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Informe Final DIAGNÓSTICO ECOLÓGICO RÁPIDO EN UN SECTOR DEL SITIO PRIORITARIO PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD, DENOMINADO “CORDILLERA DE LA COSTA” (Adquisición ID N° 1857-42-LE06, CONAMA Región de Los Lagos) Informe Final Rodrigo Andrés Garrido Miranda Asesorías en Ciencias Ambientales Enero de 2007 Responsable y equipo de trabajo Responsable Rodrigo Andrés Garrido Miranda Asesorías en Ciencias Ambientales Río Toltén 657, Cerrillos, Santiago Fonos: 56-2-4196875; 9-3091386 Correo electrónico: [email protected] Equipo de trabajo Cindy Farias Díaz Licenciada en Ciencias y Artes Ambientales, Universidad Central de Chile Herman Balde Sepúlveda Ingeniero en Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile Cristián Delpiano Lastra Estudiante de Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile Cristian Mattar Bader Ingeniero en Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile Cristian Sepúlveda Cabrera Licenciado en Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile Colaboradores Paulina Esser Orellana Licenciada en Ciencias y Artes Ambientales, Universidad Central de Chile Nicolás Lagos Silva Licenciado en Recursos Naturales Renovables 2 Resumen La biodiversidad de la Cordillera de la Costa de la Décima Región es de importancia mundial y nacional, por lo que su conservación se convierte en uno de las prioridades de la Estrategia Nacional y Regional para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad. En este contexto, la Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente de la Región de Los Lagos ha encargado la elaboración de este estudio, cuyo objetivo es realizar una caracterización biológica y zonificación de la comunidad indígena Trafunco-Los Bados, de la comuna de San Juan de la Costa, en la Provincia de Osorno. Se presenta información acerca de las especies de fauna y flora y de las unidades de paisaje presentes en el área de estudio y una caracterización socioeconómica de la comunidad que lo habita. Además, se entrega cartografía básica de las distintas coberturas, proveyendo información sistematizada de utilidad para la planificación de la conservación y uso sustentable del patrimonio biológico existente en el territorio y el desarrollo armónico de la población de Trafunco-Los Bados. Este estudio fue realizado entre noviembre de 2006 y enero de 2007, período durante el cual se realizaron dos campañas de terreno, con una longitud de una semana cada una. En términos generales, la metodología empleada se basa en lo propuesto por The Nature Conservancy para las Evaluaciones Ecológicas Rápidas, incorporando análisis de imágenes satelitales, información bibliográfica y recolección de datos en terreno, enfocado a grupo de especies de flora y fauna de importancia. Se evidenció que la actividad forestal es la principal fuente de ingresos para los habitantes de Trafunco-Los Bados ejecutándose, al mismo tiempo, actividades agrícolas, ganaderas y artesanía como fuentes de ingresos alternativas. Además, se comprobó que la accesibilidad es la principal limitante –y, por ende, la primera de las prioridades de la población- para el desarrollo económico, influyendo también en el acceso a otros servicios, tales como educación, salud, transporte y comunicaciones. Otras prioridades son la electrificación y la calidad de las viviendas. En cuanto a la flora, se identificaron 119 especies, de las cuales un 77,1% son nativas, un 9,3% endémicas y un 13,6% son especies introducidas. Todas éstas están agrupadas en dos grandes pisos vegetacionales: Bosque Laurifólio Templado Costero de Weinmannia trichosperma y Laureliopsis phillippiana y Bosque Resinoso Templado Costero de Fitzroya cupressoides. Por su importancia para la biodiversidad, la pureza de sus formaciones y la intensidad de las actividades antrópicas a las que pueden verse sometidos, los bosques de alerce y de olivillo costero son lo que presentan mayor interés de conservación. 3 El estudio de fauna estuvo enfocado a las taxas de aves, mamíferos, anfibios y reptiles; asimismo, la búsqueda en terreno estuvo orientada a determinadas especies de interés, designadas como Objetos de Conservación. El bosque de olivillo costero es el que presenta mayor biodiversidad, con especies como el carpintero negro (Campephilus magellanicus ), el concón (Strix rufipes ), el monito del monte (Dromiciops gliroides ) y la guiña (Oncifelis guigna ); destaca el hallazgo de la ranita de Darwin ( Rhinodermia Darwin ) en los bosques de alerce y la presencia de chungungo ( Contra felina ) a lo largo del borde costero del área de estudio. Fueron identificadas seis unidades de paisaje, de las que el Bosque Nativo de Altura presenta una mayor calidad visual. La mayor fragilidad la posee el Matorral Nativo Costero, debido a la exposición a la influencia marítima. Las características del paisaje de Trafunco-Los Bados se presentan como una oportunidad para el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación, permitiendo la implementación de actividades turísticas, principalmente. Con la información de los componentes flora y vegetación, fauna y paisaje, se zonificó el área de estudio, para un posterior análisis de riesgo ecológico. A partir de esto, se designaron áreas con Bajo riesgo ecológico, con la posibilidad de realizar actividades productivas, especialmente silvoagropecuarias; asimismo, zonas de Medio y Alto riesgo ecológico fueron propuestas como de Preservación, sugiriéndose actividades como turismo o explotación de productos forestales no madereros. En los bosques de alerce y olivillo costero se propone la Conservación estricta. Dentro de las propuestas que se derivan de este estudio, destaca la elaboración de estrategias de desarrollo en conjunto con la comunidad; además, se debe profundizar en estudios de flora y fauna, como es la regeneración de alerce ( Fitzroya cupressoides) y olivillo ( Aextoxicon punctatum ) y la presencia del monito del monte (Drmociops gliroides ) y el huillín (L ontra provocax ). También se debe destinar esfuerzos para la elaboración de indicadores de biodiversidad aplicables, especialmente, al área de Trafunco-Los Bados. 4 Abstract The Biodiversity of the Chilean Coast Range of the tenth Region has crucial importance for Chile and also for the rest of the world. That is why its conservancy has become one of the main tasks to the National and Regional policies. In this context, the National Environmental Committee of the Los Lagos Region has conducted this research in order to elaborate a biological characterization and posterior placing of the Trafunco-Los Bados native Community, located in the “Provincia de Osorno”, “Comuna San Juan de La Costa”. This Research provides information about the wildlife and landscapes of the area and also a socioeconomic characterization of its inhabitants. In addition, it gives basic cartography of the different places providing systematized information for the future planning conservancy and sustainable use of the biological heritage zone and the harmonious development of its people. During this Research (November 2006, January 2007) two one-week last land campaigns took place. For the Fast Ecologic Evaluations the methodology used was based on the ideas of “The Nature Conservancy”, incorporating satellite images analysis, bibliographic information and on the spot collecting data focused on a group of relevant flora and fauna species. It was demonstrated that the forest activity is the main source of income for the Trafunco-Los Bados inhabitants. At the same time there are other activities that play an alternative role in their economy, as farming, cattle ranch and local craftwork. It has been also proven that the problem of accessibility this region has is the main difficulty and therefore the first of the priorities of its population, mainly because it affects other aspects of daily life as, education, health, public transport, communication, electricity and housing quality improvement. Concerning Flora, 119 species were identified, 77, 1% natives, 9, 3% endemics and 13, 6% introduced species. All of them arranged in two big vegetation levels: Mild Coastal “Laurifolio” Forest of Weinmannia trichosperma y Laureliopsis phillippiana and the Mild Coastal Resinous Forest of Fitzroya cupressoides. Due to its importance to biodiversity the Larch Forest and the Coastal “Olivillo” Forest are the main interest of conservancy, principally because of the purity of its formation and the intensive mankind abuse that it may suffer. 5 The Fauna Research was focused on the rate of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles. At the same time, the searching on the spot was oriented to already determined species of interest, classified as species of conservation. The Coastal “Olivillo” forest has the highest biodiversity; it has species as “El Carpintero Negro” (Campephilus magellanicus), “El Concón” (Strix rufipes), “El Monito del Monte” (Dromiciops gliroides) and “La Guiña” (Oncifelis guigna). It is important to highlight the discovery of “La Ranita de Darwin” (Rhinodermia Darwin) in the Larch forest and the presence of “chungungo” (Contra felina), troughout the coastal border of the area of study. In this study were identified six units of landscape, in which The Highland Native Forest (El Bosque Nativo de Altura) has a better visual quality. Due to its exposition and influence to the sea (erosion), The Coastal Native Shrub (matorral nativo costero) has the major fragility. According to the characteristics of the Trafunco-Los Bados landscape, it has many elements that may contribute to the development of Conservancy issues and to the implementation and encouragement of Tourism.
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