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Elderberry (Pdf)
f BWSR Featured Plant Name : American Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.) Plant Family: Adoxaceae (Moschatel) American Elderberry is a shrub that is Statewide Wetland both beautiful and functional. Its showy Indicator Status: white flowers develop into black berries FACW that are used by a wide variety of birds and mammals. Carpenter and mason bees also use its stems for nesting and it provides pollen for a wide variety native bees, flies and beetles. Its ability to form dense stands in riparian areas makes it well suited to buffer planting and other The flat-topped shape of the flower head soil stabilization projects. is very distinctive photo by Dave Hanson The leaves are long and lace- Identification like in shape Photo by Dave This thicket-forming shrub can be identified by its unique flowers and berries. The Hanson stems are tall, erect, and arching. The newest branches are green in color and glabrous. Older branches are grayish-brown, and have warty-like lenticels. With age the branches become rougher. The leaves are pinnately compound and deciduous with elliptical or lance-like leaflets. Leaflet surfaces are dark green, slightly hairy, and have finely serrated margins. Bases of the leaves are rounded, while the tips abruptly come to a point. The stalks of the leaflets are green with a hairy channel running up the stalk. Numerous flat-topped flower heads appear and bloom from late June to early August. Flowers are white and have a very distinctive odor. The fruit, which is a round berry, ripens from July to August. Although the purple-black fruit is edible, it is slightly bitter. -
The Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Properties of Sambucus Ebulus: a Review
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(2), pp. 095-103, 18 January, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR09.026 ISSN 1996-0875© 2010 Academic Journals Review The chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties of Sambucus ebulus: A review M. Shokrzadeh1 and S. S. Saeedi Saravi2* 1Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Accepted 16 December, 2009 Sambucus ebulus is known as dwarf elder or elderberry. S. ebulus extracts are an important area in drug development with numerous pharmacological functions in the Middle East. However, their pharmacological functions have not been clearly studied. For a long time, S. ebulus has been prescribed in traditional medicines for the treatment of inflammatory reactions, such as hemorrhoid, bites and sore-throat. In addition, S. ebulus has recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti- nociceptive, anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic and anti-oxidative activities. Ebulitin, ebulin 1, flavonoid, athocyanin and other components have been isolated from S. ebulus and identified as active ingredients of biological and pharmacological activities. Due to the easy collection of the plant and remarkable biological activities, this plant has become both food and medicine in the coastal area of Iran. This review presents comprehensive analyzed information on the botanical, chemical, toxico- pharmacological and clinical aspects of S. ebulus. Key words: Sambucus ebulus, Adoxaceae, RIPs, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-cancer, anti- oxidative. INTRODUCTION Sambucus ebulus whose common name is dwarf elder, Iran and distributed in moist grasslands or forest margins elderberry or danewort, is a native perennial herb of the on Northern coast of Caspian Sea, Iran (Azadbakht, Adoxaceae family in the order of the Dipsacales, that 1999). -
Elderberry: Botany, Horticulture, Potential
4 Elderberry: Botany, Horticulture, Potential Denis Charlebois Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Horticultural Research and Development Centre 430 Gouin Boulevard Saint-Iean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, J3B 3E6 Canada Patrick 1. Byers Cooperative Extension Service University of Missouri Springfield, MO 65802 Chad E. Finn Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service 3420 NW Orchard Avenue Corvallis, OR 97330 Andrew1. Thomas Southwest Research Center University of Missouri 14548 Highway H Mt. Vernon, MO 65712 1. INTRODUCTION II. BOTANY A. Taxonomy B. Distribution 1. Sambucus canadensis 2. Sambucus nigra Horticultural Reviews, Volume 37 Edited by Jules Janick Copyright © 2010Wiley-Blackwell. 213 214 D. CHARLEBOIS, P. 1. BYERS, C. E. FINN, AND A. 1. THOMAS 4. ELDERBERRY: BOTANY, HORTICULTURE, POTENTIAL 215 C. Habitat 3. Fruit D. Morphology 4. Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties E. Reproductive Biology 5. Anthocyanins and Antioxidant Capacity 1. Pollination F. Ecological Value and Ornamental Potential 2. Fruit Ripening G. Markets and Production Costs F. Plant Development H. Processing III. HORTICULTURE VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS A. Winter Hardiness LITERATURE CITED 1. Sambucus canadensis 2. Sambucus nigra B. Site Selection and Preparation 1. Soil Preference I. INTRODUCTION 2. Site Preparation 3. Irrigation The elderberry or elder (Sambucus spp.), in production or growing wild C. Orchard Establishment in the northernhemisphere, mayhave the widestrange of applications of D. Fertilization and Mycorrhizae all small fruits. Members of the genus Sambucus have a multitude of E. Pruning 1. Maintenance uses, including riverbank stabilization and windbreaks (Paquet and 2. Rejuvenation Jutras 1996); wildlife food and refuge; ornamental, crafts, and games; 3. Corrective versatile human food source, and multipurpose medicinal (Valles F. -
Appendix 2: Plant Lists
Appendix 2: Plant Lists Master List and Section Lists Mahlon Dickerson Reservation Botanical Survey and Stewardship Assessment Wild Ridge Plants, LLC 2015 2015 MASTER PLANT LIST MAHLON DICKERSON RESERVATION SCIENTIFIC NAME NATIVENESS S-RANK CC PLANT HABIT # OF SECTIONS Acalypha rhomboidea Native 1 Forb 9 Acer palmatum Invasive 0 Tree 1 Acer pensylvanicum Native 7 Tree 2 Acer platanoides Invasive 0 Tree 4 Acer rubrum Native 3 Tree 27 Acer saccharum Native 5 Tree 24 Achillea millefolium Native 0 Forb 18 Acorus calamus Alien 0 Forb 1 Actaea pachypoda Native 5 Forb 10 Adiantum pedatum Native 7 Fern 7 Ageratina altissima v. altissima Native 3 Forb 23 Agrimonia gryposepala Native 4 Forb 4 Agrostis canina Alien 0 Graminoid 2 Agrostis gigantea Alien 0 Graminoid 8 Agrostis hyemalis Native 2 Graminoid 3 Agrostis perennans Native 5 Graminoid 18 Agrostis stolonifera Invasive 0 Graminoid 3 Ailanthus altissima Invasive 0 Tree 8 Ajuga reptans Invasive 0 Forb 3 Alisma subcordatum Native 3 Forb 3 Alliaria petiolata Invasive 0 Forb 17 Allium tricoccum Native 8 Forb 3 Allium vineale Alien 0 Forb 2 Alnus incana ssp rugosa Native 6 Shrub 5 Alnus serrulata Native 4 Shrub 3 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Native 0 Forb 14 Amelanchier arborea Native 7 Tree 26 Amphicarpaea bracteata Native 4 Vine, herbaceous 18 2015 MASTER PLANT LIST MAHLON DICKERSON RESERVATION SCIENTIFIC NAME NATIVENESS S-RANK CC PLANT HABIT # OF SECTIONS Anagallis arvensis Alien 0 Forb 4 Anaphalis margaritacea Native 2 Forb 3 Andropogon gerardii Native 4 Graminoid 1 Andropogon virginicus Native 2 Graminoid 1 Anemone americana Native 9 Forb 6 Anemone quinquefolia Native 7 Forb 13 Anemone virginiana Native 4 Forb 5 Antennaria neglecta Native 2 Forb 2 Antennaria neodioica ssp. -
A Review on Presence of Oleanolic Acid in Natural Products
Natura Proda Medica, (2), April 2009 64 A review on presence of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products A review on presence of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products YEUNG Ming Fai Abstract Oleanolic acid (OA), a common phytochemical, is chosen as an example for elucidation of its presence in natural products by searching scientific databases. 146 families, 698 genera and 1620 species of natural products were found to have OA up to Sep 2007. Keywords Oleanolic acid, natural products, plants, Chinese medicine, Linnaeus system of plant classification Introduction and/or its saponins in natural products was carried out for Oleanolic acid (OA), a common phytochemical, is chosen elucidating its pressence. The classification was based on as an example for elucidation of its presence in natural Linnaeus system of plant classification from the databases of products by searching scientific databases. SciFinder and China Yearbook Full-text Database (CJFD). Methodology of Review Result of Review Literature search for isolation and characterization of OA Search results were tabulated (Table 1). Table 1 Literature review of natural products containing OA and/or its saponins. The classification is based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG II system of plant classification from the databases of SciFinder and China Yearbook Full-text Database (CJFD). Family of plants Plant scientific names Position of plant to be Form of OA References isolated isolated Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthus illicifolius L. Leaves OA [1-2] Acanthaceae Avicennia officinalis Linn. Leaves OA [3] Acanthaceae Blepharis sindica Stocks ex T. Anders Seeds OA [4] Acanthaceae Dicliptera chinensis (Linn.) Juss. Whole plant OA [5] Acanthaceae Justicia simplex Whole plant OA saponins [6] Actinidiaceae Gilg. -
Constituents from the Branches of Sambucus Sieboldiana Var
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 5 (04), pp. 119-122, April, 2015 Available online at http://www.japsonline.com DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50420 ISSN 2231-3354 Constituents from the Branches of Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula with the Properties of Collagen Synthesis Activation Jun Hwan Yim1, Moon Sik Jang1, Mi Yeon Moon1, Ha Youn Lee1, Sung Chun Kim1, Nam Ho Lee2* 1 Naturalsolution Co., 730-10 Gosan, Namdong, Incheon 405-822, Korea. 2 Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea. ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO Article history: For the purpose of developing anti-wrinkle cosmetic ingredients, the extracts from branches of a woody plant Received on: 02/02/2015 Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula were examined on collagen synthesis activities using fibroblast HDFn cells. Revised on: 12/02/2015 As a result, the S. sieboldiana ethanol extract (SSE) proved to activate the production of type I procollagen in a Accepted on: 21/03/2015 dose-dependent manner without showing cell toxicity. Phytochemical study was conducted to isolate the active Available online: 27/04/2015 constituents in the extracts by solvent fractionation followed by chromatographic purifications. From this procedure, two known compounds, kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside (1) and daucosterol (2), were identified by Key words: spectroscopic studies. From the isolates, the flavonoid glycoside 1 was verified to induce the synthesis of the type Sambucus sieboldiana, I procollagen dose-dependently. These results suggested that S. sieboldiana extract containing the flavonoid 1 collagen, fibroblast, anti- could be useful as an active ingredient in wrinkle-care cosmetics. wrinkle INTRODUCTION materials which up-regulate the collagen contents in the dermis (Shuster et al., 1975). -
Elderberry, Or Have Respect for Your Elders!
Enchanted Elderberry, or Have Respect for Your Elders! Elderberries have been blooming along roadsides. Their blossoms spread across the bushes like white lace doilies. Do you remember infamous poison-laced elderberry wine that was used to put lonely gentlemen out of their misery by little old ladies in the comedy, "Arsenic and Old Lace"? Did "old lace" refer to the ladies, the "laced" wine, or the appearance of elderberry blossoms? Who knows? Image 1: A nice colony blooming several years ago off Gilgal Road in Abbeville County. Many tiny white flowers form a large more or less flat-topped blossom known botanically as a cyme. Each flower is "complete" with five sepals, five petals, five stamens that produce pollen, and one pistil that produces eggs and seed. And as complete flowers they are also "perfect" because both male and female parts are present. Incomplete flowers lacking sepals or petals can still be perfect as long as both male and female structures are present! Image 2: One cluster of flowers, a cyme. Image 3: Individual flowers. Can you count petals and stamens? By summer’s end bushes will be in fruit, and, botanically speaking each fruit is a drupe! Other familiar examples of drupes are cherries, peaches, and olives, fruits that have a single seed surrounded by the fleshy part that developed from the flower's ovary. Image 4: Beautiful juicy ripe drupes ready for pie, jelly or wine. Elderberry is in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, whose Greek root words mean "goat leaves." That makes sense for most honeysuckles, with undivided (simple) leaves in twos arranged opposite one another on the stem, and shaped sort of like goat’s ears! Leaves of elderberry also have opposite arrangement, but they are compound leaves, with the green blade divided into smaller leaflets not at all resembling goat’s ears! Their leaves actually resemble somewhat those of an ash tree. -
Pocket Guide for Western North Carolina Partnership (SACWMP), 2011
DO NOT BUY Invasive Exotic Plant List Produced by the Southern Appalachian Cooperative Weed Management pocket guide for western north carolina Partnership (SACWMP), 2011 Western North Carolina has to offer! offer! to has Carolina North Western ) allegheniensis Rubus do not buy these invasives buy natives or alternatives ( Blackberry Allegheny ) alba Quercus ( Oak White of beautiful native plants that that plants native beautiful of ! Mimosa (Silk Tree) Albizia julibrissin Common Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) ) nigra Juglans ( Walnut Black Eastern Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) multitude the enjoy and environment, To use your pocket guide: ) virginiana Diospyros ( Persimmon Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) whole the of quality the to Add counts. ) pumila Castanea ( Chinquapin the environment a favor on both both on favor a environment the 1 Print on letter-size paper. Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii Mountain Pepperbush (Clethra acuminata) wildlife for great Virginia Sweetspire (Itea virginica) doing are you plants, native planting Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) By habitat. species’ of loss the and 2 Cut along outer black line. are the spread of invasive exotic plants plants exotic invasive of spread the are ) fistulosum Eupatorium Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) ( Weed Pye Joe ) ) purpurea (Echinacea Coneflower Purple Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) Carolina North Western in problems 3 Fold on dotted blue lines. ) syriaca Asclepias ( Milkweed Common Joe Pye Weed (Eupatorium fistulosum) -
Recommended Xeriscape Plant List for Salina
Recommended Xeriscape Plant List for Salina Large Deciduous Shrubs (over 8’) Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellata Chokecherry Prunus virginiana Common Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Elderberry Sambucus canadensis Lilac Syringa vulgaris Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius Rough-leafed Dogwood Cornus drummondii Sandhill Plum Prunus angustifolia Siberian Pea Shrub Caragana arborescen Staghorn Sumac Rhus typhina Wahoo Enonymus atropurpureus Western Sandcherry Prunus besseyi Wild Plum Prunus americana Medium Deciduous Shrubs (4’ to 8’) Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii Dwarf Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius nanus Flowering Quince Chaenomeles speciosa Fragrant Sumac Rhus aromatica Serviceberry Amelanchier spp. Shining Sumac Rhus copallina Three Leaf Sumac Rhus trilobata Small Deciduous Shrubs (under 4’) Alpine Currant Ribes alpinum Bluemist Spirea Caryopteris clandonensis Coralberry, Buckbrush Symphoricarpos orbiculatus False Indigo Amorpha fruticosa Golden Currant Ribes odoratum Golden St. Johnswort Hypericum frondosum Gooseberry Ribes missouriense Gro-Low Fragrant Sumac Rhus aromatica. ‘GroLow’ Landscape Roses Rosa many varieties Leadplant Amorpha canescens New Jersey Tea Ceanothus ovatus Prairie Rose Rosa suffulta Pygmy Pea Shrub Caragana pygmaea Russian Sage Perovskia atriplicifolia Large Evergreen Shrubs Eastern Redcedar Juniperus virginiana Mugho Pine Pinus mugo Medium Evergreen Shrubs Junipers Juniperus various species Page 1 of 3 Small Evergreen Shrubs Compact Mugho Pine Pinus mugo various cultivars Juniper Juniperus various species Soapweed Yucca -
Nutritional Attributes of Elderberry Varieties (Sambucus Nigra Ssp.)
Nutritional Attributes of European elderberry: S. nigra ssp. nigra The most extensively studied elderberry variety, the European Elderberry Varieties elderberry has been used and cultivated for years. It’s known for its (Sambucus nigra ssp.) health-promoting properties due to the high levels of phenolic compounds Katie Uhl, UC Davis Food Science and American elderberry: S. nigra ssp. canadensis Technology ([email protected]) Cultivation of the American elderberry is on the rise, as the demand for elderberry increases in supplements, foods, and beverages. This Elderberries are composed of water, sugars, variety has similar phenolic compounds to the European variety, but organic acids, small amounts of proteins and with a unique composition of anthocyanins. lipids, and phenolic compounds, including the California blue elderberry: S. nigra ssp. cerulea red-purple pigments called anthocyanins. The research is just beginning for this variety native to California! Genetics and growing conditions affect the levels The data shows promising signs that the blue elderberry has similar of these compounds. The balance of these nutritional attributes to the European and American elderberries components influence the taste, color, and (see Table 1 on back). Like other varieties of elderberry, blue functional properties of the elderberries. elderberries have cyanidin-based anthocyanins and a variety of Elderberry Components flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids. 0.6% 0.6% 14% 5% a b 80% Water Sugar Organic acids Figure 1. The predominant anthocyanin (a: cyanidin) and flavonol (b: Phenolics Other quercetin) in elderberries 1 Table 1. Variation in composition of elderberry subspecies S. nigra ssp. S. nigra ssp. S. nigra ssp. -
Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping Chesapeake Bay Watershed Acknowledgments
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping Chesapeake Bay Watershed Acknowledgments Contributors: Printing was made possible through the generous funding from Adkins Arboretum; Baltimore County Department of Environmental Protection and Resource Management; Chesapeake Bay Trust; Irvine Natural Science Center; Maryland Native Plant Society; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; The Nature Conservancy, Maryland-DC Chapter; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Cape May Plant Materials Center; and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office. Reviewers: species included in this guide were reviewed by the following authorities regarding native range, appropriateness for use in individual states, and availability in the nursery trade: Rodney Bartgis, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Ashton Berdine, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Chris Firestone, Bureau of Forestry, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Chris Frye, State Botanist, Wildlife and Heritage Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Mike Hollins, Sylva Native Nursery & Seed Co. William A. McAvoy, Delaware Natural Heritage Program, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Mary Pat Rowan, Landscape Architect, Maryland Native Plant Society. Rod Simmons, Maryland Native Plant Society. Alison Sterling, Wildlife Resources Section, West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. Troy Weldy, Associate Botanist, New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Graphic Design and Layout: Laurie Hewitt, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office. Special thanks to: Volunteer Carole Jelich; Christopher F. Miller, Regional Plant Materials Specialist, Natural Resource Conservation Service; and R. Harrison Weigand, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Division for assistance throughout this project. -
Chapter Four: Landscaping with Native Plants a Gardener’S Guide for Missouri Landscaping with Native Plants a Gardener’S Guide for Missouri
Chapter Four: Landscaping with Native Plants A Gardener’s Guide for Missouri Landscaping with Native Plants A Gardener’s Guide for Missouri Introduction Gardening with native plants is becoming the norm rather than the exception in Missouri. The benefits of native landscaping are fueling a gardening movement that says “no” to pesticides and fertilizers and “yes” to biodiversity and creating more sustainable landscapes. Novice and professional gardeners are turning to native landscaping to reduce mainte- nance and promote plant and wildlife conservation. This manual will show you how to use native plants to cre- ate and maintain diverse and beauti- ful spaces. It describes new ways to garden lightly on the earth. Chapter Four: Landscaping with Native Plants provides tools garden- ers need to create and maintain suc- cessful native plant gardens. The information included here provides practical tips and details to ensure successful low-maintenance land- scapes. The previous three chap- ters include Reconstructing Tallgrass Prairies, Rain Gardening, and Native landscapes in the Whitmire Wildflower Garden, Shaw Nature Reserve. Control and Identification of Invasive Species. use of native plants in residential gar- den design, farming, parks, roadsides, and prairie restoration. Miller called his History of Native work “The Prairie Spirit in Landscape Landscaping Design”. One of the earliest practitioners of An early proponent of native landscap- Miller’s ideas was Ossian C. Simonds, ing was Wilhelm Miller who was a landscape architect who worked in appointed head of the University of the Chicago region. In a lecture pre- Illinois extension program in 1912. He sented in 1922, Simonds said, “Nature published a number of papers on the Introduction 3 teaches what to plant.