International Division.Dot

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

ANNEX 1 Note of meeting between First Minister and Beijing Party Secretary, Mr CAI Qi Bute House, Edinburgh Saturday, 12 May 2018 Key points: The First Minister welcomed the Party Secretary on his first visit to Scotland. She reflected on her recent visit to China and the strengthening bilateral links between Scotland and China. Specifically, the First Minister highlighted the opportunity for joint working on children’s rights and gender equality. They discussed the new direct air route from Scotland to China and the opportunities it will bring, particularly in terms of increased trade and investment and tourism. (Increased exports from Scotland to China was cited as a recent success). The Party Secretary commented on the importance of bi-lateral frameworks, such as the China-UK Global Strategic Partnership and the China-UK Leadership Forum, and the opportunity for Scotland to play a strong role in these. They reflected on the success of Vice Premier’s visit to Scotland in December, and the importance of people to people connections and cultural exchange. The Palace Museum (Forbidden City) heritage restoration project and the Edinburgh International Festival’s partnership with the Shanghai International Festival were cited as examples of projects which offer opportunities for mutual learning. The Party Secretary commented that he would be keen to develop even closer co-operation between Beijing and Edinburgh, particularly in cultural and heritage collaboration. He agreed to follow this up with the Vice Mayor of Beijing (who is responsible for Culture). REDACTED They concluded the meeting by agreeing to commit to further co-operation in areas of mutual benefit, including trade and investment, education, energy, culture and heritage. Victoria Quay, Edinburgh EH6 6QQ www.gov.scot .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2019
CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 18, 2019 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 5011 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 18, 2019 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–743 PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate JAMES P. MCGOVERN, Massachusetts, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Co-chair Chair JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio TOM COTTON, Arkansas THOMAS SUOZZI, New York STEVE DAINES, Montana TOM MALINOWSKI, New Jersey TODD YOUNG, Indiana BEN MCADAMS, Utah DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California CHRISTOPHER SMITH, New Jersey JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon BRIAN MAST, Florida GARY PETERS, Michigan VICKY HARTZLER, Missouri ANGUS KING, Maine EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS Department of State, To Be Appointed Department of Labor, To Be Appointed Department of Commerce, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed JONATHAN STIVERS, Staff Director PETER MATTIS, Deputy Staff Director (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT C O N T E N T S Page I.
[Show full text]
Xi Jinping and the 'Other' China by Peter Wood
Volume 17, Issue 8 June 9, 2017 In a Fortnight: Xi Jinping and the 'Other' China By Peter Wood Xi Jinping Promotes Protégés to Top Positions in Run-Up to 19th Party Congress By Willy Lam The Southern Theater Command and China’s Maritime Strategy By Nan Li Recent Developments in the Chinese Army’s Helicopter Force By Dennis J. Blasko Waiting in the Wings: PLAAF General Yi Xiaoguang By Kenneth Allen and Jana Allen Xi Jinping and the 'Other' constitutes an important pillar of its domestic le- gitimacy. Not surprisingly, the CCP has launched China a propaganda push in state media to highlight its progress. At the end of May, China held its annual Chi- At the center of much of the attention is the nese Poverty Alleviation International Forum (中 “core” of the Party, Xi Jinping, whose experi- 国扶贫国际论坛), which serves to draw attention ences in the countryside as a young man, and to Chinese achievements in this area (Xinhua, major policies have been offered up as proof of May 26). Poverty alleviation is likely to remain a the Party’s continuing ties to regular people and key theme in state media as China prepares for its commitment to China’s urban and rural poor. the 19th Party Congress later this year. The Chi- nese Communist Party (CCP) has set for itself the Xi Jinping, in particular, is being lauded as a ma- ambitious goal of largely eradicating poverty by jor driver of these efforts. Xi has made sweeping 2020. Its previous success in moving large num- economic reform and the expansion of the bers of Chinese out of poverty—largely due to “moderately prosperous” class ( 小康) core Deng Xiaoping’s Reform and Opening policies— planks of his policies, particularly as embodied ChinaBrief June 9, 2017 in the “Four Comprehensives” (China Brief, Feb- ordinary Chinese, inequality is rising, and the ruary 23).
[Show full text]
Translated List of 19Th CC Full Members (204) 乙晓光ding
Translated list of 19th CC Full Members (204) 乙晓光 Ding Xiaoguang 丁来杭 Ding Laihang 丁学东 Ding Xuedong 丁薛祥 Ding Xuexiang 于伟国 Yu Weiguo 于忠福 Yu Zhongfu 万立骏 Wan Lijun 习近平 Xi Jinping 马飚 Ma Biao (Zhuang ethnic group) 马兴瑞 Ma Xingrui 王宁 Wang Ning (Armed Police) 王军 Wang Jun 王勇 Wang Yong 王展 Wang Zhan 王毅 Wang Yi 王小洪 Wang Xiaohong 王玉普 Wang Yupu 王正伟 Wang Zhengwei (Hui ethnic group) 王东明 Wang Dongming 王东峰 Wang Dongfeng 王尔乘 Wang Ercheng 王志民 Wang Zhimin 王志刚 Wang Zhigang 王沪宁 Wang Huning 王国生 Wang Guosheng 王建武 Wang Jianwu 王晓东 Wang Xiaodong 王晓晖 Wang Xiaohui 王家胜 Wang Jiasheng 王蒙微 Wang Mengwei 尤权 You Quan 车俊 Che Jun 君力 Jun Li 巴音朝鲁 Ba Yinchaolu (Mongolian ethnic group) 巴特尔 Ba Teer (Mongolian ethnic group) 艾力更•依明巴海 Ailigeng Yimingbahai (Uighur ethnic group) 石泰峰 Shi Taifeng 布小林 Bu Xiaolin ( Mongolian ethnic group) 卢展工 Lu Zhangong 白春礼 Bai Chunli ( Man ethnic group) 吉炳轩 Ji Bingxuan 毕井泉 Bi jingquan 曲青山 Qu Qingshan 朱生岭 Zhu Shengling 刘奇 Liu Qi 刘雷 Liu Lei 刘鹤 Liu He 刘士余 Liu Shibu 刘万龙 Liu Wanlong 刘奇葆 Liu Qibao 刘国中 Liu Guozhong 刘国治 Liu Guozhi 刘金国 Liu Jinguo 刘结一 Liu Jieyi 刘振立 Liu Zhenli 刘家义 Liu Jiayi 刘赐贵 Liu Cigui 刘粤军 Liu Yuejun 齐扎拉 Qi Zhala (Tibetan ethnic group) 安兆庆 An Zhaoqing (Xibo ethnic group) 许勤 Xu Qin 许又声 Xu Yousheng 许达哲 Xu Dazhe 许其亮 Xu Qiliang 阮成发 Ruan Chengfa 孙志刚 Sun Zhigang 孙金龙 Sun Jinlong 孙绍骋 Sun Shaocheng 孙春兰 Sun Chunlan (Female) 杜家毫 Du Jiahao 李屹 Li Yi 李希 Li Xi 李斌 Li Bin (Female, Government office) 李强 Li Qiang 李干杰 Lin Ganjie 李小鹏 Li Xiaopeng 李凤彪 Li Fengbiao 李玉赋 Li Yufu 李传广 Li Chuanguang 李纪恒 Li Jiheng 李克强 Li Keqiang 李作成 Li Zuocheng 李尚福 Li Shangfu 李国英 Li Guoying 李桥铭
[Show full text]
Here 183 4 - Iron to Rust 219
Contents Editorial 5 At the Edge of the Empire Red Dust 21 The Capitalist Transition in China Introduction - Hermitage 22 1 - Pacific Rim 41 2 - Borders 89 3 - Sinosphere 183 4 - Iron to Rust 219 A State Adequate to the Task 283 Conversations with Lao Xie Picking Quarrels 361 Lu Yuyu, Li Tingyu and the Changing Cadence of Class Conflict in China The Awakening of Lin Xiaocao 425 A Personal Account of the 2010 Strike at Nanhai Honda Spirit Breaking 485 Capitalism and Terror in Northwest China by Adam Hunerven Eternal Enemies 525 The 20th Century Origins of Vietnamese Sinophobia by J. Frank Parnell At the Edge of the Empire Editorial At the Edge of the Empire The Palace that Splits the Sky Thick, slate-colored smog presses through a towering maze of identical apartment blocks, a half-living ocean ebbing below: people hunched over carts and scooters, faces covered by dingy surgical masks, often little more than silhouettes backlit by the haze-dulled throb of glowing ads broadcast on wall-size screens. The smog is like a skin of concrete melded through the image, broken here and there by masked faces or the fleeting 5 Frontiers blue glitter of cellphones held aloft like fragile torches. This picture—or something equally gargantuan and brutal—is the spectral shape that China today takes in the public imagination. It’s familiar because it emerges almost automatically upon mention, in the same way that the mist-wrapped karstic cliffs and tranquil waterways of shanshui painting might have arisen in the minds of previous generations.
[Show full text]
Patronage Politics and Authoritarian Resilience in China
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO FRAGMENTED UNITY: PATRONAGE POLITICS AND AUTHORITARIAN RESILIENCE IN CHINA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE BY JUNYAN JIANG CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2016 c Copyright by Junyan Jiang 2016 All Rights Reserved Contents Abstract v Acknowledgements viii List of Tables xi List of Figures xii 1 Introduction1 1.1 The Puzzle of CCP’s Resilience...........................1 1.2 Argument.......................................4 1.3 Literature.......................................6 1.4 Road map.......................................9 2 Patronage and Politics in Chinese Oﬃcialdom: Past and Present 13 2.1 The Historical Roots of Patronage Politics: The Retainer/Mufu System....... 13 2.2 Patronage Politics under the CCP........................... 17 2.3 The Micro-Level Dynamics of Patron-Client Relations............... 20 2.4 Patron-Client Relations and Behavioral Patterns: A Survey Experiment on Regime Insiders........................................ 30 2.5 Conclusion...................................... 35 3 Patronage Networks, Informal Power, and the Contingent Institutionalization of Leadership Succession in the Post-Tiananmen Era 36 3.1 Institutionalizing Leadership Succession in Autocratic Regimes: Challenges and Solutions....................................... 41 3.2 Patronage Networks and the Development of Successions Institutions in Post- Tiananmen China..................................
[Show full text]
Standing Committee (In Rank Order) Remaining Members from the 18Th Central Committee Politburo
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 19th Central Committee Politburo Standing Committee (in rank order) Remaining members from the 18th Central Committee Politburo New members to the 19th Central Committee Politburo The Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC) is comprised of the CCP’s top- ranking leaders and is China’s top decision-making body within the Politburo. It meets more frequently and often makes XI JINPING LI KEQIANG LI ZHANSHU WANG YANG WANG HUNING ZHAO LEJI HAN ZHENG key decisions with little or no input from 习近平李克强栗战书汪洋王沪宁赵乐际韩正 the full Politburo. The much larger Central President; CCP General Premier, State Council Chairman, Chairman, Director, Office of CCP Secretary, CCP Central Executive Vice Premier, Secretary; Chairman, CCP Born 1953 Standing Committee of Chinese People’s Political Comprehensively Deepening Discipline Inspection State Council Committee is, in theory, the executive Central Military Commission National People’s Congress Consultative Conference Reform Commission Commission Born 1954 organ of the party. But the Politburo Born 1953 Born 1950 Born 1955 Born 1955 Born 1957 exercises its functions and authority except the few days a year when the Members (in alphabetical order) Central Committee is in session. At the First Session of the 13th National People’s Congress in March 2018, Wang Qishan was elected as the Vice President of China. The vice presidency enables Wang to be another important national leader without a specific party portfolio. But in China’s official CCP pecking order, CAI QI CHEN MIN’ER CHEN
[Show full text]
Forced Evictions in Beijing Municipality
1 SPECIAL TOPIC: FORCED EVICTIONS IN BEIJING MUNICIPALITY 1 Authorities Carry Out Mass Evictions Following Deadly Fire In November 2017, authorities in Beijing municipality responded to a fire in a migrant neighborhood with a campaign of forced evic- tions. On November 18, 2017, a fire broke out in an apartment building in Xinjian No. 2 village, Xihongmen township, Daxing dis- trict, Beijing, killing 19 people.2 Of the 19 victims, 17 were mi- grants, meaning they were registered in localities outside of Beijing under the Chinese government’s household registration (hukou) system.3 On November 20, the Beijing government officially launched a 40-day campaign of ‘‘major inspections, major sweeps, and major rectifications,’’ 4 which resulted in large-scale forced evic- tions and demolitions in migrant neighborhoods across Beijing.5 Videos posted online showed blocks of demolished buildings as well as police kicking in doors, smashing store windows, and destroying evictees’ belongings.6 Affected residents reported being forced to leave their homes within three days,7 with some given a few hours’ notice or less.8 Authorities reportedly cut water and electricity to force residents out of their homes,9 actions in contravention of the PRC Administrative Enforcement Law, which requires authorities carrying out evictions to provide time for residents to apply for legal redress, and forbids authorities from cutting access to utili- ties.10 Although the Commission did not observe official reports on the number of people evicted during the campaign, international media estimated that the evictions affected tens of thousands, most of whom were migrants from outside Beijing.11 In addition, accord- ing to government statistics, there were 132,000 fewer migrants in Beijing at the end of 2017 compared to 2016.12 Reports of migrant evictions continued to emerge from Beijing and other localities after November 2017.
[Show full text]
Xi Jinping's Inner Circle (Part 4: the Mishu Cluster I) Cheng Li
Xi Jinping’s Inner Circle (Part 4: The Mishu Cluster I) Cheng Li Mentor-protégé ties play an important role in elite formation in virtually all kinds of political systems. But arguably no country gives more prominent advantage in terms of later political career promotions to those who have previously served as personal assistants to senior leaders than China. This phenomenon of having a large presence of leaders with such experience in Chinese officialdom has led to the romanization of the Chinese term mishu (秘书) to refer to this group. At present, more than three-quarters of cabinet ministers and provincial governors have served as mishu.1 Of the current 25 members of the Politburo, 16 (64 percent) have served in such roles, and of the seven-member Politburo Standing Committee, five (71 percent) have mishu backgrounds. Xi Jinping himself served as a mishu for the minister of defense for three years in his late 20s, and this experience helped him tremendously later as he advanced in his career, especially in enhancing his credentials in military affairs. Xi’s personal assistants, both previous and current, have constituted a major cluster of his inner circle. Because of their very close working relationships with Xi, they are often among his most trusted confidants. It is also important and interesting to note that while the power and influence of Xi’s mishu cluster in the leadership was growing rapidly, the recent purges of senior leaders, such as Zhou Yongkang, Xu Caihou, and Ling Jihua, all began with the removal or prosecution of their mishu.
[Show full text]
El 19° Congreso Nacional Del Partido Comunista De China
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Economía Centro de Estudios China-México Número 1, 2018 El 19° Congreso Nacional del Partido Comunista de China Eugenio Anguiano Roch Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Dr. Enrique Graue Wiechers Rector Dr. Leonardo Lomelí Vanegas Secretario General Mtra. Mónica González Contró Abogada General Dr. Alberto K. Oyama Nakagawa Secretario de Desarrollo Institucional Mtro. Javier de la Fuente Hernández Secretario de Atención a la Comunidad Universitaria Ing. Leopoldo Silva Gutiérrez Secretario Administrativo Facultad de Economía Mtro. Eduardo Vega López Director Lic. Rosa Carmina Ramírez Contreras Secretario General Lic. Porfirio Díaz Rodríguez Secretario Administrativo Lic. Dulce María Ruedas Moreno Coordinadora de Comunicación Social Lic. Ricardo Iglesias Flores Coordinador de Publicaciones Centro de Estudios China-México Dr. Enrique Dussel Peters Coordinador Dra. Yolanda Trápaga Delfín Responsable Editor Responsable: Dr. Sergio Efrén Martínez Rivera Comité Editorial: Alejandro Álvarez Bejar, Eugenio Anguiano Roch, Romer Cornejo Bustamante, Huiqiang Cheng, Leonel Corona Treviño, Marcos Cordeiro Pires, Enrique Dussel Peters, Octavio Fernández, Juan José Ling, Xue Dong Liu, Ignacio Martínez Cortés, Jorge Eduardo Navarrete López, Manuel Pérez García, María Teresa Rodríguez y Rodríguez, Xiaoping Song, Hongbo Sun, Mauricio Trápaga Delfín, Yolanda Trápaga Delfín, Zhimin Yang, Yongheng Wu (†). Diseño de portada: Mauricio Trápaga Delfín Corrección de estilo: Stella Cuéllar Cuadernos de Trabajo del Cechimex, revista bimestral, 2018. Editor Responsable: Sergio Efrén Martínez Rivera. Número de certificado de reserva otorgado por el Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor para versión impresa: 04-2010-071617584500-102. Número de certificado de licitud de título y de contenido (15252). Domicilio de la Publicación: Centro de Estudios China-México de la Facultad de Economía, edificio “B”, segundo piso, Ciudad Universitaria.
[Show full text]
What Does General Secretary Xi Jinping Dream About?
Ash Center Occasional Papers Tony Saich, Series Editor What Does General Secretary Xi Jinping Dream About? Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation Harvard Kennedy School Tony Saich 79 John F. Kennedy Street Harvard Kennedy School Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 T 617.495.0557 F 617.495.4948 www.ash.harvard.edu August 2017 Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center Occasional Papers Series Series Editor Tony Saich Deputy Editor Jessica Engelman The Roy and Lila Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation advances excellence and inno- vation in governance and public policy through research, education, and public discussion. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the Center. Additional information about the Ash Center is available at www.ash.harvard.edu. This research paper is one in a series funded by the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government. The views expressed in the Ash Center Occasional Papers Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or of Harvard University. The papers in this series are intended to elicit feedback and to encourage debate on important public policy challenges. This paper is copyrighted by the author(s). It cannot be reproduced or reused without permission. Ash Center Occasional Papers Tony Saich, Series Editor What Does General Secretary Xi Jinping Dream About? Tony Saich Harvard Kennedy School August 2017 Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation Harvard Kennedy School Executive Summary This analysis argues that the period of easy reforms in China has ended, and the time of difficult reforms that touch core political interests has begun.
[Show full text]
In a Fortnight: a Recalibration in the South China Sea
Volume 16, Issue 17 November 11, 2016 In a Fortnight: A Recalibration in the South China Sea Xi Jinping Uses New “Leadership Core” Status to Boost His Faction By Willy Lam Downsizing the PLA, Part 2: Military Discharge and Resettlement Policy, Past and Present By John Chen China’s Influence in Uzbekistan: Model Neighbor or Indifferent Partner? By Julie Yu-Wen Chen and Olaf Günther The Cultural Revolution at 50 By Yevgen Sautin Philippines to “give up its fantasy as soon as possi- ble…China will not sit idly by” (CIIS.org, July 22). In a Fortnight: President Aquino expanded military cooperation Manila ’s Pivot Toward with the United States, and he began an ambitious modernization plan for the Philippine Armed Forces Beijing (PAF). Other nations in ASEAN, also feeling threat- ened by the extent of Chinese claims, began to take harder stances. Indonesia, long irritated by Chinese In mid-October, Philippine President Rodrigo fishing boats’ activity in the Natuna Shoals, blew up Duterte visited China. His visit was marked by a re- over a hundred captured Chinese fishing vessels and calibration in Philippine policy toward China and the began rearming nearby islands (China Brief, March announcement of economic and military “separa- 25). tion” from the United States. Duterte’s election in May put the Philippines on an The reversal in relations is striking. Under the previ- entirely different course. Bombastic rhetoric aside, ous Aquino administration, the Philippines had acted President Duterte’s recalibration toward China has as the primary and most direct challenger to Chinese its roots in the Philippines economic situation.
[Show full text]
The Chinese Communist Party and Its State Xi Jinping's Conservative Turn
THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY AND ITS STATE XI JINPING’S CONSERVATIVE TURN Michał Bogusz, Jakub Jakóbowski WARSAW APRIL 2020 THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY AND ITS STATE XI JINPING’S CONSERVATIVE TURN Michał Bogusz, Jakub Jakóbowski © Copyright by Centre for Eastern Studies CONTENT EDITOR Adam Eberhardt, Krzysztof Strachota EDITOR Małgorzata Zarębska, Szymon Sztyk CO-OPERATION Anna Łabuszewska TRANSLATION Jim Todd CHARTS Urszula Gumińska-Kurek MAP Wojciech Mańkowski, Urszula Gumińska-Kurek GRAPHIC DESIGN PARA-BUCH DTP IMAGINI PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Hung Chung Chih / Shutterstock.com Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, 00-564 Warsaw, Poland tel.: (+48) 22 525 80 00, [email protected] www.osw.waw.pl ISBN: 978-83-65827-49-4 Contents THESES | 5 INTRODUCTION | 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | 12 1. THE PARTY AND ITS STATE: THE PRC’S POLITICAL SYSTEM | 13 1.1. The structure and operation of the CCP | 13 1.2. The PRC’s state structures | 39 1.3. The relationship between the centre and the provinces | 50 2. XI JINPING’S CONSERVATIVE TURN | 63 2.1. Challenges for the Party and the selection of Xi Jinping | 65 2.2. The conservative turn in the CCP: the end of the collective leadership? | 80 2.3. Reconstruction of the state apparatus | 95 3. CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF SECTORAL POLICIES | 106 3.1. Economic policy | 106 3.2. Foreign and security policy | 115 3.3. Control of society and the Party | 123 CONCLUSIONS | 134 ANNEXES | 137 THESES • In accordance with the Leninist model, the total dominance of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) over state structures is inscribed into the Chi- nese political system; the state structures’ sole purpose is to aid the Party to govern China effectively and guarantee the Party’s monopoly on power.
[Show full text]