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VERONA-FIDELEFF TESINA.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ROSARIO Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales Licenciatura en Relaciones Internacionales “Cambios en el movimiento terrorista yihadista internacional entre 2010 y 2016 en la región de Medio Oriente y Norte de África: la emergencia de Estado Islámico como un nuevo tipo de amenaza y la competencia por el liderazgo con Al-Qaeda”. Tesina de Grado Alumna: Verona Fideleff Legajo: F-1192/4 Director: Rubén Paredes Rodríguez Rosario, noviembre de 2017 RESUMEN Este trabajo busca analizar el modo en que la emergencia de Estado Islámico (EI), en tanto amenaza regional e internacional, modificó el movimiento terrorista yihadista global entre 2010 y 2016. Para ello se procede, en primer lugar, a describir el contexto regional e internacional que propició el surgimiento de EI como amenaza, en especial las implicancias que tuvieron la invasión estadounidense a Irak y la Primavera Árabe en Siria, y cómo ambos Estados se constituyeron en espacios propicios para que EI sentara sus bases. En segundo lugar, se identifican los hechos que llevaron a la ruptura entre Al- Qaeda y EI, con el fin de establecer las diferencias y las similitudes que existieron entre ellos en el movimiento yihadista global, ya que ambos grupos se encontraban embarcados en una competencia por el liderazgo de dicho movimiento. Por último, se analizan, por un lado, las implicancias que tuvo para el movimiento terrorista yihadista internacional la irrupción de EI y, por el otro, las formas que adquirió la competencia de este último con Al-Qaeda por el liderazgo del movimiento. Palabras clave: Estado Islámico – Movimiento Terrorista Yihadista Internacional – Al- Qaeda ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO I ................................................................................................................. 12 A. Los inicios del movimiento terrorista yihadista y la Guerra Global contra el Terror ............. 12 1. Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi....................................................................................... 12 2. El terrorismo global hasta los atentados del 11-S ............................................... 13 B. Irak luego de la invasión norteamericana ............................................................................ 14 1. La Invasión a Irak .............................................................................................. 14 2. La Creación Al-Qaeda en Irak ............................................................................ 17 3. Estado Islámico en Irak: un gobierno fallido ...................................................... 19 4. La situación política y social de Irak para 2010 ................................................. 22 5. El impulso de Bakr Al-Baghdadi ......................................................................... 24 C. La Primavera Árabe ..................................................................................................................... 27 1. La Primavera Árabe en Siria: tierra fértil para la insurgencia yihadista ............ 29 2. Factores estructurales ........................................................................................ 30 D. Estado Islámico en Irak y Siria y la proclamación del Califato ................................................ 35 1. La creación del Frente Al-Nusra ............................................................................ 35 2. La restauración del Califato ............................................................................... 37 3. Dabiq ................................................................................................................. 39 4. El Califato en expansión y la creación de la coalición anti-EI ............................ 40 E. Conclusiones parciales ................................................................................................................ 43 CAPÍTULO II ................................................................................................................ 45 A. El divorcio entre Al-Qaeda y Estado Islámico en Irak y Siria .................................................. 45 B. “Bayah”: juramento de lealtad .................................................................................................... 50 C. Similitudes y Diferencias entre Al-Qaeda y Estado Islámico ................................................... 52 1. La ideología safalafista yihadista y el “binladismo” .......................................... 53 2. Vanguardia vs Revolución Popular .................................................................... 54 3. El enemigo lejano y el enemigo cercano ............................................................. 56 4. El Takfirismo ...................................................................................................... 58 5. Gemelos tácticos, enemigos estratégicos ............................................................ 59 6. Visión apocalíptica de la historia ....................................................................... 66 7. Estructura .......................................................................................................... 70 8. Financiamiento .................................................................................................. 75 D. Conclusiones parciales ............................................................................................................. 78 CAPÍTULO III ............................................................................................................. 81 A. Estado Islámico: la nueva cara del yihadismo terrorista internacional ..................................... 81 1. Aspectos internos: estrategias de consolidación de Estado Islámico ................... 82 2. Factores externos ............................................................................................... 91 B. Vocación trasnacional: las aspiraciones de liderazgo del movimiento terrorista yihadista internacional de Estado Islámico ................................................................ 93 1. La propaganda ................................................................................................... 93 2. Ataques terroristas en suelo occidental .............................................................. 98 3. Pactos de vasallaje: la batalla por bayah ......................................................... 102 C. Conclusiones Parciales ..............................................................................................................113 CONCLUSIONES FINALES ..................................................................................... 117 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ......................................................................................................... 124 ANEXOS ...................................................................................................................... 133 Anexo I “Similitudes y diferencias entre Al-Qaeda y Estado Islámico” ..................................134 Anexo II Cronología .....................................................................................................................136 FIGURAS Figura 1 Posesiones territoriales y zonas de influencia de Estado Islámico en Irak y Siria ........................................................................................................ 42 Figura 2 Estructura de gobierno del Estado Islámico ........................................................ 74 1 INTRODUCCIÓN Hace menos de 6 años, se pensaba que el terrorismo yihadista se encontraba en un estado de relativa decadencia. Osama Bin Laden había sido asesinado y las manifestaciones de carácter popular y político, conocidas como la Primavera Árabe, parecían augurar una nueva era de democracia y libertad en la región de Medio Oriente y Norte de África (MENA), en la cual Al-Qaeda y el terrorismo yihadista aparecían como desactualizados o incluso anacrónicos. Muchos periodistas, académicos y hacedores de política comenzaron a hablar de “derrota estratégica”, “declive”, e incluso “caída” de Al-Qaeda y del movimiento yihadista que lideraba. Pero para mediados de 2014, ya no era Al-Qaeda o el yihadismo lo que parecía desactualizado sino las predicciones de su inminente desaparición. Lejos de estar derrotado, diferentes grupos yihadistas habían comenzado a reagruparse y a tomar ventaja de los nuevos conflictos e inestabilidades regionales, muchos de ellos presentes en los países que experimentaron levantamientos populares durante 2011. Además, las esperanzas de democratización en la región pronto se esfumaron ante el fracaso de la Primavera Árabe que dio lugar al resurgimiento del Islam Político en su versión moderada- la Hermandad Musulmana en Egipto- y en su versión radical. Dentro del Islam Político Radical, la irrupción de Estado Islámico (EI) en junio de 2014 (también conocido como ISIS por sus siglas en inglés o Daesh por su acrónimo en árabe) acaparó la atención de la comunidad internacional y de los medios de comunicación de todo el mundo, sobre todo por la brutalidad de los actos que transmitían en imágenes y videos. 2 EI, liderado por Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, declaró la instauración de un Califato desde la ciudad siria de Aleppo hasta las afueras de la capital iraquí de Bagdad, desafiado directamente las fronteras establecidas hacía cien años en los Acuerdos Sykes-Picot1. Removió los puestos fronterizos entre Siria e Irak –Al-Qaim y Tal Afar respectivamente-
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