30 World Heritage papers30 World Heritage papers Adapting to Change – The State of Conservation Heritage of World Forests in 2011 The State of Conservation of World Heritage Forests in 2011 Adapting to Change Adapting to For more information contact: UNESCO World Heritage Centre papers 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel : 33 (0)1 45 68 15 71 Fax : 33 (0)1 45 68 55 70 E-mail : [email protected] http://whc.unesco.org HeritageWorld Adapting to Change The State of Conservation of World Heritage Forests in 2011 Cover photo: “Enchanted forest” © Gayle Gerson Supervision and coordination: Marc Patry, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Romy Horn, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Sachiko Haraguchi, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Coordination of the World Heritage Papers Series: Vesna Vujicic-Lugassy, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Graphic design: Jean-Luc Thierry Photos and images presented in the texts are the copyright of the authors unless otherwise indicated. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. World Heritage Centre UNESCO 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel.: 33 (0)1 45 68 15 71 Fax: 33 (0)1 45 68 55 70 Website: http://whc.unesco.org © UNESCO, 2011. All rights reserved. ISBN 978 92 3 001014 0 Published in October 2011 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Printed by UNESCO. Printed in France. About the artist: Gayle Gerson is a collage artist and teacher who lives in the high desert country of Grand Junction, Colorado. She relies on her memories of the Adirondack forests in which she spent her childhood summers to build her fantasy forest collages. Her work both in collage and watermedia has been exhibited and awarded in many national juried shows and is in several public and private collections. Further information: http://gaylegerson.com/ 2 Joint Foreword round the planet, forests provide a source of subsistence and livelihoods for some Irina Bokova A 1.6 billion people, many of whom are mired in poverty. Forests contribute directly Director-General of UNESCO to poverty reduction by generating jobs, incomes, and vital goods for communities – from timber and firewood to food and medicine. If managed in a sustainable manner, Sha Zukang forests can help to curb disease and to regulate hydrological, carbon and nutrient cycles United Nations Under-Secretary- that contribute to healthy lifestyles. General for Economic and Social Affairs and Secretary-General 2011 and 2012 are pivotal years for the world’s forests and for sustainable develop- of the UN Conference on ment. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2011 as the International Year of Sustainable Development Forests. In June 2012, the international community will convene in Rio de Janeiro for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also known as Rio+20. At this much-awaited conference, countries will renew their commitment to sustainable development and focus on accelerating the implementation of measures agreed upon since the first Earth Summit in 1992. This is why UNESCO is devoting this edition of the World Heritage Papers series to forest conservation and the green future of our planet. This publication highlights all forest areas inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. To date, the List contains 104 forests, covering a total area of over 75 million hectares (750,000 sq km). Each is a unique ecosystem that provides space for cooperation in science, education, and culture and that is invaluable for the benefit of all. Launched in 2001, UNESCO’s World Heritage Forest Programme celebrates the social and cultural value of forests for local communities and conveys the extraordinary natural beauty and biological diversity of these sites. The three Rio Conventions devoted to climate change, biological diversity and combating desertification, along with the United Nations Forum on Forests, all emphasize the pressing need to manage natural resources sustainably. UNESCO works to strengthen the importance of sustainable forest manage- ment, and especially conservation, as green economy activities that contribute to the eradication of poverty. Experts warn us that the planet’s natural resources continue to be depleted at an alarming rate. Forests are especially vulnerable, facing serious threats ranging from unsustainable practices to climate change. In a context of environmental crisis, the UNESCO World Heritage Convention can help rally international attention and cooper- ation for the ambitious task of preserving these unique natural areas. Future genera- tions have a right to enjoy forests as much we do today. We are convinced this publication will help to mobilize greater public support worldwide for heritage forests and for all types of forests. 3 Introductory Remarks his second State of Conservation of World Heritage Forests report was timed for Kishore Rao T release during the United Nations International Year of Forests, the motto of which Director Celebrating Forests for People is very appropriate to the World Heritage Convention – a UNESCO World Heritage Centre widely recognized United Nations convention created in large part to ensure that people, both current and future generations, could continue to celebrate and benefit from the outstanding cultural and natural diversity of our world. The first World Heritage forests were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978 (Nahanni National Park in Canada, Yellowstone National Park in the USA). As of the 35th session of the Intergovernmental World Heritage Committee in 2011, 104 World Heritage sites covering over 77 million hectares across all biogeographic realms are recognized as World Heritage forest sites – by any standard this is a huge success story for forest conservation. But recognition is only one part of the World Heritage Convention. The complementary part focuses on conservation – a more difficult task. The World Heritage Committee monitors the state of conservation of World Heritage sites, and over the years – as demonstrated in this publication – it has become apparent that World Heritage forests are a particularly vulnerable group of World Heritage sites. As human populations grow, and as previously forested lands are converted into agricul- ture, or degraded by logging or by various industrial or public utilities infrastructure, more and more people are forced to look for increasingly scarce forest resources in places where they still exist in relative abundance, which is most often within forest protected areas such as World Heritage forest sites. The FAO’s Global Forest Resource Assessment for 2010 indicates that the trend for including forests in protected areas has accelerated in the last ten years, but that non- protected primary forests – those least disturbed by intensive human activity – continue to be lost at a rate of 4.2 million hectares a year. Extrapolating these trends leads us to conclude that as access to non-protected primary forests becomes ever more difficult, pressure to facilitate access to the remaining protected forests will increase. A brief review of the annual State of Conservation reports produced by the World Heritage Centre and IUCN for the World Heritage Committee reflects this reality in the wide range of threats to listed World Heritage forests. For example, illegal logging and the bushmeat trade pose grave threats to several World Heritage forests because the lands surrounding these sites have often already been depleted of such resources. Beyond the threats that we have grown accustomed to dealing with, climate change is expected to significantly increase the complexities of protected area management in the coming years. Managers will need to redouble their efforts, not only to reduce existing threats but also to look beyond the boundaries of their protected areas so that suitable adaptation strategies may be implemented. These managers will need to develop the capacity and be given the responsibility to engage with agents of wider land use changes in order to achieve this. 5 Adapting to Change – The State of Conservation of World Heritage Forests in 2011 There is an urgent need to find ways in which the World Heritage Convention will, on the one hand, ensure the long term conservation of World Heritage forests, and on the other, encourage the replenishment and sustainable management of accessible forest resources for local communities whose access to resources have been considerably reduced. Recognizing the need to encourage synergies between conservation and development, the World Heritage Committee requested at its 34th session in 2010 that sustainable development measures be integrated into the work of the World Heritage Convention, which has resulted in the approval of an action plan to further this objective. Interesting opportunities are emerging in the case of World Heritage forests. For instance, the emerging global recognition of the role of forests in capturing and storing carbon has led to the development of mechanisms designed to encourage forest conservation, sustainable forest management, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks through