DOCSLIB.ORG

ALEXANDER the GREAT in His World Carol G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ALEXANDER the GREAT in His World Carol G ALEXANDER THE GREAT in his world carol g. thomas TAGPR 7/8/06 10:56 AM Page i Alexander the Great in his World TAGPR 7/8/06 10:56 AM Page ii Blackwell Ancient Lives At a time when much scholarly writing on the ancient world is abstract and analytical, this series presents engaging, accessible accounts of the most influential figures of antiquity. It re-peoples the ancient landscape; and while never losing sight of the vast gulf that separates antiquity from our own world, it seeks to communicate the delight of reading historical narratives to discover “what happened next.” Published Alexander the Great in his World Carol G. Thomas Nero Jürgen Malitz Tiberius Robin Seager King Hammurabi of Babylon Marc Van De Mieroop Pompey the Great Robin Seager Age of Augustus Werner Eck Hannibal Serge Lancel In Preparation Cleopatra Sally Ann-Ashton Constantine the Great Timothy Barnes Pericles Charles Hamilton Julius Caesar W. Jeffrey Tatum TAGPR 7/8/06 10:56 AM Page iii Alexander the Great in his World Carol G. Thomas TAGPR 7/8/06 10:56 AM Page iv © 2007 by Carol G. Thomas BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton,Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Carol G. Thomas to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thomas, Carol G., 1938– Alexander the Great in his world / Carol G. Thomas. p. cm. — (Blackwell ancient lives) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-631-23245-2 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-631-23245-1 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-631-23246-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-631-23246-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Alexander, the Great, 356–323 b.c.2.Greece—History—Macedonian Expansion, 359–323 b.c.3.Greece—Kings and rulers—Biography. 4. Generals—Greece—Biography. I. Title. II. Series. DF234.T47 2007 938′.07092—dc22 2006006914 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 11.5 on 13.5 pt Bembo by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com TAGPR 7/8/06 10:56 AM Page v Contents List of Figures vi List of Maps viii Preface ix Introduction 1 1 Basic Facts, Generally Uncontested, of Alexander’s Life 9 2 Being Macedonian 22 3 Being an Argead 55 4 Being a Neighbor of Greece 98 5 Surviving by Might 132 6 Meeting the Distant Threat 159 7 Reconstructing Alexander 191 Bibliography 224 Index 237 TAGPR 7/8/06 10:57 AM Page vi Figures 1.1 Ivory head, thought to be Alexander III 14 2.1 Upper reaches of the Haliakmon River 25 2.2 Upper Macedonia 26 2.3 Deer still haunting upper Macedonia 27 2.4 Looking west across the Pindos Range 29 2.5 The Pydna coast along the Thermaic Gulf 30 2.6 Throne of Zeus atop Olympos 31 2.7 Herding is a continuing occupation 49 2.8 Mineral wealth: gold ivy wreath from a male burial 51 3.1 Argead genealogy 58 3.2 Herakles, paternal ancestor of the Argeads 63 3.3 Achilles, Alexander’s ancestor in his mother’s line 64 3.4 Ivory head, believed to be Amyntas III 69 3.5 Ivory head, believed to be Philip II 73 3.6 Ivory head, believed to be Olympias 89 4.1 Coin of Alexander I 105 4.2 Northern Thessaly 114 4.3 Plan of the theater at Vergina 122 TAGPR 7/8/06 10:57 AM Page vii Figures vii 4.4 Modern statue of Aristotle 125 4.5 Site of the Nymphaion at Mieza 128 6.1 Cylinder seal of Dareios 166 7.1 Reconstruction of the Hunt Fresco 196 7.2 The Petra Pass 206 7.3 Battle of the Granikos 210 7.4 Battle of Issos 210 7.5 Indos River at the junction of Indos and Gilgit rivers 211 TAGPR 7/8/06 10:57 AM Page viii Maps 2.1 Regions, Natural Features and Sites of Macedonia 37 4.1 Major Regions and Sites in the Greek Sphere 100 5.1 Expansion of the Macedonian Core under Philip II 151 6.1 Achaemenid Persia 162 7.1 Alexander’s empire 219 TAGPR 7/8/06 10:57 AM Page ix Preface Teachers and writers of ancient Mediterranean history are drawn, if not willingly then by the interests of their students and readers, to the subject of Alexander III of Macedon. People have an ardent desire to know as much as possible about this man who altered the course of history in his brief lifetime. He has held a prominent place in courses of mine and I admit to two minor publications examin- ing particular aspects of his career. However, I do not belong to the cadre of Alexander specialists nor was it my intent to write an account of his career and nature. That is, it was not even a latent plan until serendipity intervened. A few years ago,I made the acquaintance of Al Bertrand,now senior commissioning editor at Blackwell Publishing, in the course of appraising several proposals for possible publications. Some dealt with Macedonian matters, which eventually provoked a question from Al to me. Might I think of an interesting new approach for a biography of Alexander for the Blackwell biography series? His question asked for suggestions not authors. A fascinating orientation would be the examination of Alexander’s career from the Persian perspective, but since sources for this approach were even more limited than Greek and Roman sources for Alexander, that avenue was not pursued. Having exhausted more traditional possibilities, I mentioned a direction that I regularly follow in my own area of research, TAGPR 7/8/06 10:57 AM Page x x Preface pre- and proto-historical Greece, where the nature of evidence makes an understanding of the larger context essential. Would an examination of the world into which Alexander was born and raised provide insight into the nature of the person himself? I had followed this path in my seminars titled “Alexander’s Conquests: Why?” in which students investigated a variety of “explanations” for Alexan- der’s success: his Macedonian identity,the nature of Macedonia itself, membership in the royal line, the parentage of Philip and Olympias, relations with neighboring peoples, the condition of the Persian Empire during his lifetime. Perhaps, I suggested to Al, someone might employ such an approach for a Blackwell biography. About two weeks later, Al invited me to write a concise biogra- phy of Alexander for us around the theme of my course. While the invitation was flattering I demurred on the grounds that I am not an “Alexander-specialist.”Al’s rebuttal was that it might be an advan- tage to come to the subject without a fixed idea of Alexander’s motives, character, wishes, and dreams. This study, therefore, comes with an apologia to all who are “Alexander-specialists,” whose research and publications are essen- tial to any understanding of Alexander III of Macedon. It seeks to look deeply into the circumstances of his world in the belief that we cannot understand individuals apart from the cultures that con- dition their lives. It does not engage in source criticism nor is it an attempt to solve specific issues of fact or interpretation. Conforming to other books in this series, there are no footnotes but all the works mentioned are given in the bibliography. Cita- tions such as VII.56 from Herodotos refer to classical authors for whom no edition need be cited, since the citation provides infor- mation for readers to find the source of quotations in any edition. References to scholarly collections of evidence, such as IG II2,are cited in fuller form parenthetically in the text. It has been an exciting adventure both to read the evidence with a different aim and to explore the land of Alexander’s birth from the Pindos mountain range in the west to the Thermaic Bay and beyond in the east. Travel under the expert guidance of Theo TAGPR 7/8/06 10:57 AM Page xi Preface xi Antikas and Laura Wynn Antikas yielded essential new insights about how the land of Macedonia was at once a subject and a source for conquest. Their knowledge of the region and of scholars working to enhance evidence of Macedonia’s past opened many doors, intel- lectual as well as physical. The illustrations owe much to their friendships with present-day inhabitants of the land of Alexander, as the credits will reveal. The assistance of many people has been essential. Theo Antikas read the manuscript three times, providing welcome suggestions and corrections.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman
    Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman In his speech On the Crown Demosthenes often lionizes himself by suggesting that his actions and policy required him to overcome insurmountable obstacles. Thus he contrasts Athens’ weakness around 346 B.C.E. with Macedonia’s strength, and Philip’s II unlimited power with the more constrained and cumbersome decision-making process at home, before asserting that in spite of these difficulties he succeeded in forging later a large Greek coalition to confront Philip in the battle of Chaeronea (Dem.18.234–37). [F]irst, he (Philip) ruled in his own person as full sovereign over subservient people, which is the most important factor of all in waging war . he was flush with money, and he did whatever he wished. He did not announce his intentions in official decrees, did not deliberate in public, was not hauled into the courts by sycophants, was not prosecuted for moving illegal proposals, was not accountable to anyone. In short, he was ruler, commander, in control of everything.1 For his depiction of Philip’s authority Demosthenes looks less to Macedonia than to Athens, because what makes the king powerful in his speech is his freedom from democratic checks. Nevertheless, his observations on the Macedonian royal power is more informative and helpful than Aristotle’s references to it in his Politics, though modern historians tend to privilege the philosopher for what he says or even does not say on the subject. Aristotle’s seldom mentions Macedonian kings, and when he does it is for limited, exemplary purposes, lumping them with other kings who came to power through benefaction and public service, or who were assassinated by men they had insulted.2 Moreover, according to Aristotle, the extreme of tyranny is distinguished from ideal kingship (pambasilea) by the fact that tyranny is a government that is not called to account.
    [Show full text]
  • Philip of Macedon Kindle
    PHILIP OF MACEDON PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Nicholas Hammond | 270 pages | 01 Apr 2013 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9780715628294 | English | London, United Kingdom Philip of Macedon PDF Book Philip stood up, drew his sward, and charged at Alexander, only to trip and fall on his face in his drunken stupor at which Alexander shouted:. Becoming convinced that Rome intended to destroy him, he extended his authority into the Balkans in three campaigns , , Why were the Macedonians styled as "Greeks" in the 19th Century? To achieve this, he needed to control the sea, and he therefore had to take action against Athens, which had a navy and had supported Egypt on more than one occasion. The Road to Hegemony. Macedonian Symbols. Twitter Facebook Pinterest Google Classroom. He was the 18th king of Macedonia and ruled from to B. He organized all Greek states into a Greek league. Five years after his return to Macedon, Philip became regent for King Amyntas IV but he was able to secure the crown for himself within a few months. Yet, the seeds of change had been sown. Yet then and now, questions arose as to whether there was more to the story—whether Pausanias acted alone or whether someone used this traumatized young man as a pawn in some larger game. Philip already had plans for invasion of the Persian Empire, which would crown his career as world conqueror. He refused to wear the insignia of rank and in the early years of his command, Philip led from the front. Commander of the Greeks, Illyrians, and Thracians.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny
    THE INFLUENCE OF ACHAEMENID PERSIA ON FOURTH-CENTURY AND EARLY HELLENISTIC GREEK TYRANNY Miles Lester-Pearson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11826 This item is protected by original copyright The influence of Achaemenid Persia on fourth-century and early Hellenistic Greek tyranny Miles Lester-Pearson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews Submitted February 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Miles Lester-Pearson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2015. Date: Signature of Candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Angelo Maria Ardovino I Laghi Dei Balcani
    ANGELO MARIA ARDOVINO I LAGHI DEI BALCANI In primo piano una baia greca, a metà un isolotto nordmacedone, sullo sfondo le coste albanesi. Questa sì che è l'Europa, ragazzi! 1. Greci, Albanesi e Slavi nel XVI secolo 21 luglio Un mio amico italoalbanese, Virgilio Avato, persona dotta quindi trilingue (gli italoalbanesi colti sanno an- che il greco, la loro lingua liturgica), mi ha fatto conoscere questo straordinario documento. In questo post per motivi pratici pubblico solo la foto dell’inizio, ma me ne sono procurato la versione integrale, di cui darò notizie a chi me le chiederà. In esso i Chimarioti, cioè gli abitanti della costa dell’Albania meridionale, o dell’Epiro settentrionale, se lo preferite, offrono al Papa Gregorio XIII (quello del calendario gregoriano, tanto per capirci) di sottomettersi alla Chiesa cattolica. Non è una scelta religiosa, ma politica. Si faranno cattolici se il Papa convincerà Filippo II, re di Spagna e di mezzo mondo, ma anche re di Napoli, sull’altra riva dello Ionio, a un intervento armato contro i Turchi. Siamo nel 1581, sono passati dieci anni dalla battaglia di Le- panto, e si aspettano che Filippo II, che aveva vinto per mare, venga a vincere anche per terra. In realtà il re aveva ben altri pensieri, ma il documento è di eccezionale interesse storico. Naturalmente è in greco, ed è redatto a Corfù da un letterato, Michail Argyros, nel dialetto colto dell’isola, ma con un’ortografia medievale diversa da quella odierna (ad esempio i nominativi plurali in ες diventano αις) che lo rende a prima vista di difficile lettura.
    [Show full text]
  • Macedonische Koningen in Beeld De Representatie Van De Macedonische Koningen Amyntas III, Philippus II, Alexander III En Demetrios I in Kunst, Architectuur En Munten
    Macedonische Koningen in Beeld De representatie van de Macedonische koningen Amyntas III, Philippus II, Alexander III en Demetrios I in kunst, architectuur en munten Student: Marinde Hiemstra Studentnummer: 3666581 Docent: F. van den Eijnde Cursus: Onderzoeksseminar III Universiteit Utrecht Maart 2013 Inhoudsopgave Inleiding......................................................................................................................................2 Amyntas III.................................................................................................................................5 Philippus II.................................................................................................................................8 Alexander III 'de Grote'............................................................................................................12 Demetrios I 'Poliorketes'...........................................................................................................16 Conclusie..................................................................................................................................20 Literatuurlijst............................................................................................................................23 1 Art and architecture are mirrors of a society. They reflect the state of its values, especially in times of crisis or transition. ~ P. Zanker1. Inleiding In 338 voor Christus gaf Philippus II van Macedonië opdracht om een rond gebouw neer te zetten naast de
    [Show full text]
  • Philip II of Macedon: a Consideration of Books VII IX of Justin's Epitome of Pompeius Trogus
    Durham E-Theses Philip II of Macedon: a consideration of books VII IX of Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus Wade, J. S. How to cite: Wade, J. S. (1977) Philip II of Macedon: a consideration of books VII IX of Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10215/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. PHILIP II OF MACEDON: A CONSIDERATION OF BOOKS VII - IX OF JUSTIN* S EPITOME OF POMPEIUS TROGUS THESIS SUBMITTED IN APPLICATION FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS - by - J. S. WADE, B. A. DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM OCTOBER 1977 ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation is two-fold: firstly to examine the career and character of Philip II of Macedon as portrayed in Books VII - IX of Justin's epitome of the Historiae Phillppicae .of Pompeius Trqgus, and to consider to what extent Justin-Trogus (a composite name for the author of the views in the text of Justin) furnishes accurate historical fact, and to what extent he paints a one-sided interpretation of the events, and secondly to identify as far as possible Justin's principles of selection and compression as evidenced in Books VII - IX.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature of Maussollos's Monarchy
    The Nature of Maussollos’s Monarchy The Three Faces of a Dynastic Karian Satrap by Mischa Piekosz [email protected] Utrecht University RMA-THESIS Research Master Ancient Studies Supervisor: Rolf Strootman Second Reader: Saskia Stevens Student Number 3801128 Abstract This thesis analyses the nature of Maussollos’s monarchy by looking at his (self-)representation in epigraphy, architecture, coinage, and use of titulature vis-a-vis the concept of Hellenistic kingship. It shall be argued that he represented himself and was represented in three different ways – giving him three different ‘’faces’’. He represented himself as an exalted ruler concerning his private dedications and architecture, ever inching closer to deification, but not taking that final step. His deification was to be post mortem. Concerning diplomacy between him and the poleis, he adopted a realpolitik approach, allowing for much self-governance in return for accepting his authority. Maussollos strongly continued the dynastic image set up by his father Hekatomnos concerning the importance of Zeus Labraundos and his Sanctuary at Labraunda, turning the Sanctuary into the major Karian sanctuary. This dynastic parallel can also be seen concerning Hekatomnos’s and Maussollos’s burials, with both being buried as oikistes in terraced tombs, both the inner sanctums depicting Totenmahl-motifs and both being deified after death. Hekatomnos introduced coinage featuring Zeus Labraundos wielding a spear, representing spear- won land. Maussollos adopted this imagery and added Halikarnassian Apollo on the obverse depicting the locations of his two paradeisoi. As for titulature, the Hekatomnids in general eschewed using any which has led to confusion in the ancient sources, but the Hekatomnids were the satraps of Karia, ruling their native land on behalf of the Persian King.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i l’Edat Mitjana Karanos BULLETIN OF ANCIENT MACEDONIAN STUDIES http://revistes.uab.cat/karanos 02 ), online ( 3521 - 2604 ISSN e 2019 (paper), 6199 - 2604 , ISSN, 2019 , 2 Vol. President of Honor Secretary F. J. Gómez Espelosín, Marc Mendoza Sanahuja (Universitat Autònoma (Universidad de Alcalá) de Barcelona) Director Edition Borja Antela-Bernárdez, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i l’Edat Mitjana Editorial Board 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain Borja Antela-Bernárdez Tel.: 93 581 47 87. Antonio Ignacio Molina Marín Fax: 93 581 31 14 (Universidad de Alcalá) [email protected] Mario Agudo Villanueva http://revistes.uab.cat/karanos (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Layout: Borja Antela-Bernárdez Advisory Board F. Landucci (Università Cattolica del Printing Sacro Cuore) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona E. Carney (Clemson University) Servei de Publicacions D. Mirón (Universidad de Granada) 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain C. Rosillo (Universidad Pablo de Olavide) [email protected] F. Pownall (University of Alberta) http://publicacions.uab.cat/ W. L. Adams (University of Utah) N. Akamatis (International Hellenic University) ISSN: 2604-6199 (paper) V. Alonso-Troncoso (Universidad de A Coruña) eISSN 2604-3521 (online) A. Domínguez Monedero (Universidad Dipòsit legal: B 26.673-2018 Autónoma de Madrid) F. J. Gómez Espelosín (Universidad de Alcalá) Printed in Spain W. S. Greenwalt (Santa Clara University) Printed in Ecologic paper M. Hatzopoulos (National Hellenic Research Foundation) S. Müller (Philipps-Universität Marburg) M. Jan Olbrycht (University of Rzeszów) O. Palagia (National & Kapodistrian University of Athens) J. Roisman (Colby College) G.
    [Show full text]
  • Heraclea, Pelagonia and Medieval Bitola: an Outline of the Ecclesiastical History (6Th-12Th Century)
    Robert MIHAJLOVSKI Heraclea, Pelagonia and Medieval Bitola: An outline of the ecclesiastical history (6th-12th century) uDK 94:27(497.774)”5/l 1” La Trobe university, Melbourne [email protected] Abstract: Thisstudy presents my long-term field researCh on the Early Christian episCopal seat o f HeraClea LynCestis that was loCated along the anCient Roman Via Egnatia and in the valley o f Pelagonia. 1 disCuss various historiCal sourCes and topography of the region of medieval bishopric o f Pelagonia and Bitola. In addition, I also deal with the Christian Cultural heritage in the region. In this work these approaChes are within the Context o f archaeologiCal, historiCal and eCClesiastiCal investigation in the sites o f anCient HeaClea and modern Bitola. Key words: Heraclea Lyncestis, Pelagonia, Bitola, Prilep, Via Egnatia The Early Christian world on the Balkan Peninsula began to crumble already in the fourth century, with the invasions and migrations of the peoples and tribes. Vizigoths disrupted Balkan urban conditions in 378, the Huns of Atilla ravaged in 447 and Ostrogoths in 479. After the year 500 the disturbing catastrophes included an earthquake in 518, which seriously damaged the urban centers. Then came the Bubonic plague of 541-2, which was a terrible disaster of unprecedented magnitude, and other epidemics and catastrophes, which were recorded in 555, 558, 561, 573, 591 and 599.1 The invasions, epidemics and economic recession badly affected the population and society of the Eastern Roman Empire. Life in Herclea Lynkestis slowly declined. The Episcopal church was rebuilt in the early sixth century when the latest published coins of Justin II are found.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contest for Macedon
    The Contest for Macedon: A Study on the Conflict Between Cassander and Polyperchon (319 – 308 B.C.). Evan Pitt B.A. (Hons. I). Grad. Dip. This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities University of Tasmania October 2016 Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does this thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Evan Pitt 27/10/2016 Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Evan Pitt 27/10/2016 ii Acknowledgements A doctoral dissertation is never completed alone, and I am forever grateful to my supervisor, mentor and friend, Dr Graeme Miles, who has unfailingly encouraged and supported me over the many years. I am also thankful to all members of staff at the University of Tasmania; especially to the members of the Classics Department, Dr Jonathan Wallis for putting up with my constant stream of questions with kindness and good grace and Dr Jayne Knight for her encouragement and support during the final stages of my candidature. The concept of this thesis was from my honours project in 2011. Dr Lara O’Sullivan from the University of Western Australia identified the potential for further academic investigation in this area; I sincerely thank her for the helpful comments and hope this work goes some way to fulfil the potential she saw.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anabasis of Alexander; Or, the History of the Wars and Conquests Of
    CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library PA 3935.E5A3 1884 Anabasis of Alexander: or. The history o 3 1924 026 460 752 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026460752 THE ANABASIS OF ALEXANDER. THE ANABASIS OF ALEXANDER; OR, i^e Pislorg of tl^e ffiars anir Cottqnjcsts of '^hxmhtx tl^t (irtat. LITERALLY TRANSLATED, WITH A COMMENTARY, FROM THE GREEK OF ARRIAN THE NICOMEDIAN, BY E. J. CHINNOCK, M.A., LL.B., L0ND9N, Rector of Dumfries Academy. HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXXXIV. "g 5~ /\ . 5"b r. f ^5- A3 Butler & Tanner. The Selwood Fiintiug Works, Frome, and London. PREFACE. When I began this Translation^ more than two years ago, I had no intention of publishing it; but as the work progressed, it occurred to me that Arrian is an Author deserving of more attention from the English- speaking races than he has yet received. No edition of his works has, so far as I am aware, ever appeared in England, though on the Continent many have been pub- lished. In the following Translation I have tried to give as literal a rendering of the Greek text as I could with- out transgressing the idioms of our own language. My theory of the duty of a Translator is, to give the ipsissima verba of his Author as nearly as possible, and not put into his mouth words which he never used, under the mistaken notion of improving his diction or his way of stating his case.
    [Show full text]
  • Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: a Socio-Cultural Perspective
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2016 Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: A Socio-Cultural Perspective Nicholas D. Cross The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1479 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] INTERSTATE ALLIANCES IN THE FOURTH-CENTURY BCE GREEK WORLD: A SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE by Nicholas D. Cross A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 © 2016 Nicholas D. Cross All Rights Reserved ii Interstate Alliances in the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: A Socio-Cultural Perspective by Nicholas D. Cross This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in History in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________ __________________________________________ Date Jennifer Roberts Chair of Examining Committee ______________ __________________________________________ Date Helena Rosenblatt Executive Officer Supervisory Committee Joel Allen Liv Yarrow THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: A Socio-Cultural Perspective by Nicholas D. Cross Adviser: Professor Jennifer Roberts This dissertation offers a reassessment of interstate alliances (συµµαχία) in the fourth-century BCE Greek world from a socio-cultural perspective.
    [Show full text]