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Sibling Connections: an Exploration of Adopted People's Birth

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Sibling Connections: an Exploration of Adopted People's Birth View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of East Anglia digital repository Sibling Connections: An Exploration of Adopted People’s Birth and Adoptive Sibling Relationships Across the Life-Span Heather Claire Ottaway Thesis submitted to the University of East Anglia For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2012 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract This thesis presents a qualitative exploratory study of adopted people’s birth and adoptive sibling relationships across the life-span. Very little is known at present about the longitudinal experience and meaning of these relationships. This study therefore seeks to increase knowledge about how these relationships are developed, maintained and practiced across the life-span from the adopted person’s perspective. Semi- structured interviews were carried out with twenty adopted adults, all of whom had knowledge of at least one birth sibling. Ten participants also had adoptive siblings, who were unrelated and also adopted into the family, or were the birth children of their adoptive parents. Two participants grew up together with one birth sibling and apart from others. Almost three-quarters of the sample who had been reunited with at least one birth sibling had been in contact with them for over 6 years. Adoptive sibling relationships were generally viewed as stable and permanent, with many similarities present to siblings who grow up together in intact families. However, the experience of being adopted, and relationship dynamics within the adoptive family, was influential with regard to how these relationships were thought about and practiced across time. Developing and maintaining relationships with birth siblings was complex, particularly as they usually met as strangers in adulthood. Four ‘tasks’ were associated with the process of relationship development; making sense of birth family culture, negotiating the relationship, building emotional connections and integrating the past, past and future. A psycho-social model is presented which aims to provide a ‘cultural map’ illustrating how birth and adoptive sibling relationships are navigated in adoption. It encompasses four domains; thinking about self, others and adoption; relating to others; cultural and personal meanings of kinship and ‘family’; and contextual factors (e.g. class, gender). The insights gained from this study are used to suggest improvements in adoption social work practice with sibling groups. 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my thanks to the women and men who very generously gave of their time to share their powerful and moving stories with me. Without them this thesis would not have been possible, and their insights and experiences have provided me with constant inspiration. I hope you feel that I have treated your stories with the respect and care they deserve. My thanks also go to the voluntary adoption agencies that have supported this project throughout; from assisting in finding participants to very generously inviting me to share my findings along the way. I must express my grateful thanks to my supervisors, Professor Gillian Schofield and Dr Beth Neil. Their perseverance, support, organisation and belief in me has made this thesis much better than it ever would have been without them. I learned a great deal from them both, and am very grateful for their guidance and wise words throughout. Thanks are also due to my colleagues at Cardiff University, who generously gave me the time I needed to complete this thesis. In particular, I would like to thank Dr Sally Holland and Professor Jonathan Scourfield for their useful comments and assistance in preparing for my viva, and also Dr Dolores Davey and Dr Teresa de Villiers for their humour and reality checks! This thesis would also not have been possible without my partner Gill. Her continual love, support and unshakable belief in me, from those winter nights in Sennen where the idea for this project was born, to moving across the country to support me in more ways than I can possibly describe, has left me humbled and awed. This thesis is dedicated to you. The support of my friends has been invaluable throughout. Firstly, I would like to thank SJ for her friendship and very practical support, especially in proof-reading the thesis and for teaching me the value of style sheets and presentation (!). Particular thanks also go to Penny for her friendship, support, humour and delicious food, and to her family for always making us feel so welcome whenever we descend on them. I would also like to thank Dee, who came into our lives in Wales and has become a third mum to our beloved dog Ruby. She always ensured that Ruby was cared for and entertained when I 3 had to work 24/7. My time at UEA was made all the better for the other friendships made along the way; thanks to Hollie, Rawan, Jeanette, Peter and Laura in particular. And, finally, to my own adoptive kinship network; mum, dad, Steve, Barbara and Paul. Doing this thesis has been a two-way process, and I have learnt more about myself along the way than I ever thought possible. Thank you all. 4 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Table of Contents 5 List of Figures and Tables 8 Introduction 9 Chapter 1: The legal, policy and research context of adoption: implications for sibling relationships and sibling placements 17 The development of adoption as a state matter 19 The journey from secrecy to increased openness in adoption 20 The current picture 31 Summary 36 Chapter 2: Siblings and siblinghood: a life-span perspective 37 Who is a sibling? 37 Siblings and sibling relationships through the life-span 41 Childhood and adolescence 43 Sibling relationships in adulthood 50 Summary 55 Chapter 3: Sibling placement in foster care and adoption 57 Methodological issues 57 Decision-making in relation to siblings who cannot stay at home 58 Outcomes in relation to sibling placements 63 Sibling relationships post-adoption 72 Children’s views 76 Summary 77 5 Chapter 4: Understanding adopted adults and their kinship 78 relationships Understanding ‘kinship’ 79 The psychology of adoption 88 Search and Reunion 90 Summary 96 Chapter 5: Research design and process 97 Theoretical considerations 98 The grounded theory approach 99 Research questions 100 Defining the participants and gaining access 100 Ethical considerations 109 The interview approach 113 Conducting the interviews 117 Data management and analysis 120 Trustworthiness of the research 124 Summary 126 Chapter 6: Introducing the participants 127 Sources of recruitment 127 Demographic characteristics 129 Composition of sibling relationships within adoptive family 131 Adoption experience 132 Composition of birth sibling relationships 136 Summary 138 Chapter 7: Defining siblinghood for adopted people 139 Dimensions of siblinghood 140 Biological connections 140 Social connections 146 Summary 160 6 Chapter 8: Adoptive sibling relationships across the life-span 161 Adoptive sibling relationships in childhood and adolescence 161 Adoptive sibling relationships in adulthood 175 Summary 191 Chapter 9: Birth sibling relationships across the life-span 193 Birth sibling relationships in childhood and adolescence 194 Searching for and being reunited with birth siblings in adulthood 198 Developing and experiencing birth sibling relationships in adulthood 208 Summary 239 Chapter 10: Discussion and implications for practice 241 Navigating sibling relationships across the life-span 242 Typology of adopted adults’ birth sibling relationships post-reunion 256 Implications for social work practice 261 Limitations of the study and further research 268 Conclusion 269 Bibliography 271 Appendix 1: Information sheet for participants 299 Appendix 2: Information sheet for agencies 301 Appendix 3: Consent form 303 Appendix 4: Interview guide 304 Appendix 5: Sample interview summary sheet 309 Appendix 6: Coding and analysis process for ‘meaning’ category 311 Appendix 7: Diagrammatic development of psycho-social model 312 7 List of Tables and Figures Tables Page No 2.1 Typology of sibling relationships 38 6.1 Sources of recruitment to the study 128 6.2 Age, gender and ethnicity 130 6.3 Howe and Feast’s (2000) typology of adoption 133 Experience 6.4 Adoption experience 134 6.5 Length of time since reunion 138 Figures 6.1 Composition of sibling relationships in childhood 132 6.2 Composition of birth sibling relationships 137 7.1 Dimensions of siblinghood 140 7.2 Judith’s genogram 154 10.1 Navigating sibling relationships in adoption: A 243 psycho-social model 8 Introduction The focus of this thesis is a qualitative study exploring the experience and meaning of adopted people’s birth and adoptive sibling relationships across the life-span. Very little is known at present about adopted people’s life-long experiences of their sibling relationships. In-depth interviews were carried out between 2009-2011with twenty adopted adults in the UK who had a range of experiences with birth and adoptive siblings. This chapter will firstly outline the definition of ‘sibling’ used in the study before moving on to outline the background and context of sibling relationships in adoption. The objectives and research questions will then be considered. Finally, the structure of the thesis will be presented through a short summary of each chapter and their main themes. Defining ‘sibling’ One of the difficulties in researching sibling relationships is the problem of how to define the term ‘sibling’. Siblings can be related through share genes (full or half siblings), legally (adoptive siblings) or through affinity (step-siblings, foster siblings). Further, when children are asked who they define as their brothers and sisters, they can also include cousins and best friends (Edwards et al, 2006).
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