Simposio Nacional De La Ciencia Del Suelo

ISSN 0716-6192 BOLETIN Nº 27

6 201 - SIMPOSIO NACIONAL DE LA CIENCIA DEL SUELO

SIMPOSIO NACIONAL DE LA CIENCIA DEL SUELO SUELO DEL CIENCIA LA DE NACIONAL SIMPOSIO

ORGANIZAN

SOCIEDAD CHILENA DE LA CIENCIA DEL SUELO CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SUELOS VOLCÁNICOS (CISVo) UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE

VALDIVIA, 28 al 30 SEPTIEMBRE, 2016

ISSN

BOLETIN Nº 27

SIMPOSIO NACIONAL DE LA CIENCIA DEL SUELO

ORGANIZAN

SOCIEDAD CHILENA DE LA CIENCIA DEL SUELO

CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SUELOS VOLCÁNICOS (CISVo) UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE

VALDIVIA- 28 al 30 DE SEPTIEMBRE - 2016

Boletín Nº 27 de la Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo

SIMPOSIO NACIONAL DE LA CIENCIA DEL SUELO

1er Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores en Ciencias del Suelo - EJICS

Editor

José Dörner Profesor Titular Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia, Chile, 28 – 30 septiembre 2016

El contenido de los trabajos presentados en este Boletín es de exclusiva responsabilidad de los respectivos autores y coautores.

Valdivia, Chile, 2016

Boletín Nº 27 de la Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo

DIRECTORIO SOCIEDAD CHILENA DE LA CIENCIA DEL SUELO

Presidente: Pablo Cornejo R. Vice-Presidente: José Dörner F. Secretario: Óscar Seguel S. Tesorero: Paula Cartes I.

Directora: Marta Alfaro

Boletín Nº 27 de la Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo

COMITÉ ORGANIZADOR UACh

Dr. José Dörner Dr. Dante Pinochet Dra. Susana Valle Dra. Alejandra Zúñiga Dr. Oscar Thiers Dra. Dorota Dec Dr. Víctor Gerding Dr. Oscar Martínez

COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO

Prof. Dr. Rainer Horn Dr. Francisco Matus Prof. Dr. Winfried Blum Dr. Pablo Cornejo Dr. José Dörner Dr. Oscar Seguel Dra. Susana Valle Prof. Manuel Casanova Dr. Dante Pinochet Dr. Sergio Radic Dra. Dorota Dec Dra. Alejandra Sepúlveda Dr. Víctor Gerding Dr. José Luis Arumí Dr. Oscar Martínez Dr. Octavio Lagos Dra. Alejandra Zúñiga Dra. Marta Alfaro Dr. Oscar Thiers Dr. Francisco Salazar Dr. Erick Zagal Dr. Alexander Neaman Dr. Leandro Paulino

AUSPICIO

Prólogo

El desarrollo de las ciencias debe preocuparse de generar nuevo conocimiento, pero también de propiciar la formación de nuevas generaciones de investigadores. En ese contexto, nace el 1er Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores en Ciencias del Suelo (EJICS), evento científico organizado por el Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo) y en el marco de las actividades del Programa de Magister en Ciencias del Suelo de nuestra Universidad, todo, bajo el alero de la Sociedad Chilena de las Ciencias del Suelo

Este Encuentro, primero del que se tiene registro en Chile, se llevó a cabo en la Universidad Austral de Chile, en la ciudad de Valdivia, entre el 28 al 30 de septiembre de 2016. El EJICS constituyó un punto de partida para la Celebración de la Decada Internacional de los Suelos, que fuera instaurada en Diciembre de 2015 por el Presidente de la Unión Internacional de las Ciencias del Suelo, Prof. Dr. Rainer Horn en Viena/Austria.

El EJICS, como un evento organizado por el CISVo, no es un evento aislado, sino que sigue una lógica que partió en el año 2013, cuando se organizó el Simposio “La Educación Superior sobre Suelos en Chile”. Para ese evento se buscó “discutir la relevancia de las funciones del sistema suelo como elemento diferenciador en las competencias de formación de los profesionales universitarios del sector silvoagropecuario”. Ahora, con el desarrollo del EJICS los objetivos trazados fueron:

1.- Propiciar una instancia para el diálogo científico entre Jóvenes Investigadores en las Ciencias del Suelo, sobre los nuevos conocimientos que están logrando en estas disciplinas.

2.- Favorecer el diálogo de los jóvenes investigadores con investigadores consolidados en el área de las Ciencias del Suelo.

Para lograr estos objetivos, durante el EJICS fueron presentados 46 trabajos, 16 Exposiciones Orales y 30 Posters, en distintas líneas temáticas que abordan: Mineralogía y Formación de Suelos, Calidad y Funciones del Suelo, Contaminación y Remediación de Suelos, Interacciones en la Rizósfera, Hidrología de Suelos e Interacciones Suelo/Agua/Planta/Animal. Todos los trabajos fueron evaluados por un comité científico constituido por investigadores del área de distintas Universidades y Centros de Investigación en Chile. Los trabajos fueron presentados en inglés, con el fin de motivarlos a utilizar el idioma internacional de comunicación en ciencias. Además, se organizó una Gira de Suelos para el último

5 día del EJICS que culminó con una actividad más coloquial para ampliar las aristas de discusión.

Durante el EJICS se contó con la participación del Presidente de la Unión Internacional de la Ciencia del Suelo, Prof. Dr. Rainer Horn (Christian Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Alemania), quien junto con el Prof. Dr. Winfried Blum (BOKU, Viena, Austria), fueron los oradores internacionales invitados de la inauguración. Al mismo, tiempo el Dr. Pablo Cornejo (Presidente de la Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo), el Sr. Eduardo Ramírez (ODEPA) y el Dr. José Dörner (Comité Organizador EJICS), dieron la bienvenida a los Jóvenes Investigadores.

Como Comité Organizador esperamos que este 1er Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores en Ciencias del Suelo sea una contribución para el desarrollo futuro de las Ciencias del Suelo en Chile, y que al conocer las áreas de trabajo de nuestros Jóvenes Investigadores, logremos su integración, tanto entre ellos, como con investigadores más consolidados, lo que ciertamente contribuirá al desarrollo de esta área de la ciencia en Chile.

Finalmente, esperamos que el EJICS sea una actividad que se repita en el tiempo, y que se constituya en un evento que propicie la integración de los Jóvenes Investigadores en Ciencias del Suelo.

Comité Organizador EJICS

CONFERENCISTAS INVITADOS

Em. O.Univ. Prof.Dipl. Ing. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Winfried Blum Prof. Prof. h.c. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Rainer Horn

RESÚMENES DE PRESENTACIONES ORALES

Aburto, F.; Southard, R. Soil mineralogical trends and weathering rates in quaternary tills in the Lake Tahoe basin – California, USA. (1)

Díaz, J.; Seguel, Ó.; Kremer, C. Effect of fulvic acid on salt distribiution under drip irrigation (2)

Faúndez, Á.; Seguel, Ó.; Homer, I.; Acevedo, E.; Kremer, C.; Casanova M.; Pérez H. Variability of the hydraulic conductivity depending on wheeltrack under two tillage systems in a mollisol from central Chile (3)

Flores E.; Reid B. Hydrologic consequences of ash fall following the 1991 eruption of the Hudson volcano, aysen region, Chilean Patagonia (4)

González R.; Córdova C. Is the soil microbial activity relevant to soil sulphur availability in volcanic soils? (5)

Jara, R.; Pinochet, D.; Radic, S.; Valle, S. Minerals macronutrients demand variation on grasslands growing in lowlands of Tierra del Fuego, Magallanes (6)

Martínez, I.; Chervet, A.; Weisskopf, P.; Sturny, W.G.; Rek, J.; Keller, T. Two decades of no-till in the oberacker long-term field experiment: soil porosity and gas transport parameters (7)

Mondaca, P.; Catrin, J.; Verdejo, J.; Sauvé, S.; Neaman, A. Advances on the determination of thresholds of Cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils in Central Chile (8)

Otero, J. Origin of the tors of the Chilean coast range (40° s): implications for quaternary climate, weathering and erosion regimes (9)

Tolorza, V.; Castillo, D.; Sotomayor, B.; Galleguillos M.; Pino, M. Decennial erosion in fluvial basins of the Chilean coastal range (600-1000 km2) during the expansion of forest plantation (10)

Verdejo, J.; Donoso, P.; Rojas, C.; Yañez, C.; Neaman, A. Evaluation of soil microbial biomass carbon as a soil quality indicator in agricultural contaminated soils in central Chile (11)

Zúñiga, F.; Valle, S.; Pino, M.; Thiers, O.; Dörner, J. Pedological properties by selective dissolution techiques in ñadi-soils (12)

RESÚMENES DE POSTERS

Beas, N.; Zúñiga, F.; Dec, D.; Thiers, O.; Martinez, O.; Dörner, J.; Paulino, L. Effects of land use change and drainage on the biological properties and greenhouse gas emissions of a ñadi soil (13)

Berasaluce, M.; Lizardi, N.; Mondaca, P.; Quiroz, W.; Neaman, A. Soil, house dust and locally grown vegetables as environmental media of human exposure to trace elements in puchuncaví (14)

Bravo, A.; Dörner, J; Thiers, O.; Valle, S. Shrinkage of ñadi soils: effects on spatial distribution of organic matter on soil aggregates and its mechanical stability (15)

Bravo, S.; Dörner, J.; Dec, D. Determination of boundary effect of a lysimeter on the water content and evapotranspiration dynamics of an andisol under prairie (16)

Castillo-Lagos, P.; Townley, B.; Contreras, M.; Serra, I.; Flores, P.; Turner, N.; Mann, A. Rare Earth Elements (REE) geochemistry as tracers of pedogenetic processes and parent materials in viticultural soils from Central Chile (17)

Clunes, J.; Pinochet, D. Synchrony and synlocation between mineral nitrogen availability and nitrogen demand of a wheat crop growing in Valdivia agroecosystem (18)

Delgadillo, V.; Verdejo, J.; Mondaca, P.; Gaete, H.; Neaman, A. Improving avoidance test with eisenia fetida to assess the quality of uncontaminated and contaminated agricultural soils by mining activities in central Chile (19)

Delgado, M.; Ávila, A.; Ruiz, S.; Zúñiga-Feest A.; Valle S. Physiological ontogenetic variation of Embothrium Coccineum growing in two soils with contrasting nutritional characteristics (20)

González-Chang, M.; Boyer, S.; Lefort, M.-C.; Wratten, S. Larval distribution of an endemic scarab pest in New Zealand vineyards associated with soil physical properties (21)

Lagos, L.M.; Acuña, J.J.; Maruyama, F.; Ogram, A.; Mora, M.L.; Jorquera, M.A. Effect of phosphorus addition on total and alkaline phosphomonoesterase-harboring bacterial populations in ryegrass rhizosphere microsites (22)

Landi, S.; Dörner, J.; Valle, S. Soil quality in agroecosystems under agroecological and conventional management: using nematodes, physical and chemical indicators to their evaluation (23)

Luna, G.; Córdova, C.; Sepúlveda, G. Does the sampling distance matter if we study sulphur mineralization in volcanic soils? (24)

Moya, H.; Verdejo, J.; Yañez, C.; Sauvé, S.; Neaman A. Separating soil factors affecting nitrification and nitrogen mineralization in agricultural soils contaminated by mining activities in central Chile (25) 9

Navarro, A.; Fernández, J.; Venegas, N.; Portela, D. Agronomic and social validation of the use of seaweed as organic fertilizers on andisols of the Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile (26)

Ordoñez, I.P.; Dörner, J.; Salas,R.; López, I.F.; Descalzi, C.A.; Kemp, P.D. The impact of the pasture improvement strategies over the pore functioning and water dynamics of the soil (27)

Pfeiffer, M.; Ivelic, J.; Valle, S.; Dörner, J.; Amundson, R. Soil distribution and forming factors along the patagonian deciduous forest vegetation zone (28)

Renderos, L.; Zúñiga-Feest, A.; Delgado, M.; Caru, M.; Orlando, J. Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) influences the metabolic structure of the soil bacterial communities. (29)

Ricciardi, C.; Zagal, E.; Muñoz, C.; Campos J. Lability of soil organic carbon in different climatic zones of Chile (30)

Salgado De la Parra, P.; Castillo-Lagos, P.; Kelm, U.; Uribe Sazo, M. Methodologies for organic matter extraction in vineyards soil samples and implications in x-ray diffraction analysis of clay minerals (31)

Sánchez, A.M.; Martínez, O.; Zúñiga-Feest, A.; Orlando, J.L. Microbial diversity associated with embothrium coccineum and acaena intergerrima rhizosphere grown in volcanic soils in the Chilean Patagonia (32)

Sepúlveda, F.; Delgado, M.; Zúñiga-Feest, A. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency on cluster roots formation and function of three South American proteaceae species growing in volcanic soils (33)

Zúñiga, F.; Valle, S.; Dörner, J.; Clunes, J. Spatial dependence of organo-mineral complexes under two land uses in a "ñadi-soil" (34)

Zúñiga, F.; Horn, R.; Dörner, J. Soil architecture porosity as the cause of waterlogging in "ñadi-soils" (35)

RESÚMENES DE PRESENTACIONES

ORALES

SOIL MINERALOGICAL TRENDS AND WEATHERING RATES IN QUATERNARY TILLS IN THE LAKE TAHOE BASIN – CALIFORNIA, USA

Aburto, F. 1,2 ; Southard, R. 2 1Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Victoria 631, Concepción, Chile. 2University of California, Davis. Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, One Shield Avenue, Davis, California. [email protected]

Silicate weathering is a slow process that greatly controls the fate of nutrients and rate at which these are cycled in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, the weathering of silicate minerals acts as an important CO 2 sink, and it is the most important natural water pH-buffering mechanism in non-carbonate lithology. Still, relatively little is known mineral weathering rates in glaciated subalpine environments. In this study, mineralogical and geochemical data from 18 sites located in a moraine chronosequence (14Ka to 144Ka) on the west shore of Lake Tahoe (Northern Sierra Nevada) were used to describe and to estimate mineral weathering processes and rates. Recently published moraine absolute ages, LiDAR aided geomorphic reconnaissance and a soil development indexes helped constrain till ages. Our data showed that these granitic soils tend to preferentially lose plagioclase and biotite, while alkali feldspar and amphiboles displayed higher resistance to chemical weathering and have accumulated. Gibbsite, kaolinite, vermiculite and amorphous silica are the main secondary weathering products that have accumulated in these systems. An elemental mass balance approach was used to establish numerical constraints on the chemical weathering rates. Due to the coarse textures of soils dominant frigid temperature in granitic tills at high elevation they are generally thought to have underwent insignificant weathering. However, the studied soils displayed deeper and greater weathering rates than previously reported. This work provides the first direct estimation of weathering rates in the Lake Tahoe basin and establishes potential mineral transformation pathways for these coarse textured soils develop from till in forested subalpine environments.

Keywords: silicate weathering, pedogenesis, clay mineralogy, mineral transformation.

EFFECT OF FULVIC ACID ON SALT DISTRIBIUTION UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION

Díaz, J. 1; Seguel, Ó. 1; Kremer, C. 1 1Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago - Chile [email protected]

In arid zones, the water availability is limited and usually present worst quality, with high salts levels. In these zones is usually drip irrigation with an exclusive fraction of water to remove salts from soils (washing requirement). Nevertheless this management accumulates salts on perimeter wet bulb, and then are redistributed on surface in soil preparation work in the case of crops and vegetables. The goal of this work is generating tools to maximize the salt washing per water unit employed. This work has two experiments, performed on Estación Experimental Antumapu under controlled conditions with loam soil. A first essay were realized on soils columns, salinized with potassium chloride (KCl) solution at 12,5 dS m-1, exist four treatments corresponding to equivalent application of 0; 3; 7,5 y 15 kg ha-1 of fulvic acids (70%). These columns were irrigated six times, where each of one corresponding to 50% to pore volume of column, and monitoring its water content and electrical conductivity (EC) by FDR devices (GS3, Decagon Devices, NE, USA). The columns treated with fulvic acids on 7,5 kg ha-1, reduce 10% more EC than alone water and higher doses of fulvic acids. On a second experiment, were mounted soils bins, salinized at 12,5 dS m-1, with two treatments; application fulvic acid on 7,5 kg ha-1 and control treatment, with any application. These bins were irrigated six times, where each of one corresponding to 25% to pore volume of bin, once applied the irrigation allowed to drain freely pending 48 h, then extracted soil solution from five points inside bin with soil solution access tube (SSAT, Irrometer, Riverside, USA). Then were measuring EC of soil solution with conductivimeter (CON510, Oakton, Illinois, USA). The values of EC were found on bins treated with fulvic acids, were until 8 dS m-1 lower than only water treatment for same sample point. Later were generated bulb salinity maps for each irrigation, were appreciated bulb more open and lesser curvature of isolines respect to drip position on fulvic acid treatment. The major salt washing by application of fulvic acids, were atribuible a better soil hydraulic condition, favoring the carrying of salts and a chelating action of ions, increasing their solubility on water, so that its mobility in the system increases.

Keywords: Salinity, Drip, Organic acids.

VARIABILITY OF THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON WHEELTRACK UNDER TWO TILLAGE SYSTEMS IN A MOLLISOL FROM CENTRAL CHILE

Faúndez, Á. 1; Seguel, Ó. 1; Homer, I. 1; Acevedo, E. 2; Kremer, C. 1; Casanova M. 1; Pérez H. 1 1Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago - Chile 2Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago - Chile [email protected]

The spatial variability of the hydraulic conductivity (K) depends on soil texture and structure, both describing the functionality of the porous system. The traffic of machinery and the mechanical action of plow in conventional tillage (CT) modified soil structure, generating a temporal dynamics that tends to densification by an increase in the frequency of traffic; on the other hand, a no tillage (NT) system favors the maintenance of the structure by the absence of ploughing and the increasing soil organic matter accumulation, promoting better stability in the porous system over time; however, it has shown that NT increases the surface strength because of the weight of the sowing machine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of K in a Mollisol during a season in a wheat monoculture handled 19 years under CT and NT. Using a MiniDisc infiltrometer, the unsaturated K (Kns) was measured, calculating the saturated K (Ksat) at two depths (0 cm and 20 cm) and in 6 periods during the season (before soil preparation=AP; after preparing the soil=DP; after planting=DS; first knot=PN; heading=ES and after harvest=DC), considering two treatments: in track (IT) and out track (OT), referred to the position of the wheel track. CT showed a higher spatial variability of Ksat, showing higher values in OT v/s IT in DS, ES and DC; NT did not show differences between depths or treatments (IT v/s OT). CT showed significant differences between depths for both treatments, with higher Ksat at 20 cm depth. Soil preparation on CT initially increased total porosity; however the subsequent soil settlement decreased the coarse porosity. Values of Ksat for CT ranging from 1.10±0.57 to 1.78±0.26 cm h-1 on AP, decreasing in time, reaching values between 0.54±0,30 and 1.07±0.35 cm h-1 in PN, recovering at the end of the season (1.19±0.47 to 1.73±0.31 cm h-1 in the DC measurement). Similar trend was observed in NT, but with lower values compared to CT (0.65±0.12 to 1.19±0.06 cm h-1 in AP, 0.42±0.11 to 1.11±0.61 cm h-1 PN, 1.33±0.24 to 1.62±0.47 cm h-1 in DC). NT generated a greater temporal stability of the Ksat, although it shown lower values in relation to CT by the effect of surface densification. In conclusion, Ksat was susceptible to the effect of the tractor track only in CT.

Keywords: MiniDisc infiltrometer, compaction, traffic.

HYDROLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF ASH FALL FOLLOWING THE 1991 ERUPTION OF THE HUDSON VOLCANO, AYSEN REGION, CHILEAN PATAGONIA

Flores, E. 1; Reid, B. 2 1Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 215, Concepción, Chile 2Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Francisco Bilbao 323, oficina 216, Coyhaique, Chile [email protected]

Volcanoes are a fundamental driver of global climate and the hydrologic cycle, at geologic and also shorter time scales following eruptive events, with demonstrated effects on precipitation, temperature and river runoff. Hydrology at the watershed scale may also be permanently altered, via deposition of deep pyroclastic parent material and subsequent formation of andosols. We evaluated potential hydrologic changes from the soil column to small watershed scale from contrasting watersheds across the plume of the 1991 Volcan Hudson eruption (Chile, 45S). Soil cores to underlying bedrock/glacial parent material were taken from 3 pairs of small catchments above and below tree line, at varying distances from the plume axis. These observations together with interpolated soil depth rasters incorporating previous work, showed an increase in total soil depth from the 1991 eruption by as much as 100% in forested areas, and >500% in vast areas above tree line (especially in areas where previous deposition may have been lost to erosion). New material was characterized as coarser grain size, higher porosity 56 (+-2) % (old soild 72 (+-3)%), 6 fold increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity (20,6 (+-14,8) cm/h, (old soild 3,83 (+- 4,42) cm/h), and lower field capacity (29 (+-1) %), compared to underlying older tephra deposits (57 (+-1,5)%) Response to infiltration events characterized by a basic network of soil moisture, precipitation and stream flow loggers showed a significantly delayed response to precipitation intensity for stream flow and soil moisture, the difference between sites within and outside the 1991 plume converging with increased rainfall intensity. Based on a spatial analysis of old and new tephra deposit, we estimate an increase in nearly 200% in soil volume for the most affected basin (Rio Ibañez, 2400 km2), and that the new material may retain as much as 1km3 of water storage during typical field capacity..

Keywords: Tephra deposits, Field capacity, Water storage.

IS THE SOIL MICROBIAL ACTIVITY RELEVANT TO SOIL SULPHUR AVAILABILITY IN VOLCANIC SOILS?

González, R. 1; Córdova, C. 1 1Programa Magíster en Ciencias Agronómicas. Facultad de Agronomía. Universidad de Concepción. Avenida Vicente Méndez 595. Casilla 537. Chillán. Chile. [email protected], [email protected].

Sulphur (S) is part of the chlorophyll molecule, therefore is a key element in the photosynthesis process, and it is also part of essential amine acids such as cysteine and methionine. Thus, S is involved in the biomass production and quality of crop yield, and its role in crop nutrition and soil fertility has been highlighted in the last decade elsewhere but in Chile. Locally, the subject has received a minor attention in research terms, but there is a general concern between farmers regarding the observed low levels of soil S availability. Most of the S is contained in the soil organic matter and the microbial biomass plays a central role in the S transformation, including the S mineralisation, a supply for the soil available S pool. The objective of this research was to assess the activity of the soil S biomass in volcanic soils, with large organic matter contents, and extensively cropped in Chile. Soil samples were obtained from four volcanic soil sites and a non-volcanic soil (andisol) (control treatment, inceptisol) and the S in the microbial biomass was measured by chloroform fumigation followed by an extraction using CaCl2, and the application of H2O2 and HCl under 160 °C. The sulphate concentration in the extracts was measured by ion chromatography. All the samples have a contrasted non-fumigated treatment, and S biomass was measured as the difference between fumigated and non-fumigated samples (k=0.31). Sulphur mineralisation was measured by soil incubation (30 g, 20 °C) using an open system, adding CaCl2 solution (150 ml, 10 mM) to the samples after seven days. The concentration of S in the collected leachates was measured by ion-chromatography. From the results, the ratio of microbial activity was calculated as S-mineralised/S-biomass.

Keywords: microbial activity, sulphur, soil.

MINERALS MACRONUTRIENTS DEMAND VARIATION ON GRASSLANDS GROWING IN LOWLANDS OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO, MAGALLANES

Jara, R. 1; Pinochet, D. 1,3 ; Radic, S. 2; Valle, S. 1,3 1Instituto de Ingeniería Agrarias y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia – Chile 2Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, de la Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas - Chile 3Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile [email protected]

Patagonia needs a paradigm shift from extensive agriculture to intensive agriculture. This can be achieved by a change in the way soils are managed through differentiating between areas with high and low productivity. An efficient intensification of the most productive sectors is necessary, including soils found in fertile lowlands and prairies. We consider that the grassland nutritional demand is determined by two factors: the achievable yield and the demand factor of each nutrient. Both parameters vary with the length of the growing period, which is restricted by the extreme climatic conditions. The demand factors vary in relation to the ontogeny of the prairie and the seasonal variation of the main growth factors: solar radiation, water availability and temperature. This research proposes to study the seasonal variation of the concentration of macro-nutrient minerals in grassland ecosystems of lowlands of Tierra del Fuego. Understanding these variations will help to a better intervention on these grasslands. In order to evaluate these variations, differentiated sectors in grassland yield will be used, measuring the concentrations of macro-nutrients in the plant material, registering the maturity of the grassland, determining the variability of available nutrients in the soil and relating these variables with the climatic conditions of growth and establishing general behavioral patterns of nutrient demand in these prairies. Since nutritional demand plays a key role in establishing a rational dose of nutrient fertilization, this study suggests the following hypothesis: the seasonal variations of nutrient demand factors change in lowland grasslands on the island of Tierra del Fuego, according to the grassland productivity and into similar grassland productivity according to its ontogeny. Therefore, we will evaluate the variation on the demand factors in areas of high and medium grassland productivities, at the same ontogeny and in areas with the same grassland productivity with different ontogenies. The botanical composition and the nutrient concentration will be registered. To extend this information to other lowland areas, a model to estimate the grassland productivity will be calibrated for lowland areas of the Magallanes Region.

Keywords: Fertilization, nutrients, productivity, lowland, grassland, Tierra del Fuego.

TWO DECADES OF NO-TILL IN THE OBERACKER LONG- TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT: SOIL POROSITY AND GAS TRANSPORT PARAMETERS

Martínez, I. 1,4 ; Chervet, A. 3, Weisskopf, P. 1; Sturny, W.G. 3; Rek, J. 1; Keller, T. 1,2 1Agroscope, Department of Natural Resources & Agriculture, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland 2Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil & Environment, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden 3Bern Office of Agriculture & Nature, Soil Conservation Service, Rütti, CH-3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland 4Universidad Técnica del Norte, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Av. 17 de Julio 5- 21, Ibarra, Ecuador. [email protected]

No-till is practiced for various environmental and economic reasons, but the absence of soil loosening by tillage affects soil structure and various soil properties and processes and therefore has significant implications for soil functions, including crop growth. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of two decades of no-till on soil gas transport properties in the Oberacker long-term field experiment in Switzerland. This trial was established in 1994 on a loam soil and compares two tillage systems, mouldboard ploughing (MP) and no-till (NT). We further sampled the permanent grass (PG) strips located between the experimental plots as references. Undisturbed soil cores were collected at 0.15 (topsoil) and 0.4 m depth (subsoil) from all three treatments. The soil cores were used for measurements of air-filled porosity ( εa), air permeability (k a) and gas diffusivity (D p/D 0) at five matric potentials ranging from -30 to -500 hPa. Our results reveal that the soil pore system and gas transport properties of the NT soil were similar to those under PG for both topsoil and subsoil. In contrast, the soil under MP showed a clear stratification: εa, ka and D p/D 0 were higher than in NT and PG in the topsoil, but lower in the subsoil. The pore system showed a slightly higher specific diffusivity (D p/D 0 / εa) and much higher specific air permeability (k a/εa) in the topsoil of MP than in NT and PG, reflecting higher continuity, higher connectivity and lower tortuosity, but relations were reversed in the subsoil. The gas transport capability was lower in MP than in NT and PG, presumably due to fewer continuous biopores. The gas transport properties reached low values under moist conditions in the topsoil of NT and PG and in the subsoil of MP, which may restrict soil aeration. Thus is highly important to include the properties of the subsoil when evaluation tillage systems.

Keywords: Air-filled porosity; Air permeability; Gas diffusivity.

ADVANCES ON THE DETERMINATION OF THRESHOLDS OF CU PHYTOTOXICITY IN FIELD-CONTAMINATED SOILS IN CENTRAL CHILE

Mondaca, P. 1; Catrin, J. 2; Verdejo, J. 1; Sauvé, S. 3; Neaman, A. 1* 1Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile 2Unité Agri'Terr, Esitpa - Ecole d'Ingénieurs en Agriculture, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France 3Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada [email protected]

To better determine phytotoxicity thresholds for metals in the soil, studies should use actual field-contaminated soil samples rather than metal-spiked soil preparations. However, there are surprisingly few such data available for Cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils. Moreover, these studies differ from each other with regards to soil characteristics and experimental setups. This study aimed at more accurately estimating Cu phytotoxicity thresholds using field-collected agricultural soils (Entisols) from areas exposed to contamination from Cu mining. For this purpose, the exposure to Cu was assessed by measuring total soil Cu, soluble Cu, free Cu2+ activity, and Cu in the plant aerial tissues. On the other hand, two bioassay durations (short-term and long-term), three plant species (Avena sativa L., Brassica rapa CrGC syn. Rbr, and Lolium perenne L.), and five biometric endpoints (shoot length and weight, root length and weight, and number of seed pods) were considered. Overall plant growth was best predicted by total Cu content of the soil. Despite some confounding factors, it was possible to determine EC10, EC25 and EC50 of total Cu in the soil. Brassica rapa was more sensitive than Avena sativa for all endpoints, while Lolium perenne was of intermediate sensitivity. For the short-term bioassay (21 days for all three species), the averaged EC10, EC25 and EC50 values of total soil Cu (in mg kg-1) were 356, 621, and 904, respectively. For the long-term bioassay (62 days for oat and 42 days for turnip), the averaged EC10, EC25 and EC50 values of total soil Cu (in mg kg-1) were 355, 513, and 688, respectively. The obtained results indicate that chronic test is a suitable method for assessing Cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils.

Keywords: Copper; Cu-polluted soils; effective concentration; mining activity; historical contamination.

ORIGIN OF THE TORS OF THE CHILEAN COAST RANGE (40° S): IMPLICATIONS FOR QUATERNARY CLIMATE, WEATHERING AND EROSION REGIMES

Otero, J. 1 1Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Austral de Chile [email protected]

Little is known about subsurface weathering in the southern Chilean Coast Range. A field survey of weathering landforms and outcrops at latitude 40° S reveals a series of relationships: 1) tors are common above 800 m a.s.l., 2) low relief surfaces tend to host smaller tors than high relief areas, 3) in the schist basement of the study area subsurface weathering is concentrated to fractures and certain foliation planes. The lithology of tors vary along a mica schist-quartzite continuum while observed saprolith mantles are developed on mica schist and reddish mafic schist. I interpret the exposure of tors as indebted to areal erosion, including solifluction, facilitated by a lack of higher vegetation in the higher parts of the Chilean Coast Range during the last glaciations (Llanquihue, Santa María, etc.). The common occurrence of easily eroded features like tors and saprolith mantles rule out any significant recent glaciation in the study area which is the highest portion of the Chilean Coast Range south of Cordillera Nahuelbuta. I attribute the formation of saprolith mantles to the humid climate that have prevailed during most of the Cenozoic, while the formation of tors would be indebted to the existence of the said saprolith mantles plus the periglacial climate that existed episodically during the Quaternary. High relief areas are likely areas of both higher erosion and weathering rates, each if which can independently or in conjunction explain the occurrence of higher tors in high relief areas. Structural and lithological controls on weathering in the study area remain to be investigated in more detail, so far there appears to be a weak tendency for quartz-rich lithologies to be subject to less weathering and erosion than other lithologies. Low relief surfaces in Cordillera Pelada and Cerro Chaihuín are partly stripped etch surfaces.

Keywords: Weathering, Tor, Chilean Coast Range.

DECENNIAL EROSION IN FLUVIAL BASINS OF THE CHILEAN COASTAL RANGE (600-1000 km2) DURING THE EXPANSION OF FOREST PLANTATION

Tolorza, V. 1; Castillo, D. 2; Sotomayor, B. 2; Galleguillos M. 2,3; Pino, M. 1 1Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 2Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile, Santiago - Chile 3Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2) - Chile. [email protected]

Erosion dynamics on the active margin of Central Chile is featured by the high relief, frequent ground shaking triggered by earthquakes, and high inter-annual variability of rainfall. Alongside the naturally erodible conditions, the Coastal Range has been heavily deforested due to the expansion of timber industry. Furthermore, the clear-cut harvest zones are usually connected between them and with the river network by logging roads. The expansion of forest plantations using rapid rotation cycles, and the lack of buffer strips may have intensified the soil erosion processes in the last 30 years. To better understand the dynamics of erosion in these systems, we have been analyzing a 30-years-long hydrometric record, and the changes in land cover in two locations of the Chilean Coastal Range. Our approach is the study of basin-scale erosion, which can be compared with past, geochemically derived long-term records of erosion, and with future modeled hydro- dynamics scenarios. The hydrometric data consists of a daily sample of suspended sediment concentration and water discharge of two gauges monitored by the Dirección General de Aguas of the Chilean government since 1985. The drained areas correspond each to 664 and 1028 km2 of the Eastern flank of the Coastal Range. In these areas, we collected LANDSAT and SPOT images spanning the period from 1985 to 2015. Our first results are 11 maps of land cover, and 42 maps of NDVI. Next steps will be the calculation of connectivity indexes for the basins, the implementation of hydrological models to be compared with the suspended sediment and water discharge records, and the isolation of clear-cuts and wildfire events, which can be directly linked with peaks in suspended sediment yields. These results are part of a multi-temporal scale study aiming to obtain long- term records (millennial and centennial) of erosion for the same areas.

This work is supported by the Postdoc FONDECYT 3160843.

Keywords: Erosion, Chilean Coastal Range, forest plantations.

EVALUATION OF SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON AS A SOIL QUALITY INDICATOR IN AGRICULTURAL CONTAMINATED SOILS IN CENTRAL CHILE

Verdejo, J. 1; Donoso, P. 2; Rojas, C. 2; Yañez, C. 2; Neaman, A. 1 1Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile 2Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile. [email protected]

Microbiological properties have been used to evaluate soil quality in metal-contaminated soils. However, the use of microbiological properties in soil quality criteria presents several difficulties. The presence of various contaminants in the soil and unavoidable differences in the physicochemical soil properties along different sampling areas cause difficulties in the interpretation of results. The objective of this study was separate confounding factors that affect microbiological properties in 60 topsoils of Catemu and Puchuncaví (30 for each area). This sampling areas are located in central Chile and present agricultural soils historically contaminated by mining activities. We performed determination of soil microbial biomass carbon (biomass-C) using the fumigation-extraction method. Catemu and Puchuncaví reported different biomass-C responses mainly due to different pH values (Tukey test, p<0.05). The mean and standard deviation of pH for Catemu was 7.23 ± 0.43 and for Puchuncaví was 6.34 ± 0.53. In Catemu, the response of biomass-C was best explained by pCu+2 in a quadratic regression model (R2=0.45). On the other hand, in Puchuncaví the response of biomass-C was negatively correlated by total and soluble Cu content (R2=0.46 and R2=0.31, respectively). Additionally, the soil electrical conductivity improved both regression models (R2=0.63 and R2=0.53, for total Cu and soluble Cu respectively). Despite the above-mentioned confounding effects, in Puchuncaví it was possible to determine effective concentration (ECx) of soil total Cu and soluble Cu content. The EC10, EC25 and EC50 of total Cu in the soil were 92 mg kg-1, 212 mg kg-1 and 346 mg kg-1, respectively. In addition, EC10, EC25 and EC50 of soluble Cu in the soil were 0.27 mg kg-1, 0.43 mg kg-1 and 0.62 mg kg-1, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the response of biomass-C is dependent of the differences in the physicochemical soil properties along different sampling areas showing the direct effect of pH on Cu activity in the soils. The biomass-C response by pCu+2 in circumneutral soils suggest a low Cu toxicity in the soils. However, in low acid pH soils, the biomass-C response by total Cu and soluble Cu, suggest that this microbial property could be a useful indicator of quality in agricultural soils.

Keywords: copper toxicity, microbial biomass-C, soil quality.

PEDOLOGICAL PROPERTIES BY SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION TECHIQUES IN ÑADI-SOILS

Zúñiga F. 1,2,3 ; Valle, S. 2,3 ; Pino M. 4,5 ; Thiers, O.3,6 ; Dörner J. 2,3 1Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 2Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 3Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 4Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 5Núcleo Estudios Transdisciplinarios del Cuaternario del Sur de Chile (TAQUACH), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 6Instituto de Bosques y Sociedad (IBOS) Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y RR NN, Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh) - Valdivia, Chile [email protected]

"Ñadi" is an ecosystem concept that included flat landscape, outwash plains, hydromorphic vegetation and volcanic ash soils. These "Ñadi-soils" (ÑS) are dominated by placaquands, characterized by high levels of soil organic carbon (SOC), high reactivity (Alo+0.5Feo ≥ 2%) and the presence of (dis)continue thin iron layer (Bsm) or placic horizon, which governs the soil water and temperature dynamics during the year. This work argues that the pedological properties of "Ñadi-soils" can be used as tool to differentiate and improve the classification of these specific and extreme soils. We selected four sites describes as follow. Site-1: Chaqueihua (CHA); site-2: Tepual (TEP); site 3: Monte Verde (MV) and site-4: Pellines (PELL). Aluminium, iron and silica content with oxalate (Alo, Feo, Sio) and pyrophosphate (Alp, Fep) were determined. The allophane content was estimated according to Parfitt and Wilson (1985). The soil organic carbon was obtained by Walkley-Black method (Sadzawka et al., 2006) and pH in NaF was measured according to Fieldes and Perrott (1966). The allophane content ranged between 0.2% in organic and sandy horizons to 14% in clay horizons. The SOC show values between 38% to 0.2% in Oa and Bsm soil horizons respectively in TEP-site. The pH in NaF indicate that a 92% of samples show values > 8.4. The linear regression between NaF pH and Alo+0.5Feo supports the high reactivity of these ÑS (R2=0.78, p<0.0001, n=75). 76% of the evaluated soil horizons exhibit andic properties: i) 64% classified as silandic (Sio ≥0.6% or Alp/Alo < 0.5) and ii) 12% correspond to aluandic (Sio <0.6% or Alp/Alo ≥ 0.5). The reactivity of this ÑS is strongly influenced by aluminium related to allophane and imogolite (Alo, R2= 0.80, p<0.0001, n=75) and Al-SOC complexes (Alp, R2= 0.76, p<0.0001, n=75). These differences in pedological properties indicate that the sites 1 and 2 belong to Alerce soil series, site-3 belongs to Maullín soil series and the site-4 belongs to Llanquihue soil series. In this sense all sites have "Ñadi" characteristics as low depth and poor drainage conditions. However, these results suggesting that chemically these soils can have differences in phosphate retention and pH buffer capacity, and consequently e.g. the phosphorus and lime doses applied in "Ñadi-soils".

Keywords: Ñadi soils, andic properties, aquands.

RESÚMENES DE POSTERS

EFFECTS OF LAND USE CHANGE AND DRAINAGE ON THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF A ÑADI SOIL

Beas N. 1; Zúñiga F. 2,5 ; Dec D. 2,5 ; Thiers O. 3,5 ; Martinez O. 4,5 ; Dörner J. 2,5 ; Paulino L. 1,5 1Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile 2Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 3Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 4Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 5Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia. [email protected]

Land use change and management practices alter long-term equilibrium levels of soil biological activity as well as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. The implementation of drainage systems that improve soil water fluxes has been used to incorporate Ñadi soils to intensive farming systems and forestry production. Drainage changes soil water-air relationship and promotes plant growth. However, the effect of this technology to incorporate Ñadi soils to productive systems has been partially assessed and relevant questions still remain about the responses of soil biological activity and greenhouse gases (GHG). We propose that a historical land use change (from secondary native forest to naturalized grasslands) and drained grassland in a Ñadi soil (Histic Placuaquand), alter the soil biological activity and GHG emissions as a result of changes in the relations of water- soil pore space. The main objective of the present research is to evaluate the impact of land use change and drainage of a Ñadi soil on its biological processes and the production of GHG, while the specific aims are: to analyze the effect of historical land use change on soil biological processes and GHG emissions; to evaluate the wetting-drying cycles of soil; and to analyze the effect of draining a naturalized grassland on those processes. The study will take place in southern Chile (41°27’S, 73°8'W), on an area with a native secondary forest dominated by Nothofagus nitida trees (Chiloé southern beech) and a not- managed naturalized grassland (control) and managed grasslands: N fertilized and ditch drained; mole plough drained without water containment; mole plough drained with water containment during the summer. Disturbed soil samples will be collected at two contrasting seasonal periods in order to carry out assessments of biological activity under laboratory conditions (potential soil respiration; N mineralization, denitrification, and nitrate reductase activity) to test the effect of land use and drying-wetting cycle; as well as undisturbed soil samples for in vitro gas evolutions (CO2, CH4, N2O) for both experimental purposes.

Keywords: hydromorphic soil, respiration, N mineralization, denitrification, methane.

SOIL, HOUSE DUST AND LOCALLY GROWN VEGETABLES AS ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO TRACE ELEMENTS IN PUCHUNCAVÍ

Berasaluce, M. 1; Lizardi, N.1; Mondaca, P. 1; Quiroz, W. 2; Neaman, A. 1 1Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile 2Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile [email protected]

The Puchuncaví valley has been exposed to massive atmospheric contamination with sulfur dioxide and trace element-rich particulate matter emissions from the Ventanas copper smelter. Since its establishment in 1964 until the first environmental regulations in 1991, no measures were taken to mitigate these emissions, which resulted in the dispersion and deposition of particulate matter in the areas near the emission point. Studies have shown that pollution in mining areas can expose the local population to trace elements. Incidental ingestion of soil, house dust and the consumption of locally grown vegetables are exposure routes to trace elements on adults and children, which can be demonstrated with the use of biomarkers. Thereby the assessment of human exposure to different environmental contaminants primarily relies on the analysis of noninvasively collected tissue, as hair and nails, which demonstrate long-term exposure. Nevertheless, there have been no scientific studies on the human health risk associated with the exposure to trace elements in the area of Puchuncaví. In Chile, economic limitations have made environmental remediation programs difficult to establish. However, if human exposure to potentially dangerous levels of trace elements can be demonstrated and exposure pathways determined, a remediation program would then be justified. The objectives of this project are: to determine the relationship between the trace element concentrations in human samples (hair and nails) and the estimated chronic daily intake of trace elements, for each exposure scenario, and to characterize human health risk due to exposure to trace elements in Puchuncaví. This project will study 100 households from six locations of the Puchuncaví municipality, located at different distances from the Ventanas smelter. In each household, the following sampling will be carried out: soil from the yard or garden, indoor house dust, outdoor house dust, hair and nails of the residents. In addition, locally grown vegetables will be sampled in each of the six locations. Moreover, exposure factors associated to the behavior of the residents will be obtained by surveys. This project will sample 300-400 people in total, including children of different ages, women, and men. Concentrations of As, Pb and Cd will be determined in all environmental and biological samples. Finally, correlation between trace elements in human samples and trace elements in environmental media will be verified.

Keywords: Mining pollution, human samples, biomarkers.

SHRINKAGE OF ÑADI SOILS: EFFECTS ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC MATTER ON SOIL AGGREGATES AND ITS MECHANICAL STABILITY

Bravo, A. 1; Dörner, J. 1,3 ; Thiers, O. 2,3 ; Valle, S. 1,3 1Instituto de Ingeniería Agrarias y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia – Chile 2Instituto de Bosques y Sociedad, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 3Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile [email protected]

The land use change on Ñadi soils, from native forest to pasture, exposed the soil to more intense mechanical and hydraulic stresses (Ellies et al., 2000). This is manifested by the frequency and intensity cycles wetting and drying, which are dependent on the magnitude variation in matric potential and the presence of fine particles (Horn et al., 1994). When the soil dries, the water menisci formation increased the tension between the particles, generating the contraction of aggregate, which decreases its total volume causing an increase in bulk density (Horn et al., 1995; Seguel, 2006). This change in volume of the aggregate, change the distribution of the pore system, where the amount of inter-aggregate pores decrease and the pores in the soil matrix increases (Hartge and Horn, 1999). Wetting and drying processes, increase the movement of structural chemical agents (cations, organic matter) toward contact points, improving the structural stability (Oades, 1993; Ellies et al., 1996). Furthermore, the organic matter provides hydrophobic compounds that delay the wetting of the aggregate, increasing the degree mechanical and hydraulic stability, which directly influences the duration secondary porosity and functional resilience of the pores (Horn and Smucker, 2005; Dörner et al, 2011). In this context, this thesis project proposes the following hypothesis: “the aggregates contraction causes greater protection of organic matter, which is encapsulated inside the aggregate, delaying decomposition. Therefore, there is a heterogeneous distribution of organic matter into the aggregate, which is manifested through different wetting properties. This contraction causes changes in the distribution and frequency of pores in aggregate, limiting the resilience the pores". Thus, the distribution of organic compounds is analysed in the aggregates, from the outside to inside the aggregate, relating wetting properties and index water repellency. Also, the effect of internal stresses (wetting and drying) on structural stability of aggregates, bulk density, shrinkage capacity and functional resilience of pores will be evaluated. Statistical analysis was conducted by analysis of variance, correlation matrix and multivariate statistical analysis.

Keyword: Soil shrinkage, Aggregates, Soil waterlogging, Water repellency.

DETERMINATION OF BOUNDARY EFFECT OF A LYSIMETER ON THE WATER CONTENT AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION DYNAMICS OF AN ANDISOL UNDER PRAIRIE

Bravo S. 1; Dörner J. 1,2 ; Dec D. 1,2 1 Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 2 Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia – Chile [email protected]

Climatic events have show a significantly influence on the water resources of Chile, and although changes in precipitation behaviour are dificult to quantify, the south-central zone presents significant downward trends, situation that anticipates any periods of water deficit in the future, and therefore, it emphasizes the importance of estimating water supplies. Actually, quantify water demand by crops it is vital to develop efficient systems in the use of this resource. Among the components of soil water balance, one of the necessary quantify losses is the actual evapotranspiration, corresponding to the portion of water that is eventually returned to the atmosphere from soil and vegetation cover. There are different methods to calculate the actual evapotranspiration and one of the technological instruments more precisely to determine this are lysimeters. They are big cylinder of soil, disturbed or not, where a crop is established. If the lysimeters are inserted in the soil profile, there is a possibility that its cylindrical shape (that encloses the profile), generates internal dynamics effects on water by disrupting the normal structure of the soil matrix. Now days, there are high-precision lysimeters endowed with regulatory instruments, which are responsible for preventing the incidence of the walls of this closed system. While it is true this has been tested under different conditions, effectiveness is unknown for volcanic ash soils, which is related to the extreme characteristics of these soils, as its high porosity and water retention capacity. According to the above, the hypothesis of this work arises that “the boundary conditions produced within the lysimeter not affect the dynamics of water in the soil”. By estimates of TDR devices, tensiometers and matric potential sensors, the temporal behaviour of water in and out the lysimeter was analyzed and compared, in order to identify the existence of effects of boundary conditions at different depths. Due to the large amount and sensivity of measurements made by lysimeters with high precision balance, currently, diverse routines filter and smoothing are searched for data processing, and so, accurately estimate actual evapotranspiration by mass balance equation. In this investigation, it will apply a smoothed simple moving average and filters with thresholds described in the literature, intended for this type of lysimeters and unprecedented in Andisol.

Keywords: Volcanic ash soil, Lysimeter, Actual evapotranspiration.

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (REE) GEOCHEMISTRY AS TRACERS OF PEDOGENETIC PROCESSES AND PARENT MATERIALS IN VITICULTURAL SOILS FROM CENTRAL CHILE

Castillo-Lagos, P. 1; Townley, B. 1; Contreras, M. 2; Serra, I. 3; Flores, P. 4; Turner, N. 5; Mann, A. 6 1Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile. 2Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción. 3Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción. 4Consorcio I+D Vinos de Chile, Santiago-Chile. 5SGS, Toronto-Canada. 6Consultant, South Fremantle-Australia. [email protected]

Rare earth elements (REE) are a coherent group of 14 elements with similar chemical and physical properties that explain their close behavior in the environment (Tyler, 2004). REEs have been used to trace pedogenetic processes (Laveuf y Cornu, 2009; Compton et al., 2003; Tyler, 2004) and chemical weathering on different lithologies (Babechuk y Kaber, 2014; Ma et al., 2011; Leybourne et al., 2006; Condie et al., 1995). Further, REEs are suitable tracers since they have mostly a lithogenic origin with restricted anthropic sources and also because weathering and pedogenetic processes induce internal fractionations and/or specific anomalies in certain elements (e.g. Ce and Eu) (Laveuf y Cornu, 2009). In the frame of Corfo-Innova Project (Consorcio I+D Vinos de Chile – Universidad de Chile) we compare REE patterns of unaltered rock, parent material and soils from four vineyards located in Casablanca, San Antonio, Santa Cruz and San Javier (33°15’-35°45’ S) in Central Chile. We carried out a geological mapping at each vineyard catchment in order to recognize the variation in REE signature associated to different lithological units that constitute the parent material of soils. Also we developed a detailed description of twelve soil profiles per vineyard where systematic sampling was done from three horizons at each profile. The REE in soil samples were measured by ICP-MS by two digestion methods, obtaining the REE contents in total soil using lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion, and REE contents on bioavailable phase by MMI® partial extraction technique (Mann 2010). Normalized multi-element diagrams indicate that parent materials of similar lithologies (as granitoids in Casablanca and Santa Cruz) have similar REE patterns, while their soils display comparable signatures but with relative enrichments in Casablanca, and depletion in Santa Cruz, regarding the rock source. This is evidence of differential pedogenetic processes occurring mainly by specific mesoclimate and topographic conditions at each site. Moreover, parent materials constituted by other lithologies (as vitreous tuffs in San Javier and coastal sedimentary sequence in San Antonio) display particular REE signatures, and their soils show concordant trends with respect to the rock. The whole set of sampled soils suggest the occurrence of other pedogenetic processes given by the relative depletion of light REEs (LREEs, La to Nd) compared to heavy REEs (HREEs) measured at the bioavailable phase. This is coherent with the inmovilization and fractionation of LREEs by stable phases of soils as clay minerals and Fe-Mn oxides (Compton et al., 2003).

Key words: Rare earth elements (REE), geochemistry, parent material.

SYNCHRONY AND SYNLOCATION BETWEEN MINERAL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY AND NITROGEN DEMAND OF A WHEAT CROP GROWING IN VALDIVIA AGROECOSYSTEM

Clunes, J. 1,2 ; Pinochet, D. 2,3 1Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 2Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia – Chile 3Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile [email protected]

The management of nitrogen (N) crop fertilization should consider N application as a supplementary addition of mineral N to native soil mineralization and that need to synchronize with crop demand and to be localized where roots are (synlocation). This management could diminish losses mineral N from agricultural systems by leaching and denitrification. To achieve this, is important to understand the dynamics of N mineralization in an agroecosystem, the effect of the different pools of soil organic matter, soil moisture and temperature. Also, how mineral N is accumulated and maintained available in the profile and how in time and space achieve the synchrony between available N with the plant N demand. It should consider the exploration of the roots, which allows recover mineral N from depth at a particular moment during the growing time of crop. Hypothesis: the synchrony between crop demand and availability of N mineral in the soil depends of the dynamic of N mineralization during the growing season of the crop and the capacity of soil to give N available at a specific moment. These, will enable estimate the availability N in the soil during growing time of crop, proposing a synchrony factor between available mineral N of soil and demand N by wheat crop. The aim of this work is to determine and measure when and how the synchrony between N availability from a soil and N demand from a wheat crop is produced in a specific agroecosystem and how that can be manipulated to obtain a bigger N use crop efficiency. In order to fulfill this aim, during two wheat crop seasons, we shall conduct an experiment with five different N rates applied in three different times of crop season, to establish different mineral N supply in the Andisol, considering a control with no N application. Also, in parallel in a plot with no N application we would measure the N mineralization each week in all profile, the spatial variability of mineral N in crop surface and exploration of roots. Also, during each growing season we would measure the N uptake by the crop, collecting vegetal material six times during the crop season. The root soil exploration also will be measured to establish the rooting depth that participates in the N recovery by the crop.

Keywords: synchrony, nitrogen availability, wheat crop.

IMPROVING AVOIDANCE TEST WITH EISENIA FETIDA TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF UNCONTAMINATED AND CONTAMINATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS BY MINING ACTIVITIES IN CENTRAL CHILE

Delgadillo, V. 1; Verdejo, J. 1; Mondaca, P.1; Gaete, H. 2; Neaman, A. 1 1Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile 2Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile. [email protected]

An alternative method for assessing soil metal toxicity is the use of avoidance test with earthworms. This bioassay is based in the habitat selection capacity of earthworms and is characterized for its simplicity and quickness. However, there is a problem in the use of contaminated soils collected in the field, because the response not only depends on the metal concentration, but also on the soil physicochemical properties. The aim of this study was to determine the aptitude of the avoidance test to discern between uncontaminated and contaminated soil with metals, determine the effect of the soil physicochemical properties on the avoidance behavior and determine thresholds of response for different physicochemical properties and/or metal concentration. For these purposes, it was performed the avoidance test (ISO 17512, 2008) in 52 soils collected at different points along the Aconcagua valley, central Chile. As control soil, an artificial substrate was used composed of 10% peat, 20% kaolinite and 70% quartz sand (ISO 11268-2, 2012). Furthermore, soils with limited habitat were defined as those soils with a earthworm percentage less than 20% in the collected soil (EC80). The results indicate that the avoidance test discerns between uncontaminated and contaminated soil with metals (Tukey- test, p <0.05). The avoidance behavior was determined by the organic matter content, electrical conductivity and total Cu concentration. Determination of Cu toxicity thresholds was not possible due to the confusing effects by organic matter content and electric conductivity. However, in a second step, the organic matter content and electrical conductivity of the artificial soil were equalized to the respective test soil. In this way, suppressing the differences in organic matter content and electric conductivity, the avoidance response was only dependent on the total Cu concentration. In consequence, it was possible to determine EC80 values for total Cu concentration of 433 mg kg-1 using all the collected soils. In conclusion, these results suggest that the avoidance test has a limited applicability for the determination of toxicity thresholds because the soil physicochemical properties affect the avoidance behavior. Consequently, adjustments in the organic matter content and electric conductivity of artificial soil according to the respective test soils allows to establish metal toxicity thresholds and, therefore, may be more suitable than a single standard artificial soil.

Keywords: field-collected agricultural soils, ECx, avoidance test.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENETIC VARIATION OF Embothrium coccineum GROWING IN TWO SOILS WITH CONTRASTING NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Delgado, M. 1,3 ; Ávila, A. 1,2,3 ; Ruiz, S. 1,4 ; Zúñiga-Feest A 1,3 , Valle S 3. 1Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile (UACh), Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile. 2Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UACh, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile. 3Centro de Investigaciones en Suelos Volcánicos, CISVo, UACh. 4Escuela de Ciencias, Facultad de Ciencias, UACh, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile. [email protected]

Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) is a pioneer endemic species from temperate forests of southern South America. This species have a root adaptation to improve phosphorus (P) acquisition called cluster roots (CR), which have been reported frequently in species growing in nutritionally poor soil. These CR exude organic acids and phosphatases that allow solubilize and mineralize P. It is unknown how this plant adjust the formation and functioning of CR with the age of seedling and if this depends on the soil on which it develop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological adjustments of Embothrium coccineum growing in two soil with different nutritional characteristics in two stages of development. We conducted a pot experiment where seedlings were randomly assigned to -1 growth in young volcanic (pumicite; pH (H 2O): 6.57, mineral N: 8.4 mg kg , Olsen-P: 1.3 mg kg -1, MO: 0.53 %, base saturation : 4.36 cmol + kg -1) or organic soil (commercial organic -1 -1 substrate; pH (H 2O): 5.25, mineral N: 43.4 mg kg , Olsen-P: 17.3 mg kg , MO: 22.38 %, base saturation : 34.69 cmol + kg -1) for a period of 8 or 24 months. We evaluated relative growth rate (RGR), biomass distribution, P and nitrogen (N) concentration in leaves, photosynthetic use efficiency of nutrients (N and P), carboxylates and phosphatase exudation by roots, and P availability (P-Olsen) in the rizhospheric soil. Eight months-old seedlings had higher growth rates, greater nutrients concentration and photosynthetic use efficiency of N and P than 24 month-old seedlings. In addition, they had higher phosphatase activity and carboxylates exudation rates by roots compared with older plants. Likewise, the plants growing on volcanic soil have higher cluster roots formation and higher root exudation (phosphatase and carboxylates), as reflected in the further increase of P-Olsen in the rhizosphere soil. We conclude that E. coccineum adjusts its growth and functioning (rate of photosynthesis, efficient use of nutrients and root exudation) depending on their ontogenetic state and type of soil. In nutritionally poor soils, younger seedlings intensified their strategies for nutrient uptake (e.g. Root exudation) compared with older seedlings. Together, these features allow this species to stablish successfully in disturbed areas as young volcanic soils.

Key words: Cluster roots, young volcanic soils, tree pioneer species. Acknowledgment: Postdoctoral research grant Fondecyt N°3150187 (MD), Fondecyt Nº 1130440 (AZ), CONICYT 2014/21140647 (AV).

LARVAL DISTRIBUTION OF AN ENDEMIC SCARAB PEST IN NEW ZEALAND VINEYARDS ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

González-Chang, M. 1,2 ; Boyer, S. 3; Lefort, M.-C. 1,3 ; Wratten, S. 1 1Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Nueva Zelanda. 2Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 3Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland 1025, New Zealand. [email protected]

The spatial distribution of soil-dwelling insect larvae is affected by soil properties at the moment of oviposition, through larval development, and by insect reproductive behaviour. In New Zealand, grass grub larvae (Costelytra zealandica White) have been an important pest in pastures for more than 100 years, but recently, adults have started to defoliate perennial commercial crops, such as vines. As agricultural management that relies on machinery alters soil condition by increasing compaction, we hypothesise that differences in soil water content (WC) and soil penetration resistance (SR) between the inter-row and under vine areas, at the edge and centre of vineyard blocks, will affect C. zealandica larval distribution. During the winter 2014, larvae were sampled in the top 20 cm in the soil profile using a spade. WC and SR measurements were taken close to where larvae were sampled using a digital soil moisture unit and a hand penetrometer, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using generalised linear mixed effect models, using a Poisson and a Gamma distribution for larvae and WC/SR data, respectively. Larval abundance was higher at the edge of the block compared to its centre (z=5.37; p<0.001), and also higher in the under- vine area compared with the inter row (z=3.35; p<0.001). Higher soil WC values were obtained from the inter row when compared to under vines (z=-16.6; p<0.001), with higher WC at the edge of the block compared to its centre (z=3.96; p<0.001). A similar pattern was found when soil SR was analysed, showing higher values in the inter row compared to the under-vine areas (z=-8.52; p<0.001), although SR was higher in the centre than at the edge of the block (z=-3.56; p<0.001). We suggest that higher WC and SR values at the inter row reflected the frequent vehicles’ transit of wheels in a range of vineyard practices. Although significantly lower values of WC and SR were found under vines, the high proportion of larvae found there was partially explained by this, as the variation in these soil parameters (23-34% WC, and 741-1053 kPa) was not extreme enough to affect larval survival, and thus, their distribution within vineyard blocks. Therefore, we suggest that larval distribution can also be explained by an ancient adult relict behaviour, in which after adults land, feed and mate on the vine foliage, they drop to the ground in under-vine areas to lay eggs.

Keywords: Melolonthinae, spatial distribution, beetle behaviour.

EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS ADDITION ON TOTAL AND ALKALINE PHOSPHOMONOESTERASE-HARBORING BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN RYEGRASS RHIZOSPHERE MICROSITES

Lagos, L.M. 1; Acuña, J.J. 1; Maruyama, F. 2; Ogram, A. 3; Mora, M.L. 1; Jorquera, M.A. 1 1Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. 2Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan. 3Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA [email protected]

Rhizobacterial communities may play a crucial role in phosphorus (P) nutrition of plants. However, our knowledge of how P fertilization modulates rhizobacterial communities in crops and pastures is still poor. Here we investigated the effect of P addition (phosphate [PHO] and phytate [PHY]) on the composition of total bacterial communities and alkaline phosphomonoesterases (APase)-harboring bacterial populations in the rhizosphere microsites (root tip [RT] and mature zone [MZ]) of Lolium perenne. Sizes and diversities of bacterial communities were studied by 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Our results suggested that phosphorus addition induces significant changes in the rhizobacterial community composition. Despite that pyrosequence analysis showed that members of the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria were the dominant phyla in all sampled rhizosphere microsites, differences in the relative abundances of some bacterial genera were detected (e.g., Arthrobacter and Acidothermus). Greater richness in rhizosphere microsites of plants supplied with PHY compared with PHO were revealed. With respect to APase-harboring bacterial populations, DGGE (phoD gene) showed significant differences between microsites supplied with PHO, PHY and controls. qPCR (16S rRNA genes, phoD and phoX) showed significantly greater abundances of bacteria and APase genes in RT than in MZ microsites. This study contributes to our understanding of the effect P fertilization on rhizobacterial community compositions of pastures grown in Chilean Andisols.

Keywords: bacterial community; alkaline phosphomonoesterases; phosphorus fertilization.

SOIL QUALITY IN AGROECOSYSTEMS UNDER AGROECOLOGICAL AND CONVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT: USING NEMATODES, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INDICATORS TO THEIR EVALUATION

Landi, S. 1,2,3 ; Dörner, J. 1,2 ; Valle, S. 1,2 1Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile 2Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile 3Escuela de Graduados Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile [email protected]

Soils are an essential resource for life, allowing the development of plants, animals and people. It is vital preserve them and promote healthy soils. One way to do that is to study and evaluate their condition, their quality. In recent years new definitions of soil quality have been proposed integrating the physical, chemical and biological properties and processes of soils (Karlen et al., 1997). Physical and chemical properties have been extensively used to evaluate soil quality, but biological indicators are less applied in integration with the previous abiotic soil component. Nematode community analysis has been used in several studies to assess soil quality, food web condition and ecosystem function as responses to agroecosystem management and land use (Ferris, 2010). Nematodes have an extraordinary taxonomic and functional diversity, abundance and ubiquity, and respond quickly to different environmental changes due to natural or anthropogenic causes. They occupy many trophic steps in the food web and play an important role in essential biological and ecological soil processes and may also be important in suppressing pest species. On the other hand, the agroecology is a science that emerged as a new paradigm of sustainable development and numerous studies have shown the role that appropriate agroecological practices have on the conservation of a live, healthy and fertile soil (Altieri and Nicholls, 2003; Altieri, 1995). We assume that nematodes as biological indicators, integrate and reflect appropriately the physical and chemical behavior of volcanic ash soils under different management. Moreover we consider that in agroecological farms the set of physical, chemical indicators and nematodes together reflect a better soil quality, compared what we expect to find in conventional farm. The aim of the investigation is assess soil quality and the effect of management soil practices in different agro-ecosystems, on soil quality indices, validating nematodes as biotic indicators in association to physical and chemical indicators. Soil sampling will carry out in two different seasons of the year, for two years, both in experimental plots (Estacio ́n Experimental Agropecuaria Austral of the UACh) and selected agroecological and conventional farms (Region de Los Ríos or Región de Los Lagos, South of Chile). Physical variables such as texture, bulk density, pore-size distribution, hydraulic conductivity, air conductivity and water content will be considered. Additionally, chemical variables such as organic matter, nitrogen content in different forms, pH and nematode communities will be analyzed. Biotic indices (BI, EI, CI, SI) will be used for nematodes ecological studies. Datas obtained will be examine by multivariate statistical analysis. The research proposal expect to contribute to the understanding of soil quality by integrating physical, chemical and biological properties as well as functions in volcanic ash soils under different land use history and management intensity.

Keywords: soil quality, agroecological practise, nematodes, physical and chemical soil indicators. 35

DOES THE SAMPLING DISTANCE MATTER IF WE STUDY SULPHUR MINERALIZATION IN VOLCANIC SOILS?

Luna, G. 1; Córdova, C. 2; Sepúlveda, G. 2 1Programa Magister en Ciencias Agronómicas, mención Ciencias del Suelo y Producción Vegetal. Universidad de Concepción. Avenida Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán-Chile 2Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales. Facultad de Agronomía. Universidad de Concepción. Avenida Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán-Chile [email protected]

Sulphur (S) is becoming deficient in a number of agricultural systems in Chile, because concerns on soil S fertility have not been addressed in the past. The soil S supply for crop uptake may be a spatially autocorrelated process and can be an issue to fully understand the cycle of S in the soil-crop system and for managing S applications. The objective of this research was to assess the S mineralized and its spatial dependence, from a volcanic soil (Andisol) in a well-managed agronomic system, to provide fundamental information to the study of soil S in these soils. Sampling distances of 121.5 m, 40.5 m, 13.5 m, 4.5 m, y 1.5 m (n=98) were used to test the spatial dependence. The interval distances were arranged in a novel hierarchical nested sampling design from where soil samples (0-10 cm) were taken, and the soluble sulphate mineralized for each sample was measured using a solution of CaCl2 (10 mM) and ion-chromatography, after a period of 21 days of open incubation. A long term incubation of part of the samples is still on-going as large amounts of soluble sulphate have been mineralized compared to non-volcanic soils. A residual maximum likelihood analysis was applied to the accumulated S mineralization at day-21, to obtain the contribution to the variance from the each sampling interval. The mean value of S mineralization was 13.48 µg S-SO4-2 g-1 of soil, but the range was 43.9 µg S-SO4-2 g-1 of soil, showing a large spatial variability. The approach to the variogram showed a large contribution to the variance from the finest scale, but the range of variation for the S mineralization was found at 40.5 m. The sampling interval distance of 20 m is recommended to be used and obtained a spatially distributed sampling.

Keywords: nested sampling design, variogram, soil organic matter, open incubation.

SEPARATING SOIL FACTORS AFFECTING NITRIFICATION AND NITROGEN MINERALIZATION IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS CONTAMINATED BY MINING ACTIVITIES IN CENTRAL CHILE

Moya, H. 1; Verdejo, J. 1; Yañez, C. 2; Sauvé, S.³; Neaman, A. 1 1Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota, Chile 2Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile 3Université de Montréal, Department of Chemistry, H3C 3J7, Montréal, QC, Canada [email protected]

Agricultural soils near to copper mining activities in central Chile have been exposed to historical contamination by different metals. Although Chile is the largest copper producer in the world, soil quality criteria of metal-contaminated soils are still not available. Microbiological bioassays of nitrification and nitrogen mineralization have been used for evaluation of soil quality of metal-contaminated soils. It has been argued that the identification of the toxic metal thresholds in soil should be based on field-collected soils rather than on artificially-contaminated soils. However, the use of field-collected soils presents several difficulties for interpretation because bioassays responses depend not only on metal concentration, but also on intrinsic soil physicochemical properties, such as pH and organic matter (OM) content. The objective of this study was evaluate the effect of physicochemical properties of soils with narrow pH range on the nitrification and nitrogen mineralization. In addition, we evaluate the effects of metals on the nitrification and nitrogen mineralization normalized by organic matter content. Consequently, it was evaluate the effectiveness of the bioassays of nitrification and nitrogen mineralization as quality indicators in agricultural soils historically contaminated by mining activities in central Chile. We collected 90 field soils near to Cu mining activities in central Chile. We performed standard nitrification and nitrogen mineralization test, based on protocols of ISO 14238 (2012) and ISO 15685 (2012). Potential nitrification rate (PNR) was best explained by both pH and OM (R²=0.32), while nitrogen mineralization (Nmin) was best explained by OM and clay content (R²=0.44). Bioassays responses normalized by OM indicated that PNR was best explained by pH and total Cu (R²=0.22), while Nmin was best explained by clay content and total Cu (R²=0.19). In both cases, total Cu content improved the regression model showing inhibitory effect of Cu. However, the total Cu explained a low percentage of the variance. Thus, due the sensitivity of the nitrification and nitrogen mineralization process to the physicochemical characteristics of the soils, these bioassays have a limited applicability for metal toxicity assessment in field-contaminated soils.

Keywords: Bioavailability, copper toxicity, microbial process, soil quality.

AGRONOMIC AND SOCIAL VALIDATION OF THE USE OF SEAWEED AS ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON ANDISOLS OF THE ISLA GRANDE DE CHILOÉ, CHILE

Navarro, A. 1; Fernández, J. 2; Venegas, N. 3; Portela, D. 4,5 1Centro de Estudio y Conservación del Patrimonio Natural (CECPAN), Ancud - Chile 2Asociación Indígena Mapuche Taiñ Adkimn, Santiago - Chile 3El Canelo de Nos, Santiago - Chile 4Grupo de Investigación de la Pesca Artesanal y Sociedades Costeras (GIPART), Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Santiago - Chile 5Departamento de Antropología, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago - Chile [email protected]

Chiloé has been declared by FAO as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS), due to its cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and agrobiodiversity. Some examples include ancient methods rooted in the country-sea synergy inherent to the williche people, like the use of seaweed as organic fertilizers in the growing of tubers and vegetables. However, the intensified use of synthetic fertilizers has led to a progressive loss of ancient soil management practices based upon local resources. Our goal is to validate the traditional practice of using seaweed Ulva lactuca L. and Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh as organic fertilizers in Andisols, in the Lauquen Mapu indigenous community of Catruman, Chiloé. To reach this goal, an interdisciplinary approach is needed, so the research has contributions from agronomy and anthropology. Sociocultural aspects of the ancient practice were characterized by means of secondary data collection, group discussions, in-depth interviews, participant observation and commented walks. The agronomic potential of U. lactuca and M. pyrifera under different bioprocesses as organic fertilizers for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is currently being assessed through a field test. Physical and chemical characterizations of the first 20 cm of soil depth show some andic soil properties. Chemical analyses of fresh seaweed show high levels of OC, EC, macro and micro-elements (specially Fe), circumneutral pH and low C/N ratios. Chemical analyses of seaweed compost and liquid extract will be performed, as well as phytohormone content measurements in fresh seaweed and liquid extract. Soil application of fresh seaweed and seaweed compost, as well as foliar application of seaweed liquid extract will be tested, comparing their effects on soil and plant with those of an inorganic fertilizer. Changes in soil properties will be assessed at potato lifting time, as well as production variables and plant health status through the growing cycle. At the end the field test, the crop yield and quality will be recorded for each treatment. Finally, the potential benefits of the use of seaweed will be spread amongst local farmers, and a commercial strategy for an organic fertilizer based on seaweeds will be developed. This initiative is being funded by Fundación para la Innovación Agraria.

Keywords: seaweed, organic fertilizers, participatory action research.

THE IMPACT OF THE PASTURE IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES OVER THE PORE FUNCTIONING AND WATER DYNAMICS OF THE SOIL

Ordoñez, I.P. 1; Dörner, J. 2,3 ; Salas, R.2; López, I.F. 1,3; Descalzi, C.A. 4; Kemp, P.D. 1,3 1Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North - New Zealand 2Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria (IIAS), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile 3Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile 4Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile [email protected]

The animal production based on grazing is the main system used in southern Chile because of the high pasture yield and the nature of the soils. Therefore, the research of different pasture improvement strategies is important to maintain a sustainable production. Was evaluated the effect of different pasture improvement strategies over the physical properties and water dynamic on an Andisol. The experiment was realized in the Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Austral, with five pasture over a soil classified as Duric Hapldand; NFNP) naturalized pasture without fertilization; FNP) improved naturalized pasture with fertilization; CP) sown pasture with Lolium perenne (Lp) and Trifolium repens (Tr) under traditional tillage; DP) sown pasture with Lp and Tr under cero tillage; DDP) sown pasture with several species Lp, Tr, Bromus valdivianus, Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus. Every pasture had the dimensions of 400 m2 (20m x 20m) with three randomized blocks. Were collected non disturbed soil samples (cylinder of 230 cm3) to determine the water retention curve (WRC; n=12), air permeability (Ka; n=12) and the accumulated dry mass production (n=300). Sensors were installed at 10, 20 and 60 cm of depth and the water tension was registered between 01/01/2014 to 01/03/2015. It was used ANOVA, LSD and SE as statistical analysis. Accumulated dry mass production show differences (P ≤0.001) between the pastures subjected to improvement strategies (9 ton DM ha-1) and NFNP (4 ton DM ha-1); About the physical parameters, CP present a significant decrease (P ≤0.001; C2=0.063±0.01; Ka=0,73±0.12 Log µm2; AC=9,0%±0.7) and a significant increase (P ≤0.001; PAW=31,4%±1,3). In the other hand, cero tillage treatments (C2=0,12±0.01; Ka=1,7±0.15 Log µm2; CA=11%±0.6; PAW=27,7%±1.0) and non-tillage treatments (C2=0,12±0.01; Ka=1,5±0.13 Log µm2; AC=10,4%±0.4; PAW=28.9±0.6) differences was not observed. Regarding to water tension, when the water resource it became a limiting factor the differences are started to notice. The average of water tension between December 2014-March 2015, in kPa, for NFNP (10 cm=16100; 20 cm=19800; 60 cm=8900), FNP (10 cm=16200; 20 cm=15800; 60 cm=11300), CP (10 cm=18100; 20 cm=11600; 60 cm=9200), DP (10 cm=10800; 20 cm=11400; 60 cm=9600), DDP (10 cm=15000; 20 cm=14700; 60 cm=10300). Therefore, it can be concluded that there was a change in the distribution and continuity of the pores in CP treatment because of the traditional tillage, besides a higher water uptake at 20 cm depth. The most productive and diverse pasture (FNP and DDP) exhibit, in the water stress season, a higher water uptake at 60 cm depth.

Keywords: Pasture improvement strategies, soil pore distribution, soil water dynamics. 39

SOIL DISTRIBUTION AND FORMING FACTORS ALONG THE PATAGONIAN DECIDUOUS FOREST VEGETATION ZONE

Pfeiffer M. 1,3 ; Ivelic J. 2,4 ; Valle S. 4,6 ; Radic S. 5; Dörner J. 4,6 ; Amundson R. 1 1Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley - USA 2INIA Kampenaike. Punta Arenas - Chile 3Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Santiago - Chile 4Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 5Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile 6Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia-Chile [email protected]

Southern Patagonia is a region of high interest for researchers, however, our understanding of its ecosystems is still poor and soils are no exception to this. Only a handful of works have been written and large areas of soils have never been observed. Based on the few existing studies on Patagonian soils and comparing the region with other of similar characteristics, we hypothesize that toward the east of the Patagonian Andes, were the deciduous forest of lenga (Nothofagus pumilio) and ñirre (N. antarctica) lies, exists a transition between soils with andic properties toward the north and spodic properties toward south. This transition has been observed in other volcanic active regions of similar climate as Japan, New Zealand, Scandinavia and Alaska. In those regions, climatic and biotic factors are the ones that most influence the distribution of soils and their properties. However, up to date, we don't know which are the factors that determined the distribution of soils and their properties for the Chilean Patagonia. In this work, we analyzed soil distribution following the east-west precipitation gradient that exist along the Patagonian Andes at different latitudes by doing soil transects. Transects traversed the five vegetation zones of southern Patagonia (from west to east): Magellanic moorland; Evergreen rainforest (N. betuloides); Magellanic deciduous forest (N. pumilio & N. antarctica) and the Patagonian steppe. We analyzed 26 soil profiles located between 51.05 and 54.50˚S in the region of Magallanes. Preliminary field results show a soil distribution that is related with vegetation, altitude and latitude. From the soil profiles described, 196 soil samples were extracted and their physical and chemical properties are being analyzed. Laboratory results will be used in order to understand changes in the pedogenic processes that form these soils along a latitudinal (temperature) and longitudinal (precipitation) gradient. In specific, we will look for properties related with differences in the pedogenic processes that are expected to occur in this region, as are organic matter accumulation, mobilization of cations, weathering processes and development of spodic and andic features. Among the analysis that will be performed are those required by Soil Taxonomy to describe the occurrence of spodic and andic properties.

Keywords: Soil Geography, Magallanes, Deciduous Forest, Patagonia. 40

EMBOTHRIUM COCCINEUM (PROTEACEAE) INFLUENCES THE METABOLIC STRUCTURE OF THE SOIL BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES.

Renderos, L. 1; Zúñiga-Feest, A. 2,3 ; Delgado, M. 2,3 ; Caru, M. 1; Orlando, J. 1 1Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago - Chile 2Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 3Centro de Investigaciones en Suelos Volcánicos, CISVo, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile [email protected]

Embothrium coccineum (Notro) is an endemic species from South America and inhabitant in forests of southern Chile. This species present cluster roots (CR), which are root modifications that increases the nutrient acquisition with low availability from the soil through organic acid exudation. This organic compounds are mainly exuded by mature CR, which in turn can modified the rhizosphere microbiota structure. However, scarce information about the influence of CR exudation of Chilean Proteaceae species on microbial structures is available. Our hypothesis was that the mature CR stage has a strong effect on the metabolic selection of rhizhosphere bacterial communities than other CR stages due to the higher carboxylate exudation rate associated to this development stage. In this work, both the physicochemical characteristics as the metabolic structure of bacterial assemblages in the rhizosphere and non–rhizosphere soils of Notro were studied. To evaluate this rhizosphere (from juvenile, mature, semi-senescent and senescent CR and non-CR) and non-rhizosphere soils were collected, from 9 plots in a population of Notro near Valdivia (XIV Region, Chile). Then, soil physicochemical parameters and the potential metabolic diversity of bacterial communities through community-level physiological profiles using EcoPlateTM (BioLog®) plates with different carbon sources were determined. In addition, an analysis of non-metric multidimensional scaling was performed to assess differences in the communities of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. As results, we found that nitrate, potassium and aluminum were higher, while the pH was lower in the rhizosphere compared with non-rhizosphere soil. At metabolic level, the microbial communities from rhizosphere soils had a higher level of consumption than non-rhizosphere soils. Considering different C sources, 11 out of the 31 carbon types tested were which mainly allowed the differentiation of the soil communities among CR influence and bulk soil. The consumption of carbohydrates D-xylose and D-mannitol showed higher variation among different rhizospheric or non-rhizospheric soil types. In addition, significant differences in the metabolic structure of these soil microbial communities were found among the most CR senescent stages (semi-senescent and senescent) and non-rhizospheric soil. These results showed that CR development shape microbial community mainly at senescent stages in accordance with other recent reported data that show increases in bacterial activity indicator at similar stages. However, these results have not in accordance with our initial hypothesis because mature CR had not the highest influence on the bacterial community selection.

Acknowledgement FONDECYT 1130440. 41

LABILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES OF CHILE

Ricciardi, C. 1; Zagal, E. 2; Muñoz, C. 2; Campos, J. 3 1Programa de Magíster en Ciencias Agronómicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán - Chile 2Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán - Chile 3Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán - Chile [email protected] o [email protected]

Today there is considerable concern about the issue of global warming, one concern is that soil can act as a source of carbon (C) by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere. Temperature sensitivity of the soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition process can have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. The C quality-temperature (CQT) hypothesis which is associated with SOC lability index (R20) states that temperature sensitivity of microbial decomposition should increase when activation energy (Ea) of a reaction (e.g. stabilized C pools) increases. The aim of this study is to assess the lability index (R20) and Ea of SOC decomposition in soils from different climatic zones along a transect of Chile between the Coquimbo and Magallanes Regions. The study was conducted with soils of different soil orders collected from four different climatic zones that included: Semiarid Mediterranean, Semi-oceanic Temperate, Oceanic Temperate, Semi-oceanic Subpolar and Dry Subpolar. We sampled natural grassland soils with a total of 34 study sites (samples from 0-10 cm). From each sample site study, 7 subsamples of 20 g of soil each were removed and separated, placed in Falcon type tubes and incubated at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 °C, and 2 other samples were incubated at 20 °C; the incubation period was 365 days. Measurements were taken every 15 days from the beginning of incubation until 200 days and then every 20 days. From each tube, 4 mL of gas was removed and C concentration was measured in an infrared gas analyzer (LI-COR; LI-820 equipment; Lincoln, Nebraska, USA). Readings were converted to CO2 concentrations, and the R20 was converted to respiration rates relative to the total SOC. Subsequently, a non-parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA Kruskal Wallis) was performed. The results showed differences (P ≤ 0.05) between Semiarid Mediterranean and Dry Subpolar zones compared to the Semi-oceanic Temperate, Oceanic Temperate, and Semi-oceanic Subpolar zones. The last three types of climate had a lower value of SOC lability and higher Ea. This allowed us to conclude that soils under the wettest regime had a lower R20 and higher Ea, proving that both soil moisture regime and temperature are relevant in SOC decomposition. Acknowledgements: FONDECYT 1121138 for funding.

Keywords: organic carbon, lability index, activation energy.

METHODOLOGIES FOR ORGANIC MATTER EXTRACTION IN VINEYARDS SOIL SAMPLES AND IMPLICATIONS IN X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF CLAY MINERALS

Salgado De la Parra, P.1; Castillo-Lagos, P. 2; Kelm, U. 3; Uribe Sazo, M. 3 1Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción-Chile 2Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago-Chile 3Instituto de Geología Económica y Aplicada (GEA), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción-Chile [email protected]

The organic matter could generate interferences in X-ray diffraction analysis diffractograms and inhibit the identification of clay minerals. This work presents practical alternatives for organic matter extraction in soil samples of Central Chile’s vineyards. This research is a parcial result of CORFO-INNOVA Project “Geological, mineralogical and geochemical influences in vine growing” (Universidad de Chile - Consorcio I+D Vinos de Chile), which main goal is determine geological influences in viticultural soil properties. The objective of this work is compare different organic matter (O.M.) extraction techniques in soil samples and identify how these treatments affect to clay minerals in X-RD analysis readings. For this experience three 30 g soil samples were selected (these samples were previously dried in an oven and sieved until silt/clay fraction). Samples were classified according to the organic matter content in: high (1,73 %), moderate (0,87 %) and low (0,16 %) organic matter percentage respectively. 10 g of each sample were treated with an hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution, another 10 g were treated with a basic solution (pH=9) of 9% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and 32 % hydrochloric acid (HCl). The remaining 10 g weren’t treated and preserve the original organic matter content. Each sample was separated in clay phase through centrifugation and subsequent filtration processes. Finally, the clay fraction was mounted in slides and was analyzed in XRD. This procedures were performed at Instituto de Geologia Economica Aplicada (GEA), Universidad de Concepcion. The H2O2 method improve the definition of clay minerals diffractiograms peaks compared with untreated samples. The treatment with NaClO and HCl solution, shows a fall of clay minerals peaks, going down even 50% of length and displacement of another peaks. Some peaks recognized in the H2O2 treatment, even in untreated sample, becomes in several small peaks with rare forms, causing a loss of accuracy. Summarizing, the optimal organic matter extraction method is H2O2 solution, even better than not extract organic matter; meanwhile, the NaClO and HCl solution is not considered a good method for being very aggressive and distort the results.

Keywords: Clay minerals, organic matter extraction, X-ray diffraction, vineyard soils.

MICROBIAL DIVERSITY ASSOCIATED WITH EMBOTHRIUM COCCINEUM AND ACAENA INTERGERRIMA RHIZOSPHERE GROWN IN VOLCANIC SOILS IN THE CHILEAN PATAGONIA

Sánchez, A.M. 1, 4 ; Martínez, O. 2, 4 ; Zúñiga-Feest, A. 3, 4 ; Orlando, J.L. 5 1Programa de Magíster en Ciencias Mención Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile 2Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile 3Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile 4Centro en Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia-Chile 5Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago-Chile [email protected]

Volcanic soils in Southern Chile shows high total phosphorus (P) but low P availability. Consequently, some plants have developed mechanisms to improve its absorption. One of the most interesting mechanisms for P absorption by plants is the morphological modification of the roots known as cluster roots (CR). This root adaptation is present in several groups of plants and in all members of Proteaceae family. These CR release organic compounds (carboxylates, phosphatases) in the rhizosphere to increase the solubilization and absorption of P. Plants with CR roots can colonize volcanic depositions and live in communities with other plants without cluster roots. Recently, has been reported a positive nutritional interaction when Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) and the cushion plant Acaena intergerrima (Rosaceae) grows together, with higher leaf N and P, respectively; compared with plants growing separately. However, the mechanism that lead these “nutrient transfer” remain unclear. We hypothesize that this phenomenon are related with rhizospheric microbiota enrichment produced by a high release of organic compounds, we expected a higher microbial diversity in the rhizosphere when these plant grows together and probably a higher N fixing free live microrganims activity due a higher root activity compared with plants growing separately. Therefore, our goal is to study the genetic, functional and metabolic diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of E. coccineun and A. intergerrima associations, and it relation with the increase of P and N on these leaves, comparing with plants growing separately. We will carry out two experiments: i) A greenhouse trial using E. coccineum and A. intergerrima seedlings, produced by seeds collected in Cerro Castillo (Chilean Patagonia). These plants was maintain for two year growing together of separately, using a recent volcanic deposition (pumicita); and ii) a field collected samples from the rhizosphere of cushions formed by E. coccineum and A. intergerrima associations or growing separately plants, in Cerro Castillo where a volcanic ash-derived soil from Hudson Volcano last eruptions occur. In this research, we will determine: i) parameters related to physical, physiological and nutritional status of plants, ii) physicochemical parameters of soil and iii) genetic (16S rRNA PCR-DGGE), functional (phoD and nifH by PCR-DGGE) and metabolic (CLPP, Biolog) diversity. Finally, we expect to find a positive relationship between rhizospheric microbial diversity and the increase of P and N on the leaves of each plant, when they grows associated on volcanic depositions. Acknowledgements: Fondecyt Regular 1130440.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY ON CLUSTER ROOTS FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF THREE SOUTH AMERICAN PROTEACEAE SPECIES GROWING IN VOLCANIC SOILS

Sepúlveda, F. 1,2 ; Delgado, M. 1,2 ; Zúñiga-Feest, A.1,2 1Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias 2Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile [email protected]

The Proteaceae species grows in ancient poor soil, however native tree species of the from southern South America are considered outlayers worldwide. This species grow in rejuvenated soils by intense volcanic activity, rich in nutrients but with low availability of phosphorus (P). These species have root adaptations called cluster roots (CR), whose main function is to exude organic acids solubilizing nutrients as P. The main factor that regulates CR formation is P deficiency, however recently it has been suggested that low soil concentration of nitrogen (N) could also be relevant. We hypothetisized that the lack of combined N and P (as occur in several volcanic depositions) will increase the CR formation and its carboxylates exudation compared to the deficiency of N and P applied separately in all species. The main objective of this work was to study the combined effect of N and P on CR formation and functioning on three Proteacea species from Chile. Seedlings of each species that differs in their geographical distribution and light requirements were taken: Embothrium coccineum, Gevuina avellana and Lomatia dentata. Groups of these seedlings were kept in volcanic sand and irrigated with different nutrient solutions: Hoagland full nutrients (H), without P (H -P), without N (H -N), without N and P (H -NP) and distilled water used as control. We measured relative growth rate (RGR) in biomass and in high, photosynthesis rate (Amax), mean CR per plant, CR/total plant biomass ratio, N and P concentration in leaves, photosynthetic use efficiency of N and P (PNUE and PPUE) and carboxylate exudation rate. The results showed that E. coccineum had the lowest RGR as well as N and P leaf concentration but showed the highest Amax and PPUE. Additionally, E. coccineum form higher CR number per plant on H, however, CR/biomass ratio was higher in H–NP. E. coccineum and G. avellana showed similar carboxylates exudation rates but lower than L. dentata. Oxalate was mainly exuded by E. coccineum and L. dentata whereas succinate was mainly detected in G. avellana. In general, the highest carboxylate exudation rate was observed in H-P in all species. In contrast to our hypothesis, E. coccineum did not form higher number of CR per plant and had not higher RGR and Amax than the other species evaluated. Also, the combined N and P deficiency had not relation with higher CR production and nor in carboxylate exudation rate in the studied Proteaceae species.

Key words: Cluster roots, Proteaceae species, plant nutrition treatments.

Acknowledgements: Fondecyt regular 1130440 (FS,AZF), Postdoctoral grant Fondecyt 3150187 (MD).

SPATIAL DEPENDENCE OF ORGANO-MINERAL COMPLEXES UNDER TWO LAND USES IN A "ÑADI-SOIL"

Zúñiga, F. 1,2,3 ; Valle, S. 2,3 ; Dörner J.2,3 ; Clunes J. 1,2 1Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 2Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 3Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile [email protected], [email protected]

Several studies reported the importance of Al, Fe and amorphous materials in the soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization processes, suggesting that unfavourable conditions of temperature, nutrients and energy could limit the degradation of OC stored in soil horizons (Rumpel and Kögel-Knabner, 2011). In subsoil horizons, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) increased and possibly is involved in the adsorption of mineral nitrogen by clay surfaces. In Chilean volcanic ash soils (Andisols), the soil organic carbon (SOC) is explained by the allophane, Al and Fe complexed with SOM (Garrido and Matus, 2012). In these soils, the land use changes (e.g. native forest to naturalised grassland), due to human–induced fires, occurred intensely, provoking new disequilibria in: i) soil depth ii) re-distribution of SOC and iii) soil aggregation. Naturally, the "Ñadi-soils" (aquands) are characterised by high levels of SOC, shallow soil profile limited by a cemented iron layer (placic horizon). In addition, the land use change in this soil provokes a high spatial variability of soil depth; these factors drive the water table dynamic, and consequently the translocation of DOM. We argue that in "Ñadi-soils" the organo-mineral complexes (Al, Fe) conditioned the levels of total carbon and total nitrogen in the subsoil. The accumulation of C and N presents spatial variability, which depends on both soil depth and water table depth. We will use the experimental site indicated in Dörner et al. (2016), that included a secondary native forest (sNF) and naturalised grassland (NG) in the Alerce soil series (Duric histic placaquand, CIREN, 2003). In the field there is a grid of ground water wells (n = 98) installed a distance of 10 x 10 m and used to measure the water table depth, the effective soil depth (with a gouge auger) it will take soil samples at each point according to genetic soil horizons. At each sample it will measure Al, Si and Fe by selective dissolution techniques as oxalate acid (Alo, Feo, Sio); sodium pyrophosphate (Alp, Fep); and, CuCl2 (AlCu), according to Parfitt and Wilson (1985) and García-Rodeja et al. (2004). Total contents of C and N will be measured according to Sadzawka et al. (2006). The spatial variability of soil properties will be analysed using the geostatistical software GS+ version 9.0.

Keywords: Organo-mineral complexes, "ñadi-soils", land uses.

SOIL ARCHITECTURE POROSITY AS THE CAUSE OF WATERLOGGING IN "ÑADI-SOILS"

Zúñiga F. 1,2,3 ; Horn R. 2,4 ; Dörner J. 2,3 1Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 2Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 3Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia - Chile 4Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian Albrechts University zu Kiel, Hermann Rodewaldstr. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany [email protected]

"Ñadi-soils" (ÑS) correspond to volcanic ash soils developed in cold conditions. These soils were formed by volcanic ash deposites over a fluvi-glacial substratum. ÑS are distributed between 38° to 43° SL and are characterised by shallow depth and poor drainage conditions. Between the soil and fluvic-glacial substratum, a thin discontinued layer (2-4 mm) which is cemented mainly by iron is defined as placic horizon or locally called "fierrillo" interrupts the pore continuity. This layer is normally attributed the drainage problems of ÑS. In the first stage of placic horizon formation, Fe+3 is reduced and mobilised as Fe+2. This redox process depends mainly on the combination of high water saturation in combination with microbial activity under less aerated or completely anoxic conditions. Reduced Fe+2, Mn+2 and Al-humus components are translocated mainly by diffusion processes through the soil profile and are oxidized in the aerated layer due to a higher redox potential and form the placic horizon above the fluvi-glacial substratum. Thus, the “fierrillo” (Fe+3) always shows a ochre colour and dark rich fringe with manganese, which indicates that the precipitation of Fe and Mn depends of the strength of reduction processes, being deposited separately in the placic horizon. We argue that the temporally water logging in ÑS depends of textural/structural changes that occurs in the soil architecture porosity above the fluvi-glacial substratum, arguing that the presence of placic horizon is a consequence of soil genesis and not necessarily a main cause of temporally water logging ÑS. We will select two sites. The site-1, Chaqueihua (CHA) and site-2, Tepual (TEP) with and without placic horizon, respectively. Both sites corresponding to Alerce soil series (Duric histic placaquand, CIREN, 2003). We collect undisturbed soil samples in cylinders ( = 78.5 cm2, h = 3cm) for each genetic horizon. Air permeability (Ka) and gas diffusion (Ds) measurements (Uteau et al., 2013) will be conducted to analyse pore geometry (e.g. pore continuity and tortuosity). For specific soil samples (e.g. B2-Bsm horizons) X-ray computed tomography will be used to describe the architecture of the pore system (Pagenkemper et al., 2014). We expect that, Ka and Ds values decrease in the deeper soil horizons as confirmed by lower pore continuity values.

Keywords: Ñadi-soils, placic horizon, soil structure.

INDICE DE PRIMEROS AUTORES

Prólogo 5 Landi, S. 35 Aburto, F. 12 Luna, G. 36 Beas, N. 25 Martínez, I. 18 Berasaluce, M. 26 Mondaca, P. 19 Bravo, A. 27 Moya, H. 37 Bravo, S. 28 Navarro, A. 38 Castillo-Lagos, P. 29 Ordoñez, I.P. 39 Clunes, J. 30 Otero, J. 20 Delgadillo, V. 31 Pfeiffer, M. 40 Delgado, M. 32 Renderos, L. 41 Díaz, J. 13 Ricciardi, C. 42 Flores, E. 14 Salgado De la Parra, P. 43 Faúndez, Á. 15 Sánchez, A.M. 44 González, R. 16 Sepúlveda, F. 45 González-Chang, M. 33 Tolorza, V. 21 Jara, R. 17 Verdejo, J. 22 Lagos, L.M. 34 Zúñiga, F. 23, 46, 47

ANEXO 1 PROGRAMA EJICS

1ER ENCUENTRO DE JÓVENES INVESTIGADORES EN CIENCIAS DEL SUELO

PROGRAMA OFICIAL INAUGURACIÓN

MIÉRCOLES 28 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2016

08:00 a 09:00 Bienvenida e Inscripciones

09:00 a 09:10 Representante Comité Organizador. Dr. José Dörner

09:10 a 09:20 Presidente Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo. Dr. Pablo Cornejo

09:20 a 09:30 Jefe Dpto. Análisis de Mercado y Política Sectorial - ODEPA . Sr. Eduardo Ramírez

09:30 a 09:40 Presidente Unión Internacional de la Ciencia del Suelo. Prof. Prof. h.c. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Rainer Horn

09:40 a 09:50 Rector Universidad Austral de Chile. Dr. Oscar Galindo

10:00 a 10:55 Café

11:00 a 11:45 Charla Inaugural. Land resources allocation – general developments and future scenarios, a worldwide perspective.

em. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Winfried E.H. Blum. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria.

11:50 a 12:35 Charla Inaugural. Advances in soil research- tasks and requirements for a better understanding of a sustainable environment.

Prof. Prof. h.c. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Rainer Horn. Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany.

12:35 a 13:00 Mesa Redonda de Discusión

13:00 a 15:00 Almuerzo libre 1ER ENCUENTRO DE JÓVENES INVESTIGADORES EN CIENCIAS DEL SUELO

PROGRAMA OFICIAL MIÉRCOLES 28 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2016

15:00 a 18:20 Primer Ciclo de Presentaciones.

15:00 a 15:20 Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cereals growing in andosols. Aguilera, P.; Cornejo, P.; Marín, C.; Oehl, F.; Borie, F. Universidad de La Frontera.

15:20 a 15:40 How “cool” is the microbial activity of a forest soil in Western Patago- nia reacting to the global increase of temperature? Bonilla, A.; Córdova, C.; Barrera, J.; Stolpe, N.; Machuca, A.; Gerding, M. Universidad de Concepción.

15:40 a 16:00 Is the soil microbial activity relevant to soil sulphur availability in volcanic soils? González, R.; Córdova, C. Universidad de Concepción.

16:00 a 16:20 Effect of sowing date on production and mineral content of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in Valdivia agroecosystem. Pereira-Carvajal, M.; Valle, S.;Zuñiga-Feest, A.; Pinochet, D. Universidad Austral de Chile.

16:20 a 17:00 Café & Posters

17:00 a 17:20 Evaluation of soil microbial biomass carbon as a soil quality indicator in agricultural contaminated soils in central Chile. Verdejo, J.; Donoso, P.; Rojas, C.; Yañez, C.; Neaman, A. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.

17:20 a 17:40 Minerals macronutrients demand variation on grasslands growing in lowlands of tierra del fuego, Magallanes. Jara, R.; Pinochet, D.; Radic, S.; Valle, S. Universidad Austral de Chile.

17:40 a 18:00 Advances in determination of thresholds of copper phytotoxicity in field -contaminated soils in central Chile. Mondaca, P.; Catrin, J.; Verdejo, J.; Sauvé, S.; Neaman, A. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.

18:00 a 18:20 Effect of fulvic acid on salt distribiution under drip irrigation. Díaz, J.; Seguel, Ó.; Kremer, C. Universidad de Chile.

18:20 a 19:30 Presentación guiada Posters

19:30 a 21:00 Coctel 1ER ENCUENTRO DE JÓVENES INVESTIGADORES EN CIENCIAS DEL SUELO

PROGRAMA OFICIAL JUEVES 29 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2016

08:40 a 13:00 Segundo Ciclo de Presentaciones.

08:40 a 09:00 Hydrologic consequences of ash fall following the 1991 eruption of the Hudson volcano, Aysen Region, Chilean Patagonia. Flores, E.; Reid, B. Universidad de Concepción.

09:00 a 09:20 Pedological properties by selective dissolution techiques in ñadi-soils. Zúñiga, F.; Valle, S.; Pino, M.; Dörner, J. Universidad Austral de Chile.

09:20 a 09:40 Subsurface weathering in the Chilean Coast Range (40° S) and its context. Otero, J.

09:40 a 10:00 Decennial erosion in fluvial basins of the Chilean coastal range (600- 1000 km2) during the expansion of forest plantation. Tolorza, V.; Castillo, D.; Sotomayor, B.; Galleguillos, M.; Pino, M. Universidad Austral de Chile.

10:00 a 11:30 Café & Posters

11:40 a 12:00 Soil mineralogical trends and weathering rates in quaternary tills in the lake tahoe basin – California, USA. Aburto, F.; Southard, R. Universidad de Concepción.

12:00 a 12:20 Evaluation of the effect of SOM on the soil physical properties and gas movement of the soil Surface. Neira, J.; Ortiz, M.; Morales, L.; Seguel, Ó.; Acevedo, E. Universidad de Chile.

12:20 a 12:40 Variability of the hydraulic conductivity depending on wheeltrack under two tillage systems in a mollisol from central chile. Faúndez, Á.; Seguel, Ó.; Acevedo, E.; Kremer, C.; Casanova, M.; Homer, I.; Pérez, H. Universidad de Chile.

12:40 a 13:00 Two decades of no-till in the oberacker long-term field experiment: soil porosity and gas transport parameters. Martínez, I.; Chervet, A.; Weisskopf, P.; Sturny, W.; Rek, J.; Keller, T. Agroscope

13:00 a 15:00 Almuerzo Libre 1ER ENCUENTRO DE JÓVENES INVESTIGADORES EN CIENCIAS DEL SUELO

PROGRAMA OFICIAL

JUEVES 29 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2016

15:00 a 16:30 Mesa Redonda de Discusión Final

16:30 a 17:00 Ceremonia de Clausura

VIERNES 30 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2016

07:00 a 18:00 Gira de Suelos

Serie Frutillar

Serie Osorno

Serie Cudico

18:30 a 23:00 Actividad de Camaradería EEAA Quincho Santa Rosa

ANEXO 2 FOTOS, CÓDIGO QR

Foto Oficial EJICS

Foto Oficial Gira Suelos EJICS

Más Fotos

ANEXO 3 GUIA GIRA SUELOS EJICS

CISVo Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos

ENCUENTRO DE JÓVENES INVESTIGADORES EN CIENCIAS DEL SUELO VALDIVIA, 28-30.09.2016

GUÍA: GIRA DE SUELOS EJICS 2016

Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia – Chile

Susana Valle José Dörner Víctor Gerding

CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SUELOS VOLCANICOS - Campus Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile- Valdivia, Chile 1 Fono: 56- 63- 2221054 / 2223553 - Fax: 56- 63- 2221430 - www.cisvo.cl

CISVo Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos

Introducción

La mayor parte de los suelos presentes en el sur de Chile corresponden a suelos derivados de materiales volcánicos de diversos orígenes eruptivos, que difieren en su composición y edad. Estos materiales fueron depositados sobre un paisaje marcado por la acción glacial. En el contexto del Encuentro de Jóvenes Investigadores en Ciencias del Suelo, esta guía tiene como objetivo informar sobre tres suelos de origen volcánico representativos de la zona sur de Chile: a) Serie Frutillar (Andisol, Aquands), corresponde a cenizas volcánicas depositadas sobre planos fluvio-glaciales de la Depresión Intermedia; b) Serie Osorno (Andisol, Udands), formada por cenizas volcánicas depositadas en un paisaje ondulado de formación fluvioglacial de la Depresión Intermedia; c) Serie Cudico (Ultisol, Udults) corresponde a un suelo de mayor evolución, originado de cenizas volcánicas antiguas depositadas sobre lomajes de terrazas disectadas y erosionadas del complejo conocido como Colinas de Catamutún, en el contrafuerte oriental de la Cordillera de la Costa.

Material y Métodos

La información de esta guía fue obtenida de CIREN (2003), para las descripciones generales, y a partir de datos obtenidos en terreno (6 de mayo del 2016) (figura 1) y de análisis físicos y químicos realizados en el Instituto de Ingeniería y Suelos (IIAS-UACh). Los sitios elegidos corresponden a las series: 1. Frutillar (FRU, evaluada en el predio Paso La Botella, de propiedad de don Hernán Hechenleitner, ubicado cercano a la ciudad de Frutillar). 2. Osorno (OSR, evaluada en la Estación Experimental La Pampa de INIA). 3. Cudico (CUD, evaluada en el predio de Don Ricardo Montesinos, sector Cudico). En cada sitio, mediante una calicata, se describió morfológicamente el perfil de suelo y se obtuvieron muestras sin disturbar (cilindros de 230 cm3) y disturbadas de cada horizonte, para sus posteriores análisis físicos (Hartge y Horn, 2009; Dörner et al., 2010; Sandoval et al., 2012) y químicos (Sadzawka, 1990; Sadzawka et al., 2006).

Figura 1. Ubicación de los suelos a visitar en el transecto (izquierda). Series de suelos en la provincia de Osorno (derecha).

CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SUELOS VOLCANICOS - Campus Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile- Valdivia, Chile 2 Fono: 56- 63- 2221054 / 2223553 - Fax: 56- 63- 2221430 - www.cisvo.cl

CISVo Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos

SERIE FRUTILLAR

Descripción General La Serie Frutillar (FRU) es un miembro de la Familia media, isomésica de los Typic Placaquands (Andisol). Son suelos moderadamente profundos, formados por cenizas volcánicas retransportadas por agua y depositadas sobre un substrato fluvioglacial de gravas y arena cementada en posición de terraza aluvial plana. De textura superficial franca y color negro en el matiz 10YR; de textura franco limosa, de color pardo fuerte en el matiz 7.5YR en profundidad. Suelos con problemas de drenaje por el substrato impermeable y que causa un nivel freático alto, pero que en verano se encuentra cercano al substrato (15 a 20 cm) en los suelos de peor drenaje o desaparece en los de mejor drenaje (CIREN, 2003). Algunas publicaciones en la Serie Frutillar y otros Ñadi: Ellies (2001); Janssen et al. (2004); Dörner et al. (2016).

Descripción Morfológica Cuadro 1. Descripción morfológica Serie Frutillar. Profundidad Clase Horizonte Color Estructura Consistencia Raíces Poros Límites Observaciones (cm) textural O +20 - 0 10YR 2/1 Suelta - - - - - A 0 - 23 10YR 2/1 Fa Bloque subangular, Friable, ligeramente Muy finas y finas Gruesos, Lineal Carbón abundante, fino, moderado adhesivo y muy abundantes medios y finos abrupto lombrices ligeramente plástico abundantes E 23 – 37 5YR 3/3 FAa Bloque subangular, Friable, adhesivo y Finas escasas Finos Lineal Carbón y arcilla medio, moderado plástico abundantes claro quemada B1 37 - 52 5YR 3/4 FA Bloque angular, Firme, muy adhesivo Finas escasas Finos Lineal Carbón y arcilla medio, fuerte y plástico abundantes claro quemada B2 52 – 69 10YR 5/5 FAa Bloque angular, Firme, muy adhesivo Finas escasas Finos Lineal Carbón y arcilla medio, moderado y plástico abundantes claro quemada B3 69 - 82 10YR 5/5 FAa(g) Masivo Firme, adhesivo y Muy finos Lineal Grava (<1 cm), plástico abundantes difuso Carbón, concreciones Mn Bqm 82 – 86+ 10YR 6/3, Grava mezclada con 10YR 6/6 matriz arenosa gruesa

CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SUELOS VOLCANICOS - Campus Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile- Valdivia, Chile 3 Fono: 56- 63- 2221054 / 2223553 - Fax: 56- 63- 2221430 - www.cisvo.cl

CISVo Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos

Análisis químicos y físicos, Serie Frutillar

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Figura 2. Propiedades químicas de los horizontes de suelo de la Serie Frutillar.

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Figura 3. Curvas de retención de agua y densidad aparente de la Serie Frutillar.

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Figura 4. Propiedades físicas derivadas de la curva de retención de agua, permeabilidad de aire y de la curva de contracción de los horizontes de suelo de la Serie Frutillar. (COLE = coeficiente de extensibilidad lineal).

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Serie Osorno Descripción general La Serie Osorno es un miembro de la Familia media, mésica de los Typic Hapludands (Andisol). Suelo profundo, originado a partir de cenizas volcánicas depositadas sobre planos fluvioglaciales, en posición de terrazas que se ubican en la Depresión Intermedia a una altura de 90 a 150 m snm. De textura superficial franco limosa y color pardo muy oscuro en el matiz 10YR y textura franco limosa y color pardo oscuro en el matiz 7.5YR en profundidad. Suelos en topografía de lomajes suaves, de permeabilidad moderada y bien drenados. Presenta como inclusión suelos de mal drenaje, imperfecto o pobre, de las Series Chan Chan o Huiño Huiño, en las posiciones bajas, entre ondulaciones (CIREN, 2003). Algunas publicaciones en la Serie Osorno: Alfaro y Salazar (2008); Dörner et al. (2012).

Descripción morfológica Cuadro 2. Descripción morfológica Serie Osorno. Profundidad Clase Horizonte Color Estructura Consistencia Raíces Poros Límites Observaciones (cm) textural Ap 0 - 23 10YR FAL Bloque subangular, Firme, adhesivo y Muy finas y Gruesos Lineal Presencia de carbón 2/2 medio, moderado plástico finas abundantes escasos claro A1 23 – 42 10YR FAL Bloque subangular, Firme, adhesivo y Finas comunes Gruesos Lineal Carbón y arcilla 3/3 grueso, moderado plástico escasos claro quemada, crotovinas Bw1 42 - 62 10YR FA Bloque subangular, Firme, muy Finas escasas Finos Lineal Carbón y arcilla 3/4 grueso, moderado adhesivo y plástico abundantes claro quemada, crotovinas Bw2 62 - 85 10YR FA Bloque subangular, Firme, muy Finas escasas Finos Lineal, Carbón y arcilla 4/6 grueso, moderado adhesivo y plástico abundantes difuso quemada BC 85 - 105+ 10YR FA con Bloque subangular, Friable, adhesivo y Finas escasas Finos Carbón y arcilla 4/4 matriz medo, débil plástico abundantes quemada, arenosa concresiones de Mn y arena volcánica gruesa

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Análisis químicos y físicos, Serie Osorno

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Figura 5. Propiedades químicas de los horizontes de suelo de la Serie Osorno. 0

(

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Figura 6. Curvas de retención de agua y densidad aparente de la Serie Osorno.

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Figura 7. Propiedades físicas derivadas de la curva de retención de agua, permeabilidad de aire y de la curva de contracción de los horizontes de suelo de la Serie Osorno. (COLE = coeficiente de extensibilidad lineal).

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Serie Cudico Descripción general La Serie Cudico es un miembro de la Familia fina, mixta, isomésica de los Typic Hapludults (Ultisol). Son suelos profundos que se han desarrollado a partir de cenizas volcánicas antiguas. De textura superficial franco arcillosa y color pardo oscuro en el matiz 10YR; de textura arcillosa y color pardo rojizo a rojo amarillento en el matiz 5YR en profundidad. Bien estructurado a través del perfil. Se presenta en forma de terrazas disectadas y erosionadas con pendientes complejas dominantemente de 5 a 20 % y en topografía de lomajes y cerros con más de 20 % de pendiente (CIREN, 2003). Algunas publicaciones en la Serie Osorno: Luzio et al. (2003); Dörner et al. (2010).

Descripción morfológica Cuadro 3. Descripción morfológica Serie Cudico. Profundidad Clase Horizonte Color Estructura Consistencia Raíces Poros Límites Observaciones (cm) textural Ap 0 - 32 7.5YR FA Bloque Firme, muy Finas Gruesos Lineal Presencia de carbón 2.5/2 subangular, adhesivo y abundantes comunes y finos claro y arcilla quemada grueso, moderado plástico abundantes AB 32 – 50 7.5YR A Bloque Friable, muy Finas Gruesos y finos Lineal Carbón y arcilla 3/2 subangular, adhesivo y abundantes abundantes claro quemada, crotovinas grueso, moderado plástico Bt1 50 – 66 7.5YR A Bloque Firme, muy Finas Gruesos y finos Lineal Carbón y arcilla 2.5/3 subangular, adhesivo y comunes abundantes claro quemada grueso, moderado plástico Bt2 66 – 90+ 7.5YR A Bloque Firme, muy Finas Gruesos y finos - Mezcla de grava 4/6 subangular, adhesivo y comunes abundantes (<0,5 cm) en grueso, moderado plástico profundidad

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Análisis químicos y físicos, Serie Cudico

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Figura 8. Propiedades químicas de los horizontes de suelo de la Serie Cudico. t

B B

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Figura 9. Curvas de retención de agua y densidad aparente de la Serie Cudico.

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Figura 10. Propiedades físicas derivadas de la curva de retención de agua, permeabilidad de aire y de la curva de contracción de los horizontes de suelo de la Serie Cudico. (COLE = coeficiente de extensibilidad lineal).

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BIBLIOGRAFIA

Alfaro, M., Salazar, F. 2008. Livestock production and diffuse pollution in a volcanic soil. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 8 (2) 2008 (1-8). CIREN. 2003. Estudio Agrológico X Región. Descripciones de suelos, materiales y símbolos. Publicación 123. Santiago, Chile. 374 p. Dörner, J., Dec, D., Peng, X., Horn, R. 2010. Effect of land use change on the dynamic behaviour of structural properties of an Andisol in southern Chile under saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conditions. Geoderma 159: 189-197. Dörner, J., Sandoval, P., Dec, D. 2010. The role of soil structure on the pore functionality of an Ultisol. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 10(4): 495-508. Dörner, J., Dec, D., Feest, E., Díaz, M., Vásquez, N. 2012. Dynamics of soil structure and pore functions of a volcanic ash soil under tillage. Soil & Tillage Research 125: 52-60. Dörner, J., Dec. D., Thiers, O., Paulino, L., Zúñiga, F., Valle, S., Martínez, O., Horn, R. 2016. Spatial and temporal variability of physical properties of Aquands under different land uses in southern Chile. Soil Use and Management 32: 411-421. Ellies, A. 2001. Cambio de las propiedades físicas del suelo con el drenaje. pp. 66–72. Boletín N° 17, Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo. Janssen, I., Krümmelbein, J., Horn, R., Ellies, A. 2004. Physical and hydraulic properties of Ñadi-Soils in South Chile – comparison between untilled and tilled soils. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 10, 14-28. Luzio, W., Sadzawka, A., Besoain, E. 2003. Influencia de materiales volcánicos en la génesis de suelos rojos arcillosos. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 3(1): 37-52 Sadzawka, A. 1990. Métodos de análisis de suelos. Estación experimental la platina. Santiago, Chile. Instituto de Investigación Agropecuarias. Serie la Platina Nº16 Sadzawka, A., Carrasco, M.A., Grez, R., Mora, M., Flores, H., Neaman, A. 2006. Métodos de análisis recomendados para los suelos de chile, serie Nº 34. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Estación Experimental La Platina, Santiago, Chile. Sandoval, M., Dörner, J., Seguel, O., Cuevas, J., Rivera, D. 2012. Métodos de Análisis Físicos de Suelos. Universidad de Concepción. Publicaciones Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Chillán, Chile, número 5, 80 p.

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Anexos

Cuadro 1. Parámetros físicos suelo Serie Frutillar Horizonte Profundidad A L a Da Dr PT AC PAW FP Ka COLE (cm) (%) (%) (%) (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (log m2) (-) O +20 - 0 ------A 0 - 23 19,0 49,6 31,4 0,58±0,01 1,90±0,01 61,7±0,4 4,8±0,4 28,8±1,7 36,2±1,8 1,6±0,1 0,095±0,008 E 23 – 37 55,9 14,5 29,7 0,51±0,01 2,38±0,01 78,5±0,2 9,1±1,5 45,7±4,5 26,5±2,8 1,4±0,1 0,162±0,002 B1 37 - 52 51,5 26,6 21,8 0,49±0,01 2,49±0,01 80,2±0,4 13,3±1,4 44,2±0,7 22,7±0,4 2,2±0,1 0,166±0,018 B2 52 – 69 51,6 23,6 24,9 0,50±0,01 2,61±0,01 80,9±0,4 10,4±1,3 47,4±1,4 23,1±0,8 2,3±0,1 0,212±0,022 B3 69 - 82 63,0 12,4 24,5 0,64±0,01 2,67±0,01 75,9±0,4 6,5±0,4 41,5±1,2 27,9±0,7 2,1±0,1 0,068±0,009 Bqm 82 – 86+ ------A: Arena; L: Limo; a: Arcilla; Da: Densidad aparente; Dr: Densidad real, PT: Porosidad total, AC: Capacidad de aire, PAW: Agua disponible para las plantas, FP: porosidad fina, Ka: Permeabilidad de aire, COLE: Coeficiente de extensibilidad lineal.

Cuadro 2. Parámetros físicos suelo Serie Osorno Horizonte Profundidad A L a Da Dr PT AC PAW FP Ka COLE (cm) (%) (%) (%) (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (log (-) m2) Ap 0 - 23 15,7 37,6 46,7 0,81±0,01 2,35±0,01 65,4±0,3 5,7±0,82 20,1±1,5 39,7±1,4 1,5±0,4 0,051±0,005 A1 23 – 42 40,9 27,5 31,7 0,63±0,00 2,33±0,01 72,9±0,2 7,8±1,77 39,6±3,9 29,5±0,4 1,6±0,7 0,103±0,003 Bw1 42 - 62 47,6 35,5 16,9 0,67±0,01 2,49±0,01 73,3±0,5 12,6±0,9 37,0±0,8 23,6±0,6 2,1±0,3 0,114±0,005 Bw2 62 - 85 51,9 26,9 21,1 0,73±0,02 2,66±0,80 72,4±0,8 11,2±0,9 36,4±1,7 24,8±1,7 2,0±0,6 0,068±0,006 BC 85 - 105+ 41,0 37,0 21,9 ------A: Arena; L: Limo; a: Arcilla; Da: Densidad aparente; Dr: Densidad real, PT: Porosidad total, AC: Capacidad de aire, PAW: Agua disponible para las plantas, FP: porosidad fina, Ka: Permeabilidad de aire, COLE: Coeficiente de extensibilidad lineal.

Cuadro 3. Parámetros físicos suelo Serie Cudico Horizonte Profundidad A L a Da Dr PT AC PAW FP Ka COLE (cm) (%) (%) (%) (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (Vol. %) (log m2) (-) Ap 0 - 32 13,4 41,0 45,5 1,08±0,03 2,30±0,00 52,5±1,1 2,2±0,8 12,2±0,8 38,1±0,9 2,1±0,1 0,062±0,007 AB 32 – 50 17,0 39,5 43,5 1,14±0,00 2,47±0,00 53,8±0,2 9,2±0,9 20,1±4,3 27,7±1,3 2,2±0,1 0,033±0,002 Bt1 50 – 66 21,4 46,0 32,6 1,11±0,01 2,51±0,00 55,6±0,4 8,4±0,9 14,7±1,7 32,4±1,8 2,3±0,1 0,044±0.005 Bt2 66 – 90+ 20,9 29,3 49,8 1,00±0,01 2,55±0,00 61,0±0,3 8,4±0,7 20,9±0,8 31,6±0.9 2,1±0,1 0,060±0,007 A: Arena; L: Limo; a: Arcilla; Da: Densidad aparente; Dr: Densidad real, PT: Porosidad total, AC: Capacidad de aire, PAW: Agua disponible para las plantas, FP: porosidad fina, Ka: Permeabilidad de aire, COLE: Coeficiente de extensibilidad lineal.

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Cuadro 4: Parámetros químicos suelo Serie Frutillar pH (1:2.5) Suma CICE Saturación N min N total P-Olsen P total S Horizonte Bases Al disponible (cm) -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 H2O CaCl2 NaF KCl cmolc kg cmolc kg % mg kg g 100 g mg kg mg kg mg kg O 3,62 3,04 6,14 2,80 9,21 19,55 52,9 24,2 1,44 11,4 663 2,4 +20 - 0 A 5,87 5,12 11,52 4,90 10,74 10,98 2,1 27,3 0,96 12,2 1020 2,2 0 - 23 E 6,05 5,66 11,49 5,82 0,70 0,75 6,3 20,0 0,41 2,7 669 3,9 23 – 37 B1 5,91 5,64 11,35 5.78 0,69 0,72 5,4 15,4 0,35 2,1 862 2,9 37 – 52 B2 5,87 5,81 11,34 6,00 0,49 0,53 6,6 10,2 0,26 2,1 612 4,4 52 - 69 B3 5,98 5,84 11,18 6,14 0,67 0,70 3,9 8,1 0,11 2,2 458 6,4 69 - 82

Horizonte MO Alofán Ala Sio Alo Feo Alp Fep Sid Ald Fed (cm) g 100 g-1 g 100 g-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 O 77,3 0,04 315 0,36 0,39 2,32 4,64 2,48 4,05 12,23 9,22 +20 - 0 A 30,4 5,49 2040 12,36 44,81 4,83 42,78 6,64 7,50 52,33 24,34 0 - 23 E 9,0 19,75 2093 35,94 77,68 2,33 41,03 8,37 3,24 52,44 52,63 23 – 37 B1 8,2 13,46 2145 32,33 72,63 3,30 76,56 9,75 3,47 63,62 91,28 37 – 52 B2 6,0 13,87 2081 32,64 66,69 2,13 67,58 7,48 3,01 53,76 90,47 52 - 69 B3 3,3 13,93 2014 32,11 55,60 1,19 53,50 4,08 4,94 65,60 124,65 69 - 82 MO: Materia orgánica; Ala, Al extraído con acetato de amonio (pH 4.8); Sio, Alo, Feo: Si, Al, Fe, extraídos con oxalato de amonio ácido (pH 3.0); Alp, Fep: Al, Fe, extraídos con pirofosfato de Na; Sid, Ald, Fed: Si, Al, Fe, extraídos con ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato.

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Cuadro 5: Parámetros químicos suelo Serie Osorno pH Suma CICE Saturación N min N total P-Olsen P total S Horizonte Bases Al disponible (cm) -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 H2O CaCl2 NaF KCl cmolc kg cmolc kg % mg kg g 100 g mg kg mg kg mg kg Ap 5,48 4,88 10,95 4,68 7,64 7,89 3,1 22,8 0,59 22,7 1988 7,0 0 - 23 A1 5,94 5,21 11,28 5,10 4,61 4,65 0,8 15,8 0,29 6,1 1521 16,5 23 - 42 Bw1 6,08 5,32 11,06 5,26 3,91 3,94 0,8 13,7 0,26 4,2 1038 3,4 42 - 62 Bw2 5,94 5,58 10,97 5,68 3,78 3,80 0,5 10,9 0,12 3,4 1022 6,4 62 - 85 BC 6,29 5,25 10,35 4,85 7,55 7,61 0,7 9,1 0,06 6,9 781 5,7 85 – 105+

Horizonte MO Alofán Ala Sio Alo Feo Alp Fep Sid Ald Fed (cm) g 100 g-1 g 100 g-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 Ap 13,9 6,77 1037 15,00 34,79 13,77 31,14 14,38 5,32 35,75 71,27 0 - 23 A1 7,4 9,66 1585 19,80 50,87 16,74 39,69 17,74 3,49 39,80 82,22 23 - 42 Bw1 5,2 11,11 1192 23,31 50,75 14,64 39,84 17,59 3,71 36,02 84,90 42 - 62 Bw2 2,9 12,5 1105 26,79 49,04 10,89 38,76 9,08 3,35 22,12 76,79 62 - 85 BC 1,3 4,6 474 9,71 17,08 11,32 12,70 8,10 3,81 14,71 73,73 85 – 105+ MO: Materia orgánica; Ala, Al extraído con acetato de amonio (pH 4.8); Sio, Alo, Feo: Si, Al, Fe, extraídos con oxalato de amonio ácido (pH 3.0); Alp, Fep: Al, Fe, extraídos con pirofosfato de Na; Sid, Ald, Fed: Si, Al, Fe, extraídos con ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato.

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Cuadro 6: Parámetros químicos suelo Serie Cudico pH Suma CICE Saturación N min N total P-Olsen P total S Horizonte Bases Al disponible (cm) -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 H2O CaCl2 NaF KCl cmolc kg cmolc kg % mg kg g 100 g mg kg mg kg mg kg Ap 5,70 5,06 9,30 4,64 14,01 14,10 0,6 17,5 0,35 73,5 2681 6,0 0 – 32 AB 5,59 4,86 9,39 4,35 10,04 10,33 2,8 14,0 0,15 12,9 1114 19,9 32 – 50 Bt1 5,74 5,03 9,23 4,41 11,94 12,09 1,3 9,5 0,13 5,7 668 14,0 50 – 66 Bt2 6,08 5,38 9,32 4,51 12,77 12,84 0,5 7,4 0,11 7,2 781 12,3 66 – 90+

Horizonte MO Alofán Ala Sio Alo Feo Alp Fep Sid Ald Fed (cm) g 100 g-1 g 100 g-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 Ap 8,0 1,86 227 0,98 10,44 16,01 7,44 8,81 2,55 15,69 89,78 0 – 32 AB 2,5 0,74 247 1,30 7,59 12,2 6,18 8,62 2,95 12,73 87,52 32 – 50 Bt1 1,6 0,83 163 1,41 6,95 14,17 5,22 9,48 3,56 10,82 82,11 50 – 66 Bt2 1,3 0,82 165 1,72 3,32 14,38 5,49 11,40 4,29 10,53 81,83 66 – 90+ MO: Materia orgánica; Ala, Al extraído con acetato de amonio (pH 4.8); Sio, Alo, Feo: Si, Al, Fe, extraídos con oxalato de amonio ácido (pH 3.0); Alp, Fep: Al, Fe, extraídos con pirofosfato de Na; Sid, Ald, Fed: Si, Al, Fe, extraídos con ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato.

CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SUELOS VOLCANICOS - Campus Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile- Valdivia, Chile 19 Fono: 56- 63- 2221054 / 2223553 - Fax: 56- 63- 2221430 - www.cisvo.cl