions. Guided Small Arms A rifle capable of firing explosive bullets that can detonate within a metre of a target could let soldiers fire on snipers hiding in trenches, behind walls or inside buildings. The US Army has developed the XM25 rifle to give its troops an alternative to calling in artillery fire or air strikes when an enemy lites armed with lasers, as well as electronic has taken cover and can’t be targeted by jamming devices and viruses that could shut direct fire. The rifle’s gun sight uses a laser down the flow of information. rangefinder to calculate the exact distance to the obstruction. The soldier can then add or Use of PGMs subtract up to three metres from that dis - In the development of precision-guided tance to enable the bullets to clear the bar - munitions, today’s “smart” or “brilliant” rier and explode above or beside the target. weapons include a host of weapons that range from missiles to individual warheads Requirements of the Indian Army to defences against enemy smart weapons. India will face three types of threats in the In the US, the Tomahawk , future. The traditional variety of threat from guided by the global positioning system Pakistan and China which is likely to be in (GPS), can reliably hit a target the size of a the form of limited mid/high intensity bor - small room from a thousand kilometres der wars while the internal threat and the away. The US Army’s second generation tac - contemporary challenges are likely to take tical missile system is able to destroy battal - the form of terrorism and insurgencies ema - ion-sized formations of moving armoured nating from traditional adversaries, interna - combat vehicles at ranges of 140 kilometres tional terrorist networks, non-state actors, when it is loaded with the brilliant anti-tank and dissident groups of homegrown variety. (BAT) sub-munitions. Combat aircraft today These threats and challenges will have to be can engage targets with the joint direct confronted on a wide variety of terrain exist - The HELLFIRE II missile attack munition from a stand-off range of ing on India’s borders ranging from high about 100 kilometres and hit their targets by altitude glacial regions to high mountains, day or night under any weather conditions. low hills, plains, semi-desert and desert ter - It is reported that the total quantum of rain and riverine terrain. Thus the opera - PGMs used by the US Army in Vietnam was tional requirement of the Army will compel just 0.2 per cent of total munitions, the ratio them to design capability-cum-threat based increased to eight per cent in 1991 Gulf structures and equip them with a wide vari - War, rose to 35 per cent in Kosovo. In the ety of weapon systems including a relatively Afghan and Iraq wars of 2003, 56 per cent larger percentage of PGMs. of munitions were PGMs. These munitions The artillery needs large quantities of have also enabled the application of “preci - PGMs for more accurate targeting in future sion force” that offers the possibility of battles. PGMs are increasingly gaining cur - destroying military targets without substan - rency to accurately destroy critical hard tar - tial “collateral” or civilian damage. The US gets quickly as well as to reduce collateral Air Force has phased out almost all damage. With a larger quantity of PGMs, the unguided bombs in their inventory. The employment of artillery itself will undergo a focus is on acquiring sensor fused weapons drastic change. Currently, the artillery has (SFW) and joint standoff weapons carrying limited quantities of the Russian Krasnopol sub munitions. PGM for the Bofors 155 mm howitzer. Among others, the Bofors Bonus PGM is a suitable Advanced Guidance Concepts candidate, subject to successful trials in the Responding to after-action reports from deserts and the mountains. The government pilots who employed laser and/or satellite has accorded acceptance of necessity (AON) The GBU-54 is the Air Force’s newest guided weapons, Boeing has developed a for PGMs and some sensor-fuzed munitions. 500-pound precision weapon, equipped Laser JDAM (LJDAM) to provide both types A percentage of Indian armour (tanks) with a special targeting system that uses a of guidance in a single kit. Based on the already has the capability of firing missiles combination of Global Position System and existing JDAM configurations, a laser guid - from the gun tube apart from conventional laser guidance to accurately engage and ance package is added to a GPS/INS guided munitions. This capability should also be destroy moving targets weapon to increase the overall accuracy of introduced in future ICVs and tanks. The the weapons. Raytheon has developed the Defence Research and Development Organi - t e Military experts predict that space will weather satellite 865 km above earth. This enhanced Paveway family, which adds sation (DRDO) should take up a project for n . s become an actual theatre of military opera - demonstrated the capability as well as the GPS/INS guidance to their Paveway family precision munitions for small arms which e c

r tions. They observe that the coming military likely future intentions of China in space of laser-guidance packages. These “hybrid” would enable our soldiers to engage enemy o f revolution will witness the militarisation of operations. Currently, it is felt that space oper - laser and GPS guided weapons permit the snipers hiding in trenches, behind walls or d n space, with warfare occurring in space as well ations could involve everything from protect - carriage of fewer weapons types, while inside buildings. a l s as on land, at sea and in the air. China’s new ing military satellites to knocking out enemy retaining mission flexibility, because these Precision guided munitions will have to be p s

. anti-satellite weapon, a “kinetic kill vehicle”, space-borne threats and denying adversaries weapons can be employed equally against increasingly employed to improve deterrence, w fired from a medium-range on the same opportunities in space. Future moving and fixed targets, or targets of reduce collateral damage, reduce logistic w

w January 11, 2007, destroyed a Chinese threats to satellite systems could include satel - opportunity. For instance, a typical weapons loads and reduce risk to the soldiery.

6 SP’s LAND FORCES 3/2011 SPECIALISED VEHICLES <<

www.amgeneral.com

Meeting Army’s Tactical Requirements Considering the threats that India will face in future including terrorism and insurgencies besides conventional war, mobility will be a vital ingredient in capacity building both for defence and homeland security. Special vehicles are an essential part of the mobility that needs to be addressed.

PHOTOGRAPH : US Army n LT GENERAL (RETD) P.C. KATOCH Marines in an HMMWV hoc modifications of the Nissan Jonga, during operations in which has now been phased out. Such mod - PECIAL VEHICLES MANUFAC - Afghanistan ifications ranged from mounting of machine TURED IN India have largely been guns, 106mm RCL guns, missile launchers, in the heavy duty category to fitments to carry radio sets and equipment, meet the requirements that have Commander’s vehicle and modifications for come up from time to time. These long-range travel including in desert. Special Srange from dozers, forklifts, cranes, earth Forces also resorted to modifications of one moving plant, heavy duty carriers/trailers, tonne vehicle that could carry 10 men with power generation vehicles and the like. Sim - full combat loads. Phasing out of the Nissan ilar was the case in the armed forces albeit Jonga brought in the Maruti Gypsy and the heavy duty vehicles also modified as com - Mahindra Jeep into the Army. When com - munications vehicle/signal centre, Com - pared to the Jonga, the Gypsy and Jeep are manders caravans, operations room less rugged and being more compact can vehicles, kitchen lorries and in recent years accommodate lesser modifications. Focus of mine/IED proof vehicles with armour plat - this article is on special vehicles that can ing. Some special vehicles manufactured by meet the tactical level requirements of the Ashok Leyland are as follows: Indian security sector. In the light utility category, the light figured both in the civil and the Category military. The Indian military has not had a The high mobility multipurpose wheeled special vehicle in service for effective use at vehicle (HMMWV or Humvee) is a special the tactical level in diverse terrain. For tacti - vehicle produced by AM General, USA. It cal level usage, the Army had to resort to ad has largely supplanted the roles formerly

3/2011 SP’s LAND FORCES 7 >> SPECIALISED VEHICLES

PHOTOGRAPHS : US Army, Mahindra engine (which powers the Rexton)—or a New mine-resistant, ambush-protected all-terrain vehicle, built specifically for petrol engine (using 4 L GM Vortec engine the mountainous terrain (which powers the Chevrolet Blazer). An all- wheel independent suspension system meets requirement of high mobility. There are plans to have variants using Mahindra’s cur - rent line of diesel engines. Axe is expected to cost around `15 lakh. The LSV by Tata Motors with a 1.2-tonne payload is a single platform to undertake diverse missions like reconnaissance, counter-insurgency operations and even an ambulance. It caters to parameters of mobil - ity, survivability, stealth, lethality, trans - portability and maintainability to a fair extent. It has an adaptive automatic trans - mission, 60 per cent grade-ability, 300mm vertical obstacle climbing ability, 45 per cent approach angle, 45 per cent departure angle, 255mm ground clearance. The vehi - cle can operate in a temperature range of -20 degree to +55 degree celsius and has a maximum speed of 105 kmph. All Terrain Vehicle In the diverse terrain of Indian Army deploy - ments, light vehicles need to negotiate water- logged areas, marshes, sand dunes including There are plans to use variants of soft areas, mountains and extreme cold or Mahindra’s Axe which is expected high altitude and forested areas. All terrain to cost around `15 lakh vehicles that can traverse such terrain are ideally suited albeit they must meet combat requirements of troop and combat load car - riage including weapons and equipment. There is a requirement of very light variants too that with small signatures for tasks like reconnaissance. Air Portability Air portability is an essential military requirement for LSVs as air-portability by both aircraft and medium-lift helicopters increases the reach and lethality of Special Forces and Special Operations Forces. Our Army Special Forces have been authorised helicopter transportable LSVs since year 2001 but these are yet to be provisioned. Spider LSV developed by was being examined at one point of time but then a number of firms were put under ban on account of what was rumoured as kickbacks. The Spider LSV is transportable both by fixed wing aircraft and medium-lift helicopter. Scope The scope of special vehicles of the light cat - egory is vast, both in the military and the civil sectors. What the military should look for is very light versions for tasks like reconnais - sance. Air transportable versions, including served by smaller Jeeps such and other light Boomerang anti-sniper detection system. threats and simple IEDs. Humvee are fitted transportation by medium-lift helicopters, trucks. Primarily used by the US Military, it Recent improvements have also led to the with combat identification panels to reduce must be introduced earliest. For other tasks, is also used by numerous other countries development of the M1151 model, which is the possibility of friendly fire during combat. there should be a single base model with and even in civilian adaptations. There are quickly rendering the previous models obso - Size of the Humvee does not lend itself to air attachments/add on for mounting various at least 17 variants of the Humvee in serv - lete. In response to the vulnerability of transportation, limits ability for the vehicle to weapons, carriage of combat loads, etc. The ice with the US Military. Humvee serves as HMMWVs operating in Iraq, up-armour kits be manhandled out of situations and its current practice forcing users to undertake ad cargo/troop carriers, automatic weapons were designed and installed on M998 width makes passage of two Humvee difficult hoc operationally required modifications platforms, (four or eight . These kits include armoured doors on narrow roads. The US military is going in should be done away with. The PMF, CPOs patients), TOW missile carriers, M119 how - with bullet-resistant glass, side and rear for commercial off-the-shelf vehicles as part and police units battling insurgency and ter - itzer prime movers, M1097 avenger armour plates, and a ballistic windshield of the mine resistant ambush protected rorists too need to be given added mobility pedestal mounted stinger platforms, MRQ- which offer greater protection from ballistic (MRAP) programme. The long-term replace - through special vehicles of light category. The 12 direct air support vehicles, S250 shelter ment for the Humvee is the joint light tactical Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Ministry of carriers, and other roles. This special vehi - vehicle. The future tactical truck systems Home Affairs (MHA) could examine the issue cle is capable of fording 2.5 ft (76 cm) nor - In the diverse terrain of (FTTS) have also been initiated to replace holistically and take steps to clear bureau - mally, or 5 ft (1.5 m) with the deep-water Humvee versions. Vehicles similar to Humvee cratic hurdles and delays. The scope in civil fording kits installed. Some of the variants Indian Army deploy - have been produced by Russia (GAZ-2975 sector also is tremendous especially in the of the Humvee are as follows: “Tigr”), Venezuela (), Japan (Kouki - tourism sector for desert and jungle safaris, Optional equipment includes a winch ments, light vehicles dousya), France (Renault Sherpa 2) , dune buggies for fun and frolic deserts, tra - (2,700 kg capacity) and supplemental (URO VAMTAC), Philippines (MMPV) and versing difficult areas, cross country racing, armour. The M1025/M1026 and need to negotiate water- Hummer of USA, entire Hummer series para-sailing and the like. M1043/M1044 armament carriers provide being civilian derivatives of the Humvee. In mounting and firing capabilities for the Mk logged areas, marshes, India, Mahindra has come up with the Capacity Building 19 grenade launcher, the M2 heavy machine Mahindra Axe and Tata Motors with the light Considering the threats that India will face t sand dunes including e gun, the M240G/B machine gun and M249 strike vehicle (LSV). Both are under the eval - in future including terrorism and insurgen - n . s LMG. The M1114 “up-armoured” Humvee, uation of the Army. cies besides conventional war, mobility will e soft areas, mountains c

r introduced in 2004, also features a similar Mahindra Axe is being customised to be a vital ingredient in capacity building o f weapons mount. In addition, some M1114 meet Army specifications (both open and both for defence and homeland security. A

d and extreme cold or n and M1116 up-armoured and M1117 hard top versions), as replacement for cur - holistic appraisal and an effective roadmap a l s armoured security vehicle models feature a high altitude and rent Mahindra Jeep derivatives. A version for are required to provide this capability to fight p s

. common remotely operated weapon station Special Forces is also being developed. Cur - elements of our security sector. Special vehi - w (CROWS), which allows the gunner to oper - forested areas rent Axe variants use either a diesel cles are an essential part of the mobility that w

w ate from inside the vehicle, and/or the engine—2.7 L Mercedes derived Sangyong needs to be addressed.

8 SP’s LAND FORCES 3/2011 MODERNISATION << Modernising the Infantry The apathy of the Defence Ministry in equipment procurement could have disastrous results in the future. We need far greater focus and a firm political will to modernise our military and build the desired military capability for the future.

PHOTOGRAPH : SP Guide Pubns n LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR ageing and the replacements need to be The mechanised infantry is now found soon. equipped with about 2,000 UTURE WARS WILL BE highly BMP-1 and BMP-2 ICV Sarath of The Director General Mechanised uncertain; major state to state wars which over 1,000 have been Infantry during an interview with SP’s Land among well armed nations will be built in India since 1987 Forces in March 2011 had said, “Indian Army rare; low intensity conflict and asym - has planned for a futuristic infantry combat metric wars will proliferate and tech - vehicle (FICV) to replace the BMP-2 with key nFology will play a predominant role in operational and performance parameters designing the conduct of future wars. The envisaged in the Indian context. The project role and employment of infantry in future is a pioneer in ‘Make-Hi Tech’ category where will also depend on the nature of future wars. for the first time the defence industry has Most nations are investing heavily in new and invited participation by private established emerging technologies which they feel will agencies. The project is in an advance stage of confer distinct advantages over the adversary. development of a prototype. We are of the Apart from conventional conflicts where view that our operational requirements can the role of the infantry remains the same i.e. be met with a weapon mix of a cannon, to close in, capture or destroy the enemy and machine gun, missile firing capability and an hold ground, it is ideally suited as a vital arm automatic grenade launcher.” of the Indian Army, for countering insurgen - cies and terrorism operations, border guard - Anti-tank Missiles ing including maintaining the sanctity of While 250 Kornet-E anti-tank guided mis - disputed borders, internal security duties, aid siles (ATGMs) with thermal imaging sights, to civil authorities including maintenance of procured some time back have increased the law and order in peacetime and peacekeeping anti-tank capability of infantry battalions, operations under the UN Charter. the numbers are not enough compared to The modernisation focus of the Indian meet the challenges of both conventional ambulance, armoured dozer and engineer the units deployed in the plains, semi-desert Army in the Eleventh Defence Plan according and the next generation of warfare. He reconnaissance vehicles. Reconnaissance and desert terrain where tank threat is pal - to Lt General (Retd) Noble Thamburaj, former clarified that they were in the process of and Support Battalions need better surveil - pable. Indian Army is mostly using second Vice Chief of Army Staff (VCOAS), is on “pre - adopting the technologies towards meeting lance radars, fire-and-forget ATGMs and generation missiles which have limited value cision firepower, air defence, aviation, future the operational objectives set out for effective night fighting capability. The BMP- on the modern battlefield. The Army needs infantry soldier as a system (F-INSAS), infra - the infantry. 1 and the BMP-2 infantry combat vehicles, structure development, network centricity which have been the mainstay of the mech - Continued on page 15 and achieving battlefield transparency Sensors anised infantry battalions for long, are now through improved surveillance, night vision Battlefield surveillance radars (BFSRs) with and target acquisition…Considering the practical ranges up to seven to eight km receding span of technological cycle, right where clear line of sight is available have balance has to be maintained between the been inducted along with hand-held ther - state-of-the-art, current and obsolescent mal imaging devices (HHTIs) with ranges up technologies.” to 2,000 metres for observation at night and stand-alone infrared, seismic and acoustic Modernisation of the Infantry sensors with varying capabilities. These have Modernisation of Infantry as indeed the enabled the infantrymen to dominate the entire modernisation programme of the line of control (LoC) to bring down the rate Indian Army is a continuous and ongoing of infiltration by terrorists from Pakistan process. The Indian Army has initiated Occupied Kashmir (PoK). major modernisation plans, with regard to the infantry, with particular emphasis on Complementary Weapons improvement of its firepower, mobility, sur - The newly acquired weapons, which com - veillance and night fighting capability. These plement these surveillance and observation capabilities are planned to be acquired as per devices, include 84mm rocket launchers, the long-term integrated defence plan and including some disposable ones, anti-mate - flowing from this the Service wise, five-year rial rifles (AMRs), under-barrel grenade perspective plans. launchers (UBGLs), new generation car - Lt General Jasbir Singh, the former bines, bullet proof vehicles, and accurate Director General Infantry, has candidly sniper rifles. However, the numbers shared his thoughts on a host of important acquired and the ammunition stocks are issues affecting the Infantry. He has said, still inadequate and need to be made up “With rapid advancements in the field of more rapidly. The INSAS 5.56mm assault science and technology, the nature of war - rifles have now been in service for over 10 fare is also changing. Future wars are likely years, also need replacement. New 5.56mm to be short, intense and characterised by assault rifles of bull-pup design with an inte - greater transparency, increased accuracy grated laser range finder and grenade Tough automatic transmissions and lethality with much higher tempo of launcher are under development. Efforts are activities. In these times, while the Army also being made to provide infantry platoons approved for action needs to maintain conventional deterrence, and sections with integrated GPS-based nav - it should also be prepared to face the more igation system, secure light-weight walkie- probable threat of asymmetric war. The talkie radio sets and better protective gear technological advancements that would with a helmet that incorporates a built-in impact future operations of infantry can be head-up display. Key Advantages : categorised as follows: • No clutch plate to get burnt. l Improvement in firepower, both in quan - Mechanised Infantry • No rollback on mountain grades. tum and accuracy. The mechanised infantry is now equipped Faster acceleration for hot pursuit and exiting ambushes. l Sensors to provide day/night all-weather with about 2,000 BMP-1 and BMP-2 ICV • capability. Sarath of which over 1,000 have been built • Safe, smooth, easy and reliable drive. l Information sharing through network - in India since 1987. A new variant is the • Superior braking with retarder. ing and information management by 81mm carrier mortar tracked vehicle • Prognostics for preventive maintainence. automation. (CMTV) that is based on the chassis of the • Very easy for drivers to learn and drive. He said that his endeavour was to fur - Sarath ICV and has been indigenously devel - ALLISON TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION INDIA PVT. LTD., INDIA 411 ELEGANCE PVT. LTD., TOWERS, 411 8 DISTRICTELEGANCE CENTRE, TOWERS, JASOLA, NEW 8DELHI-110025, DISTRICT INDIA CENTRE, T. +91 11 4315 JASOLA, 5555 F. +91 11 4315 5566 ther enhance the capability of the Infantry oped to enhance the integral firepower avail - NEW DELHI-110025, INDIA T. +91 11 4315 5555 F. +91 11 4315 5566 PLANT : A-21, SIPCOT INDUSTRIAL PARK, ORAGADAM, SRIPERUMBUDUR TALUK, KANCHIPURAM DISTRICT- 602105, TAMIL NADU, INDIA. T. +91 44 3718 3718 F. +91 44 3718 3309 soldier and equip him with adequate lethal - able to mechanised infantry battalions. The PLANT : A-21, SIPCOT INDUSTRIAL PARK, ORAGADAM, SRIPERUMBUDUR TALUK, KANCHIPURAM DISTRICT- 602105, ity, protection and situational awareness to other variants include a command post, an TAMIL NADU, INDIA. T. +91 44 3718 3718 F. +91 44 3718 3309

3/2011 SP’s LAND FORCES 9 >> CYBER SECURITY Bots the Armoured Warriors Botnets are essentially malicious having turned into big business. In simple terms, it is a network of infected end-hosts (bots) under the command of a botmaster.

ILLUSTRATION : www.enisa.europa.eu n LT GENERAL (RETD) P.C. KATOCH targeted attacks. Additionally, these sites also serve as a vector for malicious code infection. HETHER WE GET INVADED Organisations need to create specific policies by Martians or life forms for sensitive information, which may inadver - from outer space is specula - tently be posted by employees and at the same tive, but we are already being time be aware that users visiting these sites invaded by bots and botnets from work computers may introduce an Wat an alarming rate. As if Sobig, Rbot, SDBot, avenue of infection into the enterprise net - Phatbot and Agobot with more than 500 work. Home users also need to be aware of variants were not enough, year 2010 saw these dangers because they are at equal risk massive constellations like ‘Rustok’ control - from malicious links on these sites. ling over a million bots and ones like ‘Cut - Attack toolkits continue to lead in web- wail’ and ‘Grum’ too each controlling based attack activity. Their ease of use com - hundreds of thousands of bots, the common bined with advanced capabilities make them factor being that the rate of growth of these an attractive investment for attackers. Since bot constellations is mesmerising. In order to exploits for some vulnerabilities will eventu - spread their bots to more people and at a ally cease to be effective, toolkit authors must faster rate, bots have started to become pay - incorporate new vulnerabilities to stay com - loads for worms. As the worms scan the petitive in the marketplace. Currently, attack - Internet and infect vulnerable machines, ers are targeting certain exploits, such as these machines would become part of the those for Java vulnerabilities. botnets, exponentially increasing the num - However, this could change if their effec - ber of bots at the attacker’s control. tiveness diminishes. Toolkit authors are con - Year 2010 also saw unleashing of the stantly adapting in order to maximise the ‘stuxnet’ worm spearheading heightened value of their kits. While the purpose of most malicious activity that affected over 6,000 malicious code has not changed over the past computers in India and reportedly also keep it out of site from the general public. In l Bots log into a specific IRC channel few years as attackers seek ways to profit from caused malfunction in INSAT 4B besides the IRC-based botnet, the attackers first l Bots are written to accept specific com - unsuspecting users, the sophistication of affecting some 73,000 computers in coun - infected a computer with his bot using mands and execute them (sometimes these threats has increased as attackers tries of South East Asia. We are also witness - numerous available methods. Thereafter, the from specific users) employ more features to evade detection. ing the crusade of expanding Bot Armies of bot connected back and logged into a chat l Disadvantages with IRC These features allow malicious code to China in line with her strategic ambitions. room on the IRC C&C server that are typically remain resident on infected computers, thus Globally, data breaches are costing enormous public IRC servers of the EFNET, Undernet High Stakes allowing attackers to steal more information amounts to individual organisations, the variety. The botmaster, having connected to The stuxnet worm spearheaded heightened and giving them more time to use the stolen cumulative financial implications in a coun - the channel, can then send commands to the malicious activity in 2010. The volume information before the infections are discov - try being to the tune of perhaps lakhs of bot on the infected computer and have it per - and sophistication of malicious activity ered. As more users become aware of these crores. In this war of cyberspace, the stakes form any number of tasks. Through the IRC increased substantially in 2010. The stuxnet threats, and competition among attackers are so high that national policy formulation server, the attacker keeps increasing his army worm became the first piece of malicious increases, it is likely that more threats will for cyber security measures notwithstanding, of bots at incredible speed. Over a period of code able to affect physical devices while incorporate root kit techniques to thwart there is no short cut to all organisations indi - time, other command and control domains simultaneously attempting exploits for an security software. vidually focusing on adequate security meas - for malicious botnets were added in HTTP unprecedented number of zero-day vulner - ures to prevent breaches. and P2P networks like KaZaa. Exploiting abilities. While it is highly unlikely that Conclusion known vulnerabilities, social engineering threats such as stuxnet will become com - Currently, mobile threats have been very The Botnet Phenomenon became the main attack zone using monplace because of the immense resources limited in the number of devices they affect According to Wikipedia, Botnets are essen - spam/phishing, website downloads, instant required to create it, it does show what a as well as their impact. While these threats tially a collection of bots (short for robots) messaging, etc. Bots became synonymous to skilled group of highly organised attackers are not likely to make significant inroads under a common command and control worms, essentially being malicious code like can accomplish. Targeted attacks of this right away, their impact is likely to increase structure that run autonomously, typically worms or spyware that spread in similar nature along with Hydraq and others, have in the near future. To avoid the threats that controlled by one person or a group of peo - ways. A botmaster usually uses the bots in his shown that determined attackers have the currently exist, users should only download ple. They are programmes installed on differ - botnet to spread in a number of different ways ability to infiltrate targets with research and applications from regulated marketplaces. ent computers who perform actions for the scanning other computers for known vulner - social engineering tactics alone. This matters Checking the comments for applications controller (botmaster). To start with, bots abilities and exploit these vulnerabilities to because recent studies have shown that the can also indicate if other users have already originated only because of the need for install the bot. Additionally a botnet may send average cost per incident of a data breach in noticed suspicious activity from installed automation, used mainly within Internet out spam or phishing e-mails or IM messages the United States was $7.2 million ( `32.4 applications. relay chat (IRC) and instant messaging (IM), to try to social engineer a victim into down - crore), with the largest breach costing one l One of the most common ways to mount and were not malicious in nature. Botnets loading the bot software from a website. organisation $35.3 million ( `159 crore) to a distributed denial of service attacks is were conceived for tasks like protecting a resolve. With stakes so high, organisations done via networks of zombie computers channel or deflecting a user away from a Command and Control need to focus their security efforts to prevent taking instructions from a central point. channel, plus providing entertainment in The preferred choice of command and con - breaches. Social networking sites provide l Early net were controlled via proprietary the process. However, cyber attackers even - trol method for botnets is through IRC companies with a mechanism to market software written by the network owner. tually discovered their value in automating servers, disadvantages with IRC being usu - themselves online but can also have serious l Today they are mostly controlled by an their attacks for controlling scores of com - ally unencrypted, easy to get into, take over consequences. Information posted by IRC channel. puters through infected botnets. Today’s bot - or shut down. Botnets can use either public employees on social networking sites can be l This makes it easier to control the net - nets are essentially malicious having turned or private IRC networks, optimising both used in social engineering tactics as part of work and easier for the owner to hide. into big business. Such botnet in simple advantages and disadvantages. Dynamic l Internet Relay Chat terms is a network of infected end-hosts DNS Services are used frequently with bot - l Jarkko Oikarinen; 1988 (bots) under the command of a botmaster. nets programmed to connect to specific IRC As more users become l Real time Internet Chat (synchronous Year 1999 saw the advent of the publicly or HTTP servers for command and control. conferencing) discovered malicious botnets created by TFN Using dynamic DNS servers, the botmaster aware of the threats, and l Designed for group conferencing in the forms of ‘stacheldraht’ and ‘trinoo’ aims the botnet to a dynamic DNS name and l Can do private one-to-one messaging distributed denial of service (DDoS). Using a changes the location of the command and competition among l TCP Port 195 but usually run on 6,667 proprietary command and control structure, control server. However, since these servers to avoid having to run the server as root. t attackers increases, it is e these zombie networks launched DDoS would usually be a fixed name or IP address, l RFC 1459 also RFCs 2810-2813 n . s attacks against Yahoo, Microsoft, eBay, etc. the ISP provider or administrator can easily l Network is usually arranged in an e likely that more threats c

r As cyber attackers looked for more and make changes to prevent the botnets from acyclic graph (tree) o f more targets and refined the speed of the getting connected. l Messages only need go down the d will incorporate root kit n attack, they started to move away from meth - There are a number of different ways to required branches a l s ods used for DDoS and hit public places IRC. control bots: techniques to thwart l Communications are facilitated via p s

. This then became the attacker’s paradise l Dynamic DNS services often used channels w because an attacker could use a password l Most common is through IRC (public or security software l Channels can be global to all servers or w

w protected chat room to control their bots and private) local to a single server in the network

10 SP’s LAND FORCES 3/2011 MISSILES << India Inducts Agni-III...... Is a step closer to ICBM

PHOTOGRAPH : SP Guide Pubns n VISHAL THAPAR km above the surface of the earth. The PDV will double the interception range. NDIA WILL TEST-FIRE its first inter-con - “The PDV will complete Phase-I of tinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in Decem - India’s BMD programme,” Dr Saraswat ber this year. Defence Minister A.K. informed SP’s Land Forces. “We aim to test- Antony has put the development of the fire the PDV interceptor in February-March ICBM, also code-named the Agni-V, on the 2012,” the DRDO Chief disclosed. Another tIop of the priority list of the Defence Research validation test for the earlier PAD version of and Development Organisation (DRDO). the interceptor will be held in July-August Antony has also directed the DRDO to this year, he said. hurry up the development of a “credible” In another missile-related development, ballistic missile defence (BMD) system in India has decided to modify the Sukhoi-30 order to make India’s nuclear weapons doc - MKI airframe on its own to make it capable trine of ‘no first use’ more credible. of carrying the airborne version of the Brah - In another significant development, Mos supersonic cruise missile. “The costs of India has announced the induction of the Russian collaboration were prohibitive,” said Agni-III into the Strategic Forces Command Dr Sivathanu Pillai, head of the BrahMos (SFC). The Agni-III ballistic missile has a project. The hard points on the undercar - range in excess of 3,500 km. “The Agni- riage of the Sukhoi have to be strenghtened III has already been inducted into the armed to lift the 2.5-tonne BrahMos. This requires forces. The development process for this mis - ballistic missiles from the Arihant class of sile at a height of 150 km above the surface some design changes. Dr Pillai dislosed that sile has been completed and it is now under nuclear-powered submarines, which is still in of the earth,” Dr Saraswat told SP’s Land two Sukhoi fighters have been made avail - (serial) production for the armed forces,” the works. While Antony publicly shied away Forces . This will give India the capability to able for retrofitting the BrahMos. DRDO Chief Dr V.K. Saraswat announced on from labelling the Agni-V as an ICBM, this intercept missiles with a longer range. Dr Pillai also revealed that the underwa - June 3, with the Defence Minister by his side. weapon will extend the strike range of India’s India is developing a two-tier BMD sys - ter version of the BrahMos will only be fitted The Agni-III extends the reach of India’s ballistic missiles to over 5,000 km, which is tem designed to neuteralise enemy ballistic on the next generation of submarines which nuclear weapons. The strategic artillery units widely regarded as the ICBM threshold. For missiles in space. In case the first attempt at will be built under Project 75I. The Indian of the SFC are armed with the 750 km range the moment, India will restrict its missile pro - interception in space (exo-atmosphere) fails, Navy is in the process of finalising the RFP Agni-I and the 2,500 km range Agni-II, gramme to the Agni-V range. an endo-atmospheric interceptor would for the second line of submarines to be made besides the short-range variants with In another significant disclosure, Dr attempt to block an incoming missile closer after the Scorpene. ranges between 150 km and 350 km. Saraswat revealed plans to develop a new to the surface of the earth. The exo-atmos - Meanwhile, the Indian Army has now its But what will propel India into the big interceptor missile for India’s BMD pro - pheric interceptor which has been success - first Brahmos regiment in place. The regiment league of nuclear weapons powers will be the gramme. “Code-named the PDV, it is being fully tested by the DRDO is the PAD, a Prithvi is reportedly equipped with over 60 missiles, ICBM, besides of course, the capability to fire developed to intercept an enemy ballistic mis - look-alike with an interception range of 80 and is deployed in the western sector.

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3/2011 SP’s LAND FORCES 11 >> JOINT EXCERCISE Vijayee Bhava The exercise was also intended to validate the concept of synergy between the Pivot Corps (Defensive Corps) and the Strike Corps and the options available for increasing the synergy between the two

PHOTOGRAPHS : Indian Army n LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR capable of firing precision guided munitions, self-propelled air defence artillery which pro - HE ELITE STRIKE CORPS of the vides air defence cover to the manoeuvre Indian Army, the Ambala-based 2 force, assault engineers for quickly laying Corps (Strike), also referred to as assault bridges over a water obstacle and the Kharga Corps, has just com - mobile mine clearing equipment to provide pleted its summer manoeuvres in mobility through minefields, attack helicop - tThe desert region of north Rajasthan. This ters and close support aircraft. Thus such was the first amongst a series of Western groupings are formidable forces trained and Command routine annual summer exercises equipped to destroy enemy’s strategic, oper - in north Rajasthan in the area of Suratgarh ational and tactical reserves. and Bikaner. Interestingly, the formation The T-90 tanks and tanks, with sign of this Corps is Kharga which is the high velocities of movement, duly supported weapon of Goddess Mahakali, the destroyer by mechanised infantry in their BMP2 of all negativities. infantry combat vehicles and other support - The aim of the exercise was to validate ing arms, constituted the leading echelons the new concepts which have emerged dur - of the battle groups whose aim was to proj - ing the transformation studies undertaken ect strike forces in enemy territory thus invit - by the Indian Army in light of the nature of ing the enemy to react against them and future wars, organisational innovations, and then destroy the enemy mechanised forces the new technologies being introduced in in well orchestrated tank battles. These the Army. This exercise also gave the Indian actions together with other combat drills Army the opportunity to test its new weapon and procedures involving other specialised systems and force multipliers being elements for various special tasks were excit - inducted. This involved the testing and field ing to behold. trials of both hardware and software. With air assets set to play a decisive role in The exercise was also intended to vali - future battles, the increased air assets of the date the concept of synergy between the Army and the Air Force were employed in an Pivot Corps (Defensive Corps) and the Strike integrated manner in the exercise. Integra - Corps and the options available for increas - tion with the Indian Air Force in all stages and ing the synergy between the two. employment of airborne and heliborne Spe - The exercise practised sustained mass cial Forces was the highlight of the exercise. mechanised manoeuvres in a simulated The IAF elements involved in the exercise environment by composite battle groups, included MiG-29, MiG-21 Bison, Jaguars, ably supported by air and complemented by IL-76, AN-32, Mi-17 1V, Avro, Chetak and a wide array of weapon systems and the attack helicopters, MI-25/35. enabling operational logistics. The 300 paratroopers and 50 despatch - The Indian Army, which is working ers were air dropped from one IL-76 and six towards a ‘capability-based approach’, has AN-32 transport aircraft in stealthy night embarked on a series of transformational ini - operations. The IAF employed Mi-17 1V Util - tiatives spanning new concepts, organisa - ity helicopters for special heliborne opera - tional structures and absorption of new age tions (SHBO), including dropping of Special technologies, particularly in the fields of pre - Forces behind simulated enemy lines. cision munitions, advance surveillance sys - “Every army fights to win. There is no tems, space and network-centricity. These prize for second place. I believe there is were fielded and trial evaluated by nominated scope for a conventional war without esca - test-bed formations and units participating in lating beyond the nuclear threshold,” says the exercise. The thrust of the transforma - Lieutenant General S.R. Ghosh, GOC-in-C, tional initiative is for the Army to emerge as a Western Command, Indian Army. Brains modern, lean, agile and enabled force. over brawn is the new mantra, as the While the acquisition of high-tech Indian Army is now using high technology weaponry and combat support systems is an gadgetry including unmanned aerial vehi - essential prerequisite for a capability-based taken at each level of command were during the training cycles of formations. cles, satellite feeds and televised updates approach, honing of human skills to har - analysed for their ability to synergise the The interesting part of the exercise was from the battlefield to plan operations. It is ness technological advancements in military application of state-of-the-art weapon plat - the manoeuvre executed by the armour and reported that a total of about 400 tanks, hardware is a never ending challenge. In the forms, to achieve optimum results. Such mechanised infantry combat groups sup - 300 aircraft, and 50,000 soldiers took part conduct of the exercise, combat decisions routine exercises with troops are conducted ported by long-range medium artillery guns in the exercise.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR also the favoured recourse of the MoD, i.e. about the Army being the bigger Service status quo. and bludgeoning its point of view. And as Inception of Army Aviation As the COAS designate, General K. Sun - they say, the rest is history which can derji took a 10 day sabbatical to Panjim unfortunately be awfully tedious and bor - Dear Sir, In the normal course, the MoD sought and prepared his Vision 2000 statement. ing when divorced from personalities who I chanced up on the SP’s Land Forces issue the views of the CAS. Air Chief Marshal Among other changes/restructuring, they shape policies. Let us give the credit where which carried the text of an interview with Arjan Singh’s response was vituperous to proposed the AAC for the first time in a full it is due, especially in the history of the ADG Army Aviation. It was natural to cite say the least, debunking the idea per se, as bodied form; concept, application in AAC whenever published. the deposition of General J.N. Chaudhary also its initiator. war/peace, equipping, manpower, mainte - Lt General (Retd) Baljit Singh (the then COAS) to the National Aviation The next landmark was the visit of nance and training modules, and ground House -219 Commission in the mid 1960s as the seed - Major General M.L. Chibber, the DMO, in infrastructure. Sector 16-A, Chandigarh-160015 ing thought for the Army Aviation Corps mid-1970 to the US Army establishments. More than any other contributing fac - t e (AAC). To the best of my recollection, the He returned fire with in idea of AAC and tor to the birth of AAC was a conjunction n . s inception of AAC lay with a DO letter (the TRADOC (now our ARTRAC). He pushed of lucky stars; a Minister of State (Arun e c Editor’s Note r first on the subject) by General P.P. the cases vigorously with both General T.P. Singh) at the MOD with amiable personal - o f Kumaramanlam, to the Raksha Mantri/ Raina, MVC and General O.P. Malhotra ity, an open mind with new ideas, quick to Your remarks are most appropriate and d n Secretary Ministry of Defence (MoD), soon both of whom made presentations to the see the grain from the chaff and a CAS enlightening and will add lustre to our a l s after he assumed office. It was a cogently Defence Minister. Little was achieved as (Air Chief Marshal D.A. La Fontaine) and work. p s

. reasoned, persuasively worded and the first the IAF batted on the pitch laid by their CNS Admiral R. Tehaliani (also an avia - I hope you have not forgotten me. I was w formal statement of its kind. grand old Marshal which apparently was tor) and all of whom had no inhibitions your Col GS in HQ 18 Infantry Division. w w

12 SP’s LAND FORCES 3/2011 IN THE NEWS << O D R D

, B I P

:

S Air Cmde (Retd) R. H

P Gopalaswami receiving A R

G the award from the O T

O Defence Minister H P FRENCH DEFENCE MINISTER VISITS INDIA GERMAN CHANCELLOR IN INDIA, DRDO AWARDS ITS SCIENTISTS “Buying French military equipment was attractive as it is REVIEWS SECURITY SCENARIO The Defence Research and Development Organisation accompanied by transfer of technology. The French Gov - German Chancellor Angela Merkel who arrived in India (DRDO) awards for outstanding contribution in various ernment gives buyers of military hardware the commit - on May 31 held wide-ranging discussions with Indian areas of technology for the year 2010 was given away by ment that equipment and spares will always be available leadership including Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh. Defence Minister A.K. Antony at a function organised on and that it will provide upgrades as technology evolves,” The two countries reviewed the security scenario in Pak - June 2, 2011. There were eleven categories of awards said French Defence Minister Gerard Longuet during his istan and Afghanistan and its implications in the region. presented to DRDO scientists/teams for their outstanding two-day visit to India recently. Angela Merkel asserted that terrorism had to be contributions. Longuet announced that soon the armies of both fought ‘on all fronts and not selectively’. The Silicon trophy for the Best Systems Laboratory of countries would undertake a joint exercise, namely Exer - Dr Singh responded, “We discussed the develop - DRDO was awarded to the Research Centre Imarat (Pro - cise Shakti, which would be similar to the bilateral ments in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Terrorism is a seri - gramme AD), Hyderabad for developing a ballistic missile Garuda Exercise between the two air forces and Varuna ous challenge which will have to be fought on all fronts defence system; Titanium trophy went to DL, Jodhpur for Exercise between the two navies. and not selectively.” contribution in the area of camouflage and low observable The French Minister’s visit came within a month of After the talks, India and Germany signed four technologies for the armed forces. The life time achieve - India shortlisting Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter agreements for cooperation in vocational education, ment award was conferred on Air Cmde (Retd) R. Typhoon for the medium multi-role combat aircraft pro - medical research, science and technology and Gopalaswami, Defence Research and Development Labora - gramme of the Indian Air Force. nuclear physics. tory Hyderabad for the development of liquid rocket India expressed its concern over the sale of France’s The Chancellor too is pitching for Indian Air Force engines for missiles. military hardware to Pakistan in the name of fighting acquisition of $10.4 billion ( `46,800 crore)worth Speaking on the occasion, Dr V.K. Saraswat, Director terror. Longuet said that his country has sought clarifica - 126 medium multi-role combat aircraft (MMRCA) in General, DRDO said that the award ceremony is an occa - tions from Islamabad. He said that France fully supports which Eurofighter Typhoon has been shortlisted, along - sion to take stock of DRDO’s progress in key technology India’s bid for a permanent membership in the United with France’s Dassault Rafale. Eurofighter is a four- domains. “We intend to rejuvenate our efforts in basic Nations Security Council. nation programme. research,” he said

3/2011 SP’s LAND FORCES 13 >> VIEWPOINT A Reality Check India’s Special Forces do not have the same capability as the US forces due to non-availability of high-end technology. But depending upon the distance involved and combat environment up to and on the target, they are capable of carrying out Operation Neptune’s Spear type missions across the border or for OOACs.

PHOTOGRAPH : Indian Army n GENERAL (RETD) EDITOR’S COMMENTS V.P. MALIK What is most intriguing about the raid by US SEALS in Abbottabad on May 2, 2011, is the OPERATION NEP - unanswered questions that Operation Nep - TUNE’S SPEAR tune’s Spear has raised. I have tried to frame ENABLED ELIMINA - these questions so that our readers can TION of Osama bin analyse the nuances of the operation and Laden—the world’s appreciate the operational capabilities that most wanted and are required to undertake operations which hunted terrorist leader—in a Special Forces’ involve projecting a force through enemy ter - action, will go down in history for strategic as ritory and conducting a deep raid in which well as operational reasons. It has several les - secrecy till the completion of operation and sons on the employment of Special Forces in safe return of the troops is vital. Thus the fol - the emerging security threats related to ter - lowing questions should be analysed in the rorism, border management, security of off - context of the above operations: shore assets, and to meet any out of area l How did the helicopters travel about 200 contingencies (OOACs). km from Jalalabad to Abbottabad with - At the strategic level, Operation Nep - out being detected? tune’s Spear shows that national security l Did these helicopters (Black Hawks) pos - remains the highest priority for the US Pres - sess advanced stealth features to avoid ident, no matter which political party he detection? belongs to. It reflects national determination l Were Pakistani radars switched off or are and perseverance to achieve a national secu - they incapable of picking up low-flying rity goal and in this case it was bringing to helicopters flying nap of the earth justice a terrorist leadser who had so brutally (NOE)? assaulted the US 10 years ago on September l Did the US use electronic warfare means 11, 2001. And if such a goal demands over - and remain content with successful counter- to suppress the radar activity, if so it looking ‘sovereignty’ of a friendly or a not- ‘When the interests of terror operations hinterland. would still have warned the Pakistanis so-friendly nation, so be it. As this mission Intelligence is the key to Special Forces that some activity was taking place to and its cause was so ‘righteous’, no nation the country are involved, operations. Employment of Special Forces scramble their fighters except Pakistan has raised any objection on ethics are a burdensome requires accurate intelligence and continu - l If China is the new patron of Pakistan it. The operation has definitely enhanced the ous surveillance of the target. We need and they have advanced reconnaissance US deterrence capability against future mis - irrelevance’ —Kautilya enhanced human and technical intelligence and surveillance satellites, why did they adventure by any terrorist group. capabilities in our neighbourhood and wher - not warn Pakistan regarding the raid? At the operational level, credit should be ever else required. This takes a long time to l If reconnaissance and surveillance was given to the Central Intelligence Agency dent over nine months and the picture of the build and much less to get eroded. A few being conducted on the ground as well (CIA), which on the basis of a Guantanamo President monitoring its execution along with years ago, the Research and Analysis Wing as through satellites, by the CIA for interrogation report, was able to build upon his national security team says it all. (RAW) had built such a capability but was many months prior to the operation, it it, brick by brick, and get to the target. That Operation Neptune’s Spear has reinforced frittered away on political directions. Intelli - must have been known that there were the target was being shielded by its own ally the need for Special Forces in the emerging gence also requires automated decision sup - no contingent of armed guards protect - would have made that more difficult. In such security threats in peace and war. In war, they port system and real time dissemination ing Osama bin Laden and whatever pro - a mission, human intelligence plays a much are employed as force multipliers to comple - along with a common operational picture. tection was being provided was greater role than technical intelligence and ment the task performed by conventional In the absence of a Chief of Defense Staff inconsequential. Then why were the ensures greater chances of success in the forces entailing high risk and high gain mis - and tri-Service apex organisation like the raiders so “trigger happy”? execution of the mission. The CIA has sions requiring minimum visibility. Special Forces Command, despite frequent l What was the back up and reinforce - shown exemplary capability and once again India maintains Special Forces in all joint training, our Special Forces are not ment plans to extricate the force if it got proved the importance of human intelli - three wings of its armed forces—Army Com - optimally integrated. Currently, Army Spe - involved in a fire fight with Pakistan gence over technical intelligence. mandos, Marine Commandos (MARCOS) cial Forces face an acute shortage of officers Army elements? Like the build-up of intelligence; planning and Air Force Garuds, apart from the Special and essential equipment as well. l Was Osama bin Laden unprotected and execution requires capacity building, Action Groups (SAGs), comprising Army Finally, in view of the raging debate in because he was being kept in an ISI safe selection of personnel, extensive training, personnel on deputation with National some parts of the world over ethical, moral house and no one expected any threat; or coordination and rehearsals over target like Security Guards. While the SAGs have dedi - and sovereignty issue, it has to be stated that were the ISI guards in civil clothes objectives. The plan must ensure total surprise cated resources like aircraft and helicopters, strategy and diplomacy in international rela - removed that night at the behest of Pak - to be able to deliver high results with mini - state-of-the-art equipment and training tions are based on the art of the possible and istan Army to facilitate the operation? mum resources and signatures. For days, the facilities, the Special Forces of the armed advancement of national interests. The West - l Are we to believe that Pakistan Army team has to maintain a ready to launch mode forces depend mostly on their service ern world believes that morality in this ethical and the ISI were unaware of the pres - so that minimum time is wasted between resources. These Special Forces are not system is the handmaiden of state policy, dic - ence of Osama who had been staying political assent and mission execution. Secu - country specific but mission specific also. tated by the situation in which we are placed. there for six long years? rity of the mission is, therefore, critical. Special Forces of the armed forces can be Our own Vedic thinking had been that the l President Barack Obama said Pakistan The operation in Abbottabad was con - integrated for any mission. For this purpose, Chakravarty Raja is free to have his policies cooperated in the operation but a day ducted by a SEAL Team (the acronym is they carry out joint training frequently. limited by strictures and tampered by ethical later, top US military officials said they derived from its capacity to operate at sea, in India’s Special Forces do not have the considerations and sentiments, but not if his kept the operation a secret from the Pak - the air and on land) nominated for the mis - same capability as the US forces due to non- intention is to best serve the national interest. istanis because they feared a leak. A sion two months in advance. The SEALs are availability of high-end technology. But A righteous cause is important, but the highly embarrassed Pakistan, meanwhile, US Navy’s principal special operations force; depending upon the distance involved and method need not be sentimental, or even eth - said that it was part of the operation and part of the Naval Special Warfare Command combat environment up to and on the tar - ical. Kautilya had said, “When the interests of then denied it. Why the contradictions? and maritime component of the US Special get, they are capable of carrying out Opera - the country are involved, ethics are a burden - l Did the secret visit of General Patraeus to Operations Command. They are trained in a tion Neptune’s Spear type missions across some irrelevance.” Chaklala, a week prior to Operation Nep - wide variety of missions including counter- the border or for OOACs. However, there are tune’s Spear, have anything to do with terrorism, unconventional warfare, foreign some problems in their tasking, organisa - the operation? internal defence and hostage rescue. tional and equipping priorities. A military assessment of the answers to t Operation Neptune’s e Yet another lesson is about the separation First and foremost is the inhibition at the these questions would lead us to formulate n . s between operational and strategic levels in decision-making level, usually on the the type of military and intelligence capabil - e Spear has reinforced the c

r such operations. While there was always ground(s) of moral and diplomatic propriety, ities and deception plans that India would o f some degree of overlap between these levels, poor understanding of strategic environ - need for Special Forces in require to carry out the so-called “hot pur - d n due to ever increasing influence of Informa - ment, military knowledge and risk appetite. suit” in Pakistan territory. Our political lead - a l s tion Technology (IT), enhanced mobility, long This attitude at the highest level gets the emerging security ers, intelligence chiefs and the bureaucracy p s

. reaches in targeting and effective command reflected in their employment mostly on tac - are quite ignorant of matters military so let w and control, this overlap stands blurred. Con - tical missions instead of strategic missions. threats in peace and war us not expect them to be of much help. w

w tinuous intelligence briefing of the US Presi - We thus fail to exploit their true potential

14 SP’s LAND FORCES 3/2011 FIRST/TECKNOW <<

FIRST PHOTOGRAPH : BAE Systems force protection. By applying Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems’ substantial domain expertise, the team will develop a Unmatched Capability net-ready, open architecture system, allow - ing the warfighter to configure the JLTV BAE adds Northrop platform rapidly and inexpensively for cur - to its JLTV team rent and future mission needs. Named Valanx, the JLTV is the most orthrop Grumman is now a part of capable and survivable light armoured the team building BAE systems joint vehicle in existence. BAE Systems and Nav - Nlight tactical vehicle (JLTV). The istar engineered the Valanx to create a team comprised BAE Systems, Navistar vehicle with unmatched payload, protec - Defense and Meritor Defense (formerly tion and performance. ArvinMeritor). The Valanx’s modular plug-and-play Northrop Grumman will serve as the design ensures unmatched capability command, control, communications, com - and meets all payload, protection and puters, intelligence, surveillance and performance requirements of the JLTV reconnaissance (C4ISR) lead, responsible programme. The system will be compati - for the integration of command and con - ble with current and future network trol hardware and software, computers and architectures to ensure ease of supply communications equipment, sensors and chain process and maximise and main - sensor suites for intelligence gathering and tain the value.

TEC KNOW First Look It is light, small and can be stored in a standard load-out

y year 2012, the iRobot 110 First - FirstLook is light, small and can be Look will be out in the market. A stored in a standard load-out. Weighing Bsmall, light, throwable robot that less than 5 lbs (2 kg) and measuring only provides hasty situational awareness, 10 inch long, this small spy robot is water - performs persistent observation, and proof (up to 3 inch), shockproof (15 inch investigates confined spaces, the iRobot drops onto concrete), climbs steps, curbs, 110 FirstLook is built to serve the military obstacles and can even turn itself right side and law enforcement. It is ideal for a up when flipped. Its relatively small size range of infantry missions and special ensures it can get into tight spots to per - operations, including raids and other form observations or investigations. The close-in scenarios. robot packs four cameras, two-way audio The iRobot 110 FirstLook will help in communications, and is controlled by a t getting immediate situational awareness in wrist-mounted touch screen operator con - o b o R i

a wide range of mission environments, trol unit (OCU) with a built-in radio. Its bat - : H maintain a persistent presence for more teries last up to six hours of runtime on a P A R than six hours, investigate tunnels, ditches, typical mission and 10 hours for perform - G O T culverts and other hard-to-access places. ing stationary video recording. O H P

Continued from page 9 fourth generation man-portable fire-and- INSAS Project is being handled by the Direc - adjustments and reconfigurations. forget anti-tank guided missile with tandem- Indian Army has torate General of Infantry (DGI). The pro - Situational awareness : Individual charged high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) initiated major moderni - gramme envisages equipping infantrymen soldier needs to be configured with electro- warhead to defeat the additional armour with light-weight integrated helmets with a optical situational awareness equipment being used on the modern tanks. sation plans, with regard ‘head up’ display with a built-in communica - capable of integration with a network A Defence Research and Development tion system and night vision goggles, hand- enabled battle management system. The Organisation (DRDO) project that is well to the infantry, with held computer display, GPS and lethal fire system should have components which behind schedule is the anti-tank missile power, including laser-guided weapon sys - will enable the soldier and the command - system. The antiquated Jonga-mounted SS- particular emphasis on tems at appropriate levels. The major facets of ers at all levels to keep track of their own 11 B1 anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) sys - this system are lethality, survivability, mobil - and enemy situation. tem has been replaced in missile battalions improvement of its ity, sustainability and situational awareness. The success of above project will depend by Milan shoulder-fired ATGMs. However, a Lethality : It is the ability to employ the upon close cooperation between the scien - vehicle-mounted missile system like the Nag firepower, mobility, weapon system to accurately and effectively tists, industry and the defence representa - is definitely necessary for reconnaissance surveillance and night destroy the enemy by day and night and in tives. As per the current indications, the and attrition tasks and for establishing anti- all-weather conditions. This component of Version 1 of the system will be based on tank screens in open terrain. fighting capability the system has to be modular, ruggedised available civilian technologies with suitable and free from stoppages during the course adaptation for military use and later in Ver - UAVs of battle. sion 2 further ruggedisation and specifics The Army’s infantry battalions also need Survivability : The soldier should have can be introduced. Based on this overall their own mini or micro UAVs like Elbit’s Sky - duction of a rifle capable of firing explosive adequate protection to his vital body parts framework, the Indian Army intends to lark or Rafael’s Skylite, among others, to bullets that can detonate within a metre of from any fire or shrapnel and should have induct the Version 1 by 1212 and Version 2 partly reduce the extent of patrolling neces - a target. This would allow the soldiers to fire the ability to survey the battlefield immedi - by 2020. sary in internal security environment and to on snipers hiding in trenches, behind walls ately around and detect and engage the improve their surveillance capability in con - or inside buildings. The US Army has devel - enemy swiftly by day as well night in a wide Comprehensive Planning ventional conflict. These UAVs should have oped the XM25 rifle to give its troops an variety of terrain and weather conditions as Modernisation and capability building a range of about 10 to 15 km, should be alternative to calling in artillery fire or air prevalent in India. involves a comprehensive planning process light-weight (less than 10 kg), hand- strikes when an enemy has taken cover and Mobility : Components of the soldier sys - which considers a large number of factors. launched, carry a single payload, e.g. a day - can’t be targeted by direct fire. tems have to be very light, taking full advan - Broadly speaking, it is based on threat percep - light video camera or infrared camera for tage of Nano technology in this field. This tion, technological changes and available night operations, and should be inexpensive Future Infantry Soldier as a will enable suitable ergonomics for the indi - resources. Delays occurring currently are due enough to be dispensable. A mini ground System Project vidual infantryman operating in any terrain to several reasons. The apathy shown by the control station should be authorised at bat - The Army’s F-INSAS project focuses on condition. Defence Ministry in equipment procurement talion HQ for planning and control. Ideally, enhancing the lethality and survivability of Sustainability : The components could have disastrous results in the future, these should be indigenously designed and soldiers. It seeks to transform soldiers into namely the weapons, equipment and cloth - bearing in mind that our adversaries are developed and locally manufactured. fully networked, mobile warriors with a high ing should be ruggidised and should be capa - preparing at a rapid pace. We need a far degree of situational awareness and the abil - ble of being operated for long duration in all greater focus and a firm political will to mod - PGMs for the Infantry ity to operate in all-weather conditions in all conflict scenarios, all terrain types, and all ernise our military and build the desired mil - Indian Army should also examine the intro - types of terrain. Within the Army the F- weather conditions with minimal changes/ itary capability for the future.

3/2011 SP’s LAND FORCES 15 >> MARKETING FEATURE Legendary Weapons

AK-104

HERE ARE JUST A FEW ITEMS OF decrease muzzle flame volume and shot close combat weapons that can recoil energy of the new Kalashnikovs. have a claim to global fame. The These assault rifles have increased stability Kalashnikov assault rifle and RPG- of fire and closer hit pattern in the automatic 7V grenade launcher are among fire mode. tThem. They are the choice that all belliger - The hundredth series models boast ents make notwithstanding assigned mis - improved operational reliability and durabil - sions, set objectives and changing combat ity thanks to advanced high-strength mate - situation. Soldiers seek to capture them in rials used. The rifles are produced with the combat, even in armies fighting with indige - application of innovative small arms manu - nously made weapons. These weapons are facturing technologies. A good deal of their rightfully held in respect by many soldiers components is manufactured by precision and officers worldwide, who see them as casting. The butt stock, forearm, hand symbols of Russian arms reliability, robust - guard, grip and magazine are made of AK-102 ness and effectiveness. They have earned shockproof glass-nylon black-colour com - such high esteem in combat actions con - posite (for this reason this AK series is named ducted in diverse geographical and climatic abroad “black Kalashnikovs”). They also use conditions, including on highlands, in hot new anti-corrosive coatings. deserts or humid tropics. Moreover, their unique design allows for creating modifications meeting varying AK-10Xs adhere to the best traditions customer requirements. Considering popu - The AK-47 assault rifle is the most famous larity of the Kalashnikov brand on the and mass-produced small arms brand in his - world market, Russian designers have cre - tory. One can hear hundreds of stories ated modifications of the new series extolling amazing robustness, simplicity and adapted to different calibre cartridges. The AK-101 reliability of its design. A soldier is always AK-101 and AK-102 assault rifles are confident, even in most critical situations, made to fire with 5.56-mm NATO car - RPG-7V: a portable close-range 7V2 to perform a wide variety of tasks. that his AK will not fail him. tridges, while AK-103 and AK-104 with artillery weapon Thus, the cumulative jet produced by It is worthy of noting that during all its 7.62-mm Soviet-type 1943 cartridges. The RPG-7 was inducted into service by the the PG-7VR tandem antitank rocket life the Kalashnikov assault rifle has been Thanks to component unification all Soviet Army in 1961, and it is still in service grenade easily pierces a 600-mm armour continuously upgraded: the AK-47 was assault rifles of the hundredth series also with some 50 countries all over the world, plate at the angle of 60 degrees to normal, superseded by the AKM model, later have high repairability characteristics. The including Russia. Like the Kalashnikov after having penetrated modern explosive appeared the AK-74 and then its mod - need for adjustment of individual compo - assault rifles, it has been effectively employed reactive armour. The OG-7V fragmentation ernised AK-74M version. nents and units during manufacture is in all modern-time conflicts. Such long serv - grenade is employed against infantry troops Today’s heirs to the legendary weapon totally excluded. ice life of the grenade launcher is due not both located in the open and concealed in t e are the AK assault rifles of the hundredth The Kalashnikov assault rifle has long only to its simple and unique design but also shelters and buildings. It can also destroy n . s series - AK-10X. The new family comprises transformed from a simple firing arm into a to the systematic upgrading and, what’s non-armoured materiel. This grenade is e c

r the AK-101 and AK-103 models and versatile combat complex. It can accommo - more important, to new munitions devel - especially effective for engaging enemy o f small-size AK-102 and AK-104. They all date a wide range of accessories offered by oped with the account of the combat weapon emplacements when conducting d n retain the best qualities of their predeces - Russian and foreign vendors. For example, employment experience. military operations in urban terrain and a l s sors, and boast new advantages allowing the new assault rifles are fitted with a stan - Initially the RPG-7 grenade launcher on industrial sites. The TBG-7V fuel-air p s

. them to meet requirements of modern-time dard attachment rail to mount optical was designed to fight tanks, but nowadays it explosive grenade, nearly as powerful as a w armed conflicts. scopes, night sights, and GP-34 underbarrel is seen as a multi-purpose weapon. Its highly 120-mm artillery shell or mine, allows w

w Russian armourers have managed to antipersonnel grenade launchers. effective munitions allow the upgraded RPG- effective engagement of enemy manpower

16 SP’s LAND FORCES 3/2011 MARKETING FEATURE <<

Unique design allows for creating various modifications

Designer of legendary A.K. Mikhail Kalashnikov and Rosoboronexport Director General Anatoly Isaikin

High repairability characteristics

Adapted to different RPG-7 grenade launcher calibre cartridges

located in fortifications. Besides the RPG-7, License-made weapons guarantee Russian-made samples based on Kalash - their production. It will allow an access to the Russian RPG-29 is another world’s only unique reliability nikov’s design have notably inferior charac - advanced technologies, and will guarantee grenade launcher capable of firing thermo - In recent years Russia has been actively teristics and, what is even more important, high quality and reliability of the weapons baric grenades. opposing unlicensed production of Soviet and reliability as compared with the original. produced. It is a logical and economical step The RPG-7V2 grenade launcher is Russian-designed weapons. A great part of In these circumstances Rosoboronexport for India to take since it is producing a similar capable of performing most varied tasks: 100 million units of various Kalashnikov offers the most flexible and mutually benefi - weapon – the INSAS assault rifle. from destroying enemy heavy armour to assault rifle modifications are counterfeit. cial cooperation schemes allowing customers Only licence weapons are meeting high - suppressing fortified areas and even shoot - Unlicensed production is fraught not only to become lawful owners of effective modern est technical specifications and have tremen - ing down helicopters. It can be further with legal and commercial repercussions: for weapons. For instance, Russia is ready to dous endurance. And it is only weapon upgraded by adopting existing and users quality and safety issues are also at seri - hand over to India a licence for production of designers, in this case – Russia, who can prospective sights as well as new types of ous stake. Practice shows that assault rifles the new Kalashnikov assault rifles and ren - offer modern weapon systems based on best ammunition. produced without licence as well as non- der its assistance in setting up and mastering traditions and huge experience.

3/2011 SP’s LAND FORCES 17 >> SEMINAR Thrust Towards Modernisation Officers of all three Services and members of the defence industry participated in the seminar on network- centric warfare organised by SP Guide Publications and Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS) recently

n LT GENERAL (RETD) V.K. KAPOOR sition from a network aware force to seam - sion, availability of alternate media, seamless a “parallel campaign targeting the full less, network enabled, information-age communications, faster processors, miniatur - spectrum of the adversary (diplomatic, ETWORK-CENTRIC WARFARE force. He said that military response to isation and visual displays. informational, military and economic (NCW) is a concept of operations NCW was that it translates an information He explained that NCW is an informa - (DIME)), with the aim of achieving a prede - that generates increased combat advantage in to a decisive war fighting tion superiority-enabled concept that gener - termined effect”. power by networking sensors, advantage. NCW is characterised by shared ates increased combat power, by robust The post-lunch session was chaired by Lt decision-makers and shooters to battle space awareness, shared knowledge networking of sensors, decision-makers and General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor, Editor, SP’s Land aNchieve shared awareness and synchronised of commanders intent, self-synchronisa - shooters, to achieve shared situational Forces . In his opening remarks, Kapoor men - activity. NCW uses information for the bene - tion, speed of command and rapid lockout. awareness, increased speed of command, tioned that NCW advocates and enables inte - fit of the war-fighters in peace and in war. The war-fighting advantage exploits behav - higher tempo of operations, focused applica - gration and “jointmanship” in which the The military calls it “situational awareness” ioural change and new doctrine to enable tion of fire and increased survivability, three Services, in the Indian context, are lag - which implies awareness regarding terrain self-synchronisation, speed of command which leads to enhanced mission effective - ging behind despite all their diplomatic elo - including objectives/targets, enemy, and own and increased combat power. ness. It involves transforming information quence from time to time. The final aim is to forces. This information is passed from the He elaborated that NGN is a packet-based superiority into combat power by effectively achieve strategic (political) objectives of war sensors deployed on the ground, at sea, in the network able to provide telecommunication linking knowledgeable entities in the battle with the least amount of tactical effort air and in the space (satellites, unmanned services and able to make use of multiple space. Tactical command control, communi - which incidentally is also the essence of aerial vehicles, aircraft, radars, etc) through broadband, QoS-enabled transport technolo - cations and intelligence (Tac C3I) is NCW in “operational art” and NCW enables this, broadband digital communi - hence we must acquire this cation networks to frontline capability. units and the decision-mak - Air Vice Marshal (Retd) ers in the rear in real/near D.N. Ganesh stated that net - real time frame thus making work-centric operations the battlefield transparent extending from the ground and reducing response time. up to space renders obsolete the traditional dividing line Seminar Details between strategic and tacti - A joint seminar on network- cal operations, enabling hith - centric warfare was held on erto distinct levels of war to April 21 by SP Guide Publi - be merged into simultaneous, cations and Centre for Land precise and carefully orches - Warfare Studies (CLAWS) at trated operations aimed at the Indian Army’s Manek - Dr V K Saraswat, Scientific Lt General N.B. Singh, nerve centres of leadership, shaw Centre, New Delhi. Adviser to Defence Minister, Director General, Information and command and control at The audience comprised delivering the inaugural Systems addressing the the very outset of hostilities. address at the seminar audience at the seminar officers of all three Services Harvinder Rajvant, Vice

Jayant Baranwal, Chairman Major General Rajesh Pant, Lt General P. Mohapatra, and Managing Director of Additional Director General, Signal Officer-in-Chief SP Guide Publications, giving Information Systems, at the delivering the vote of thanks seminar valedictory address s n b u P

e d i u G

P S

: S H P A R G O T O H P

and members of the defence industry. The gies and in which service-related functions the tactical battle area (TBA). He said that President, CISCO, speaking on “Cyber secu - seminar was well received by the audience are independent from underlying transport- information grid provides computing and rity: Trust, visibility and resilience” said that and interesting discussions ensued at the related technologies. Military NGN architec - communication backplane (convergence the future of work is an activity, not a place. end of each session with active participation ture consisted of wireless networking, and information assurance) and sensors and The workplace is changing. The workplace of all the officers. advanced computing and nano technology, shooters plug into the information grid for will be borderless. Workforce flexibility is In the inaugural session, the welcome radar sensors and information fusion, and situational awareness and engagement. allowing government employees to do their address was given by Brigadier (Retd) information assurance and networking Hence essence of NCW was in transforming job at their desk, in a conference room, at a Gurmeet Kanwal, Director, CLAWS, while security. He also explained future generation information superiority into combat power remote site or in the field. The ability to con - the keynote address was given by Dr V.K. networks and radio systems. by effectively linking knowledgeable entities nect workers (and citizens) on the fly Saraswat, Scientific Advisor to the Defence The pre-lunch session was chaired by Lt in the battle space. improves productivity, collaboration and cit - Minister and the vote of thanks was given by General N.B. Singh, Director General Infor - Colonel K.P.M. Das speaking on “Conver - izen satisfaction. Jayant Baranwal, the Editor-in-Chief and mation Systems. In his opening remarks, the gence of strategic, operational and tactical He emphasised that no single company Managing Director of SP Guide Publications. General pointed out the advantages of NCW echelons in C4I2” explained the levels of war. can solve the complex challenge presented Two technical sessions, pre and post and the challenges posed by it and said that He said that the levels of war are doctrinal by the Internet, but the inherent role of the lunch, were as under: the armed forces were gradually progressing perspectives that clarify the links between network positions Cisco as a natural partner a) Session 1 : NCW and the Indian Armed in acquiring this capability. strategic objectives and tactical actions. There in developing and executing a successful Forces: The present status and concerns. Major General D.V. Kalra spoke on “Indian are no finite limits or boundaries between the cyber security strategy. b) Session 2 : Future prospects and chal - Army’s march towards net-centric warfare.” levels of war (strategic, operational, and tac - The seminar concluded with the valedic - t e lenges for NCW. He focused on the emerging battlefield, the tical) and the levels of war are not necessarily tory address by Lt General P. Mohapatra, the n . s military systems under development and the associated with specific levels of command, Signals Officer-in-Chief of the Indian Army e c Highlights of the Seminar r challenges faced by the Services. He empha - size of units, types of equipment, or types of who is also responsible for designing and o f Dr Saraswat in his keynote address said that sised the impact of technology and high - forces or components. executing the defence communications net - d n NCW was a key enabling concept that lighted the impact of increased intelligence Brigadier L.B. Chand, Deputy Assistant work. His address was interesting and a l s underpins the country’s military future and surveillance capabilities, enhanced Chief of Operations at the Headquarters of informative as it indicated the communica - p s

. joint operations concept. It does not dictate weapon ranges, accuracy lethality of the the Integrated Defence Staff, spoke regard - tion infrastructure being developed for w how the military intends to fight but this weapons, proliferation of GIS-GIT, increased ing “Tri-Service effects based operations’. India’s defence forces so as to enable NCW w

w capability will provide the means for tran - volumes and high speeds of data transmis - He defined effect based operations (EBO) as capabilities in the future.

18 SP’s LAND FORCES 3/2011 Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal News in Brief Editor Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor Assistant Group Editor SINGAPOREAN ARMY UNVEILS NEW UGV various armoured vehicles and an advanced prevent and protect the soldiers and the vehi - R. Chandrakanth gunnery and tactical simulator. The simula - cle from improvised explosive devices and Senior Technical Group Editor tors feature unique capabilities that include roadside mines threats. The DVH design is a Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand a smart scenario generator and high-resolu - proven technology and is similar to that on Contributing Editor tion large training areas for open and urban mine-resistant, ambush-protected (MRAP) Air Marshal (Retd) V.K. Bhatia terrains. The flexibility of the solution allows vehicles currently used in Afghanistan. Sr. Copy Editor & Correspondent the trainees to configure the training session Sucheta Das Mohapatra to match any combat scenario and can also FIRST UKRAINIAN APCS WITH IRAQ reconfigure the systems with any combina - Contributors tion of turrets. India General (Retd) V.P. Malik, Lt General (Retd) INDIAN ARMY CHIEF HONOURED Vijay Oberoi, Lt General (Retd) R.S. Nagra, Lt General (Retd) S.R.R. Aiyengar, Air In a rare event of its kind, Chief of Army Marshal (Retd) Vinod Patney, Major General Staff General V.K. Singh has become the (Retd) Ashok Mehta, Major General (Retd) The Singaporean Army has unveiled a new first Indian officer to be inducted into the G.K. Nischol, Brigadier (Retd) Gurmeet unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), the Rush ‘Hall of Fame’ of US Army War College, Kanwal, Brigadier (Retd) S. Mishra, demonstrator, which is expected to meet the Carlisle, USA, on March 11, 2011. This dis - Rohit Sharma Army’s future operational requirements. tinction is extended by the US Army to all Iraq has received the first 26 of 420 Ukraine- Chairman & Managing Director The UGV has been developed by DSO, Singa - officers from friendly foreign countries, built BTR-4 armoured personnel carriers Jayant Baranwal pore’s national defence research and devel - who rise to the post of ‘Chief’ of their (APC), as part of a $2.5 billion Iraqi Defence Administration & Coordination opment organisation, to enhance Singapore respective Armies, after attending the cov - Ministry contract for procurement of arms Bharti Sharma, Survi Massey Armed Forces’ combat capabilities and to eted course at US Army War College. A and weapons for its modern armed forces. Photo Editor defend against potential threats. The Rush Masters Degree in Strategic Studies is Under the contract, Iraq will receive most of Amit Bhardwaj demonstrator is designed to perform multi - awarded on completion of the course. Gen - the weapons systems and equipment from Senior Art Director ple roles such as forward tactical surveil - eral V.K. Singh (then Brigadier) passed out the US, Russia, Serbia, France and Ukraine. Anoop Kamath lance; chemical, biological, radiological and from the US Army War College in 2000-01. The four tonne, 8x8 BTR-4 vehicle, a variant explosive defence, combat support and even of the Russian BTR-80 wheeled APC, has Design casualty evacuation. NOVA DELIVERS PLUG TO IAI amphibious capabilities and can carry a Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht NOVA Integrated Systems Limited has deliv - three-man crew and eight soldiers. The vehi - Sales & Marketing ELBIT ADVANCED TRAINING SYSTEMS ered a state-of-the-art plug in electro-optic cle is immune to rocket-propelled grenades, Director Sales & Marketing : Neetu Dhulia Elbit Systems has been awarded a contract and radar integration payload to IAI– carries a 30mm auto cannon, a 7.62mm Head Vertical Sales : Rajeev Chugh to supply an Asian Army with advanced Tamam division at the production roll-out machine gun and a 30mm grenade SP’s Website training systems for its armour and infantry ceremony in Hyderabad. The first produc - Sr. Web Developer : Shailendra P. Ashish forces. Under the $32.7 million project, the tion unit of the electro-optic stabilized POP MORE BUSHMASTERS IN AFGHAN Web Developer : Ugrashen Vishwakarma company will provide driving simulators for 200 system is integrated, calibrated and Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal on tested in India by NOVA, in technical collab - behalf of SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd. All >> SHOW CALENDAR oration with IAI-Tamam. rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval SAGEM FIRE CONTROL COMPUTERS system, or transmitted in any form or by any 20-22 June means, photocopying, recording, electronic, Future Artillery India The French defence procurement agency or otherwise without the prior written Le Méridien, New Delhi, India DGA, has selected the new generation ballis - permission of the publishers. tic computer, Cadet 2G, to equip all control www.futureartilleryindia.com Printed in India stations in the French Army’s Atlas artillery by Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd 27-29 June system. The Cadet 2G solution is derived © SP Guide Publications, 2011 Military Vehicles Canada from the company’s Storm fire control com - Annual Subscription The Ottawa Convention Centre, Ottawa, puter (FCC). The computer will determine Inland: `600 • Overseas: US$180 Ontario, Canada primary or backup fire control solutions for Email: [email protected] www.militaryvehiclescanada.com 155mm artillery pieces and mortars, as well The Australian Government has given as during force projection missions. approval for the purchase of an additional Letters to Editor [email protected] 27-29 June 101 Bushmaster protected mobility vehicles Cyber Warfare & Security Summit TEXTRON’S ARMOURED VEHICLES to support Australian Defence Force (ADF) For Advertising Details, Contact: Washington Marriott Wardman Park, Textron Marine and Land Systems has operations in Afghanistan. This was [email protected] [email protected] Washington DC Metro Area, USA announced that it has been awarded an announced by Defence Minister Stephen [email protected] www.cyberwarfareevent.com/Event.aspx?i undefinitised contract action (UCA) by the Smith. The Defence Ministry is also assessing d=498286 US Army Contracting Command, Warren, a range of enhancements to the Bushmaster SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD to produce up to 440 medium armoured vehicle for providing enhanced protection to Corporate Office A 133 Arjun Nagar, Opp Defence Colony, 27-29 June security vehicles (MASV) for the ADF personnel, which if approved, would be New Delhi 110 003, India Military Robotics 2011 Afghanistan National Army (ANA). applied to the additional 101 vehicles. Millennium Knightsbridge, London, UK Tel: +91(11) 24644693, 24644763, MASVs include nine armoured vehicle con - 24620130 www.military-robotics.com/ figurations designed specifically for ANA FIRST BOXER AFVS IN GERMANY Event.aspx?id=489906 Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 roles and missions, and are derived from The German armed forces 23rd Mountain Regd Office the combat-proven M1117 Armored Secu - Rangers Brigade is to receive its first Boxer 27-30 June Fax: +91 (11) 23622942 Military Logistics Summit rity Vehicle (ASV) and ASV Armored Per - armoured fighting vehicles (AFV) for deploy - Email: [email protected] sonnel Carrier (APC). ment in Afghanistan. The mountain ranger Washington Marriott Wardman Park, Representative Offices battalion has recently completed operator Washington, DC, USA BENGALURU , INDIA HARRIS TO PROVIDE TCS TO ASIA and weapons training, and the new vehicle’s www.MilitaryLogisticsSummit.com Air Marshal (Retd) B.K. Pandey Harris Corporation has received an order command and control information system 534, Jal Vayu Vihar, Kammanhalli Main Rd, 6-9 July from an Asian nation for an integrated tacti - training. The vehicle is equipped with the Bangalore 560043, India. BRIDEX 2011 (Brunei International cal communications system to provide com - Infanterist der Zukunft (IdZ) future soldier Tel: +91 (80) 23682534 Defence Exhibition) mand and control in a variety of missions. system, which allows the gunner to engage MOSCOW, RUSSIA Bridex International Conference Centre, Under the $19 million order, the company the enemy from inside the vehicle due to a LAGUK Co., Ltd, Yuri Laskin Negara Brunei, Darussalam will deliver and integrate Falcon III and Fal - display and a joystick control. Krasnokholmskaya, Nab., www.bridex2011.com/08venueMain.htm l con II tactical radios for advanced situational 11/15, app. 132, Moscow 115172, Russia. awareness capabilities. The system also PORTABLE MISSILES FOR INDIA Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, 7-9 July includes software-defined tactical radios, the The South Korean weapons manufacturer, Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 SAFE 2011 (5th International Exhibition RF-7800S secure personal radio, the RF- LIG Nex1 has submitted a request to sell www.spguidepublications.com on Internal and Homeland Security) 7800V VHF combat net hand-held radio, and portable anti-aircraft missiles to India. “LIG www.spslandforces.net Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India the RF-7800I vehicular intercom system. Nex1 submitted a request for a proposal RNI Number: DELENG/2008/25818 www.ciionline.org early this year to the Indian Government to NEW VEHICLES IN AFGHAN export the Shingung portable missiles,” the 12-13 July The US Army soldiers will begin to receive official added. The Shingung is a shoulder- 5th International Conference and 150 new Stryker armoured combat vehicles launched missile with a range of seven km, Exhibition on Internal Security with a double-V hull (DVH) design in the com - and is capable of destroying targets as high India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India ing weeks for use in Afghanistan. The Stryker as 3.5 km with a speed of Mach 2.0. India is www.cii.in DVH, with enhanced armour, wider tires and planning to buy portable anti-aircraft blast-attenuating seats has been designed to weapons worth $1.28 billion by 2014.

3/2011 SP’s LAND FORCES 19 SITUATIONAL AWARENESS. NOW FOR EVEN MORE SITUATIONS.

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