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BET Unit Sheet 1 Islamic Art Chapter 10 AP Art History BET 1: Islamic Art–Chapter 10 Unit Sheet Mrs. Cook Art Works Medium Date Page 10 -2: Dome of the Rock architecture 691 285 10 -4: The Great Mosque in Damascus architecture c. 700 286 10 -6: The Great Mosque in Tunisia architecture c. 875 288 10 -9 to 10 -12: Mosque at Cordoba, Spain architecture c. 800 -1000 290 -291 10 -15: Pyxis of al -Mughria, from Medina al -Zahra Pyx is 968 293 10:19: Alhambra Palaces, Spain architecture c. 1350 295 10 -23: The Mosque of Selim II, Turkey (Sinan -architect) architecture c. 1575 299 10 -27: Maqsud of Kashan, carpet Carpet 1540 301 10 -29: Sultona -Muhamman, Court of Gayumars, folio 20 Illustrated book 1525 -1535 302 -303 Preview: The religion of Islam arose early in the seventh century. From the Arabian peninsula where Islam was established, Muslim rule spread swiftly to Syria, Palestine, Iraq, and Lower Egypt. By 710, all of North Africa was under Islamic control. In the following centuries Islamic rule was established in southern Spain, and in the East, Muslim armies gradually eroded Byzantine strongholds. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire occurred when the Ottoman Turks invaded Constantinople in 1453. Islam, one of the world’s great religions, is centered around the 6th century Prophet Muhammed, whose revelations are written in the Koran, the sacred book of Islam. Throughout its history, Arab thinkers have made significant contributions to world literature, philosophy, science, and mathematics. The art of the Islamic world is particularly rich, with refined traditions in mosque architecture, luxury arts such as carving and metalwork, illustrated books. Chapter 10 surveys the art and architecture of the Islamic world from its early period in the 7 th century, through the 16 th century, the height of the Ottoman dynasty. Key Figures : Muhammad the Prophet, Sinan, Suleyman the Magnificent, Sulayman, Sultan Hasan, Maqsud of Kashan, Buhzad, Sultan-Muhammad, Muhammad Ibn al-Zayn Key Cultural Terms: caliph, sultan, emir, Kufic Key Religious Terms: Hijra, Koran, Hadith, imam, surah Key Art Terms: tesserae, pyxis (pl. pyxides), calligraphy, finial, Samarqand ware, mosaic tilework, cuerda seca, enamel Key Architectural Terms: mosque, maqsura, horseshoe-shaped arches, arcade, blind arcade, engaged columns, minarets, mihrab, mihrab dome, minbar, hypostyle hall, iwan, qibla, muqarna, Context: History: Muhammad born c. 570 CE in Mecca – at age 40, receives calling as a prophet of a new religion. Died 632 CE, recognized Christians, Jews, and Arabs as descendants of Abraham. (he recognized Jesus, but not as divine) Only Muhammad’s teachings preserve God’s (Allah) true message. Muhammad was not divine, but a prophet. Koran, Islamic holy book (The Word of God), is a collection of moral laws as revealed to Muhammad and written down after Muhammad’s death by the caliph Uthman (644-656). The Koran is supplemented by the Sunna (moral sayings of Muhammad) and anecdotes of his exemplary deeds) Caliphs descendants of families of the Prophet Islam spread rapidly through North Africa and conquered Spain in the 8 th century, Constantinople fell to Turks in 1453. Islam (caliphs) established new social order and took complete charge of temporal as well as spiritual affairs. Islam sponsored advanced scholarship and the translation of Greco-Roman texts from all areas of learning. Islamic Beliefs and Ritual Five Pillars of Faith: the reward for observing these is Paradise Muhammad did not set up any priesthood or church, but the Koran’s “Five Pillars” is guide of duties for all life’s endeavors AP Art History BET 1: Islamic Art–Chapter 10 Unit Sheet Mrs. Cook 1. Reciting the creed: “There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God” 2. Daily prayer (3-5 times) facing Mecca and Fridays in a mosque 3. Abstinence of food, drink, and sexual activity during the daylight hours of Ramadan (9 th lunar-holy- month) 4. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once before death 5. The duty of almsgiving Ritual centered on daily prayer and pilgrimage without other rituals or hierarchical spiritually privileged priesthood. Mosques-places of daily prayer: the faithful would be called to prayer by the muezzin in the mosque’s minaret , enter enclosed courtyard, engaged in ritual washing, enter mosque and begin individual prayer on their knees facing Mecca. The direction of Mecca was marked by a sacred niche, or mihrab , in the qibla wall (opposite to the entrance). In front of the mihrab was an elaborately decorated dome marking the exclusive enclosure for the caliph called a madksourah . No images of anything living were allowed in Islamic mosques, only elaborate interweaving designs called arabesques , and calligraphic passages of text. Surfaces are covered with rich, flat, linear patterns of Geometric and organic design. Vocabulary: Allah Caliph Koran Mecca Calligraphic arabesque Sunna Hejira Techniques: mosque mihrab qibla wall maqsura Madksourah minaret horseshoe arch spoila Voussoirs hypostyle hall maqarnas muezzin Ideas and Concepts: 1. How does the use and design of a sacred space reflect the religious experiences and rituals that take place there? 2. How is large scale Islamic sacred architecture also an expression of political power? 3. Who were the Ottomans? When was the Ottoman Empire it its peak? What were their rulers especially known for? 4. Know the history of Islamic rule in Spain with special attention to the Mosque at Cordoba, the Alhambra, and Sinan’s Mosque of SelimII in Edrine, Turkey. History of Islam: Muhammad (the prophet) founder of religion – born c. 570 CE in Mecca ••• At age of 40, receives calling as a prophet of new religion. Dies in 632 CE ••• Muhammad recognized Christians, Jews, and Arabs as descendants of Abraham and recognized Jesus, but not as divine ••• Only Muhammad’s teachings preserve God’s (Allah) true message ••• Muhammad was NOT divine – only seen as a prophet Islam spread rapidly • By the 8 th century conquered North Africa and Spain (785 CE) • Constantinople fell in 1453 CE • Islam (through the work of the caliphs) established new social order in regions and took complete charge of temporal as well as spiritual affairs • Islam sponsored advanced scholarship and the translation of Greco-Roman texts from all areas of learning Koran is the Islamic holy book (The Word of God) • Collection of moral laws as revealed to Muhammad and written down after Muhammad’s death by the caliph Uthman (644-656) • The Koran is supplemented by the Sunna (moral sayings of Muhammad and anecdotes of his exemplary deeds) (Caliphs are seen as descendants of the Prophet) Islamic Beliefs and Ritual • Islamic rituals centered on daily prayer and pilgrimage, without other rituals or a hierarchical spiritually privileged priesthood. • Muhammad did not set up any priesthood or church, but the Koran’s “Five Pillars” became a guide for the duties of all life’s endeavors The Five tenants of Islam are: AP Art History BET 1: Islamic Art–Chapter 10 Unit Sheet Mrs. Cook 1. Reciting the creed: “There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God” 2. Daily prayer (3-5 times) facing Mecca and Fridays in a mosque 3. Abstinence of food, drink, and sexual activity during the daylight hours of Ramadan (9 th lunar-holy-month) 4. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once before death 5. The duty of giving to the poor and needy The reward for observing the above is Paradise . Islamic Mosques • Mosques are places of daily prayer. The faithful would be called to prayer from a crier in the mosques. • Minaret enter enclosed courtyard, engaged in ritual washing, enter mosque and begin individual prayer on their knees facing Mecca • The direction of Mecca was marked by a sacred niche, or mihrab , in the qibla wall (opposite to the entrance). In front of the mihrab was an elaborately decorated dome marking the exclusive enclosure for the caliph called a madksourah . • No images of anything living were allowed in Islamic mosques, only elaborate interweaving designs called arabesques and calligraphic passages of text. Surfaces are covered with rich, flat, linear patterns of Geometric and organic design. .
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