Putnam Couxty, N. Y.;

THE

HISTORY

PUTNAM COUXTY, N. Y.;

WITH AN ENUMERATION OF ITS

TOWNS, VILLAGES, RIVERS, CREEKS, LAKES, PONDS, MOUNTAINS, HILLS, AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES ;

LOCAL TRADITIONS ;

AND

SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF EABLY SETTLEBI, ETC*

BY WILLIAM J. BLAKE, ESQ., COUNSELLOR-AT-LAW.

NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY BAKER & SCRIBNER, 146 Nassau Street,- irnd 36 Park Row. 1S49.

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WE hardly know what excuse to offer the reader, for daring to introduce our little work into his literary presence, and lay his time under an embargo for its perusal. We have not written for fame or profit. Had we done either, or both, we would have selected a different subject than the history of a little County like that of Putnam. What we have written is the result of leisure hours, which might possibly have been squandered in the pursuit of a less worthy object, productive of no benefit to self or community. If we have garnered up one fact that was in danger of being lost, and which is beneficial and worthy to be preserved, in a historical point of view, we are satisfied and rewarded for our labor. That our little work is defective, no oljb is ' m6r&...... th.3r;6hgjNi-'satisfied, and ready to admit *iC~TSO: -. than 'o;irr'k&he self. Our sources of informatiw hXvc beer, liarrow and limited,

and in many instances 'defkctive. ' ' A generation his $443-. . a~a5iiZ this County, from whom valuable Revolutionary infirmation might have been obtained. In addition to this, the records of the different towns in some instances have been def'i'aced, by accident, we presume, and become obscure by PREFACE. lapse of time ; rendering the record unintelligible and valueless to the delver in search of the treasures of the past. We had intended to incorporate an outline view of Dutchess County in our little work, but finding that it would increase our pages beyond a given number, we were necessitated to withhold the article already prepared. HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY'

GENERAL VIEFIT OF THE COUKTY. PUTKABXwas erected ~vholly from Dutchess, June 12th, 1812 ; and was named in honor of Major-Gene- ral Israel Putnam, who was stationed for some time, during the ~evblutionar~war, in the lower part of this county, and at Peekskill in the couilty of West- Chester. It is situated on the east side of the IIudsoc river, between 41" 20' and 41" 30' north latitude, and 20 56' and 3" 26' east longitude, from Washington. It

is bounded northerly. bv .' the county of Dutchess, easterly by the State of Connecticut, southerly by the county of Westchester, and westerly by the Hudson river, which separates it from the counties of Rock- land and Orange. Its area is about 216 square miles. Its population in 1840, was 12,825; and in 1845, 13,258. It contains six towns, viz. : Philipstown, Pritnam Valley, Southeast, Carmel, Patterson, and Rent. I; was originally called the South Precinct of Dutchess county, and about 1740, the Fredericksburgh Pre- cinct, embracing the whole of Putnam. As early as 1772, the present town of Philipstown, including Put- nam Valley, was erected in a precinct, by the name 2 14 JIISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. of "Philipse Precinct ;" and, in 1773, the town of Southeast mas organized as a separate precinct, by the name of the "Southeast Precinct." This left in

the FredericksburqhL Precinct, oaly the towns of Car- mel, Rent, and Patterson. By the Act of March 7th7 1788, the terms precincts were dropped, and "Phi- lipse Precinct," was called Philipstown ; " Southeast Precinct," Southeast town ; Fredericksburgh Pre- cinct," Frederick's tomn. Philipstown is named in honor of the Philips family, a member of which patented the whole of this county ; Frederick's town, in honor of the christian name of Capt. Frederick Philips, who inherited one third part of it, and Southeast, from its geogrqphical position with respect to the other towns. The geographical shape or figure of this county, is a geometrical rectangle, having its angles right angles, without having its sides equal. It stretches, like a garter, from the Hudson to the Connecticut line ; being, in a straight line, about twenty miles in length, and twelve in breadth. Carmel and Patterson were organized in 1795, from Frederick's tomn. This left Frederick's town emlracing only the now town of Kent, which name was given to it about this time, in honor of the Kent family. Patterson, in 1795, was organized by the name ofccFranklin," in honor of the old revolutionary philosopher and patriot; but, in a few years thereafter, it was changed to Patterson, in honor of the family of that name, who were early settlers there. Putnam Valley was erected in 1839, by the name of " Quincy," after the town of that name in Massachusetts, wholly from Philipstown ; but in 1810, the name was changed to the one it now bears. GENERAL VIEW OF THE COUXTY. 15 - The eastern part of the county is uneven and hilly, v yet very productive, and under a high state of cultivation. The central and western portions are broken by high hills and inountain elevations. The High- lands stretch across its west end, casting their sombre shadows on the noble river, that laves its western boundary. They are estimated at 1,500 feet above the level of the Hudson. Through the central High- lands, run two valleys, called Peekskill and Cnnopus Hollows; and between them and thc IIudsoi~lies a beautiful vale, called Pleasant valley, extending from the Westcilester to the Dutchcss line. The mountain slopes and valleys are productive and well-cultivated. The Muscoot river, with the east and west branches of the Crotou, are the only streams of any importance. There are several brooks and creeks, which furnish sufficient water power, for the milling purpose of the country. Iron is found in abuudance in the mountains; and, though bleak and barren, as appear these rock-ribs of earth, they are the repositories of exhaust- less wealth, which requires but the hand of industry, to unlock and scatter to the world." Extract from the record of t,he minutes of the first Court held in t,he couut.y, after it,s organization. ': October Tel-rn, 1812. ':At a Court of General Sessions of the Peace, held at the Baptist meeting-house, in the town of Carmel, in and for the county of Putnam, Tuesday the 20th day of October, 1812. " Present, STEPHENBARSUM, ROBERTJOI-IXSON, Jz~dges and Justices BARNABASCARVER, 1 of the Peace. HARRYGARRISOX, J LkProclamationthat Sheriff return precept, and other precept6 returnable here this day. 16 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

William H. Johnston, High Sheriff of said county, returns the -1 with the panel of Gwnd Jurors. The panel being called, the following grand jurors appear and answer, and were sworn, to wit, Joshua Barnnm, junior, William Field, Jonathan Morehonee, Jesse Brush: Kathaniel Forgusan, Silas Whitney, Abijah Seely, Edward Vermilier, Joseph Cole, junior, Daniel Thorn, Benjamin H. Miller, John Austin, Tracy Ballard, Judah Relley, Jeremiah Hopkins, Ebenezcr Boyd, Rowland Bailey, Joshua I-lazen, Abel Pecl;, John EIyatt, junior, Abraham Smith, Jeremiah Conklin, and Amos Conklin.

LL ~;oclamation, that all Justices of the Peace, Coroners, Sheriffs, and other officers, that have taken any inquisitions or recognizances, to hand thcm into Court, that the Justices of the people nlay proceed thereon. 'L Proclamation, that all constables appear and answer. The list being called, the fol1011-ing constables appeared, and answered, to x-it : Robert Post, Philips ; James Randal, Frederic ; Jersham Jacocke, Fattcraon ; Le\i-is Balccr, Southeast ; Jesse Hill, Carrnel.

L1 Proclainatioo ior those TV~IO are bou~ltlin recog[):i:anc~3 to. appear and answer. ':Court adjouriled till half after three, P. M. Court met pursuant to adjournment. " Present,

';On application to this Court, of Abraham Smith, foreman of the Grand Jury, that they have no district Attorney. Ordered that G. W. Marvin serve as such, dnring this Session. Court adjourned, till to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock. '; Wednesday, 21st October, 1812. LL Court met pursuant to adjournment. 'LPresent, the same Judges. LL Court adjourned till 3 o'clock, P. M.

LL Court met pursuant to adjournment. '' Present the same Judges. GEOLOGY. 17 " The People os. Moses Northrup. "Indictment for an assault with intent to kill. Defendant pleaded not guilty. Ordered that this suit be suspended, till to- morrow morning, at 10 ~~clocli.~ " Tfie People cs. Turtulus Rzc.csel.

'& Indictment for ar, assault and miadeineaaol-. " Court adjournetl: till 10 o'clock, to-morrow morning."

.4s might be inferred, from the geological character of this count,y, its mineral productions are of much interest. Pursuing the order which has been heretofore adopted, it may be observed, that in iron ore, this county is peculiarly rich. It contains several beds or veins of the nlagiletic bind, which yield ore of the best quality, and in the greatest abundance. Of carbonate of lime, in the for111 of calcareous spar, and marble, there are several localities. The latter term, however, is usually applied here, to a dolomite, similar to that of Dutchess county, and which is found abtuldantly, in the vicinity of Patter- son. The only objection to this material for con- struction, is its friable character.t Being a com- pound of the carbonates of lime, and magnesia; it has been thought that the product of its calcination, is not so valuable, as a fertilizing agent, as that which contains lime alone. On this subject, however, as I have * Dr. L. C. Beck's Geological Report, 1839. f- The Putnam county dolomite, often contains a large admix- ture of tremolite. 18 HISTORY OF PUTKAX COUPU'TY. already remarked, mistaken views have been entertained, as some soils which appear to have been formed in part, of the magilesinn limestone, are by no means wanting in fertility, It may be added, that a white crystalline limestone occurs in this county, which is entirely free from inagnesia. A very valuable mineral product of Putnan; countv, is serpentine, which exists in vast quantity, can be obtained in bloclts of uniform densitv, and is suscepti- ble of a fine polish. But for the fact, that the quarries of this beautiful nlaterial are situated at too great a distance from water transport, they would long ago have been extensively wrought. Of the precious or noble serpentine, also, there are several localities, where the mineralogist may obtain specimens, equal in beauty to any that are found in the United States. Ainong the objects worthy of notice in this connectioi~, are two localities of arsenical iron pyrites, one of which has, at some former period, been extensively wrought. This ore, which might be used for the ex- traction of arsenic, seems to be abundant, but the present condition of the mine renders it difficult to arrive at a certain conclusion on this subject. Its reported mixture with siirer, is probably one of those stories circulated for selfish purposes, and the only ground for it, in the present instance, is, the fact that in other countries, the arsenical ores are often associated with those of a, more valuable metal. I should not omit to add, that a. bed of limonite or hydrate of iron, occurs in Peekskill E-Iollow, near the line between Philipstown, and Carmel. Mr. blather, however, remarks that it seems to be too silicious to work well alone, in the furnace. There are also several localities of peat, and probably marl will hereafter be found accompanying this substance, as it does in several other counties. Putnam county has, for many years, been visited by mii~eralogists chiefly on account of the iilteresting localities, which occur at

Cold SprinqC and in I'hilipston-n. The latter on the farm of Mr. Iiuestis, about five miles south of the village of Fishkill, is particularly ~vorthyof attention, not only for the nuinber of interesting minerals which it affords, but as sllowing the manner in which allied species run into each other. The facts here presented, prove how important it -is in many cases, carefully to examine the localities of minerals, before we decide with certainty upon their specific characters. In a bed of white limestone, running parallel with the granite, and which is of small width, and is situated about a quarter of a mile from the New Yorli road, uTe hare the following minerals, viz. : preciousser- pentine, of which there are several varieties. The first has a conchoidal fracture, and presents various shades of green and yellow, and is variously disseminated through the limestone, and other minerals. 2. A slaty variety, having a dark green color. It sometiines breaks into rhomboidal prisms, and is very hard aid compact. 3. A slaty variety of a greenish white colour, is harder than the preceding, and is fusible upon the thin edges by the blow-pipe. This last seems to approach jade or Saussurite in its characters, but its peculiarities are probably owing to the admix- ture of some other minerals, as all these varieties seem to pass into each other by allnost iinperceptible gra- dation. 20 HISTORY OF PUTNAbI COUNTY. Of the magnesian carbonate of lime, several forms occur at the locality in question. There is a thin stratum which is snow-white, very close grained, compact and has a semiopaliile appearance. It is sometimes described under the name of Gurhofite, from its having been first found near Gurhof, in Aus- tria. According to my analysis, its co~npositioi~is 3s follows, viz. : Silicia, 6.50 Carbonate of lime, 66.75 Carbonate of magnesia, 26.50

Other specimens of this mineral, have fibres of asbestus running through them, and they sometimes have a bluish tint, a slaty structure, and contain crystals of bronze yellow iron pyrites. Asbes tus, especially in the amianthoid forin, is, indeed, largely mixed with the n~ii~eralsalready noticed. The beautiful silliy fibres, which run through the serpentine and magnesisn limestone, ia various parts of this ridge; may belong to the picrolite of the more recent authors. But, while I have no doubt, that several distinct minerals have heretofore been confounded, under the name of asbestus, I have not satisfied myself of the identity of our wineral with that just mentioned. Some of the speci~nensfound here, have a fibrous structure, and a silky lustre, but on treating thein with acids they effervesce, and after dissolving out a11 the n~agnesiancarbonate of lime, bundles of amianthoid fibres remain. I have reason to believe, that all the diEerznt fibrous minerals found here, are mixtures of asbestus with serpentine or magnesian carbonate of lime. GEOLOGY. 21 The following, is an enumeration of the remaining minerals found in this county : Pyroxene.-The variety coccolite, of a white color. It is made up of grains of various sizes, and resembling dolomite-Philips town. Diopside, or white augite, associated with the preceding. It has a grey color, and foliated structure. Tremolite.-Often associated with yellowish serpentine. CIwome iron ore.-In octahedral crystals. One specimen has a crystal with the base one-fourth of an inch in diameter. It 'esembles spinelle, but its power is attracted by the magnet, and its blow-pipe charac-

ters agree- with those of the chronle ore-Philipstown. Scapolite, in small crystals or grains. Phosphate of lime, i11 very ininute crystals. Both these are found at the above locality. Pent.-Several localities. Graphite.-Often found ill sinall quantities. A~*ragonite.-In concretions on dolomite, near Patterson. Hyalite.--Associated with iron ore, at the Philips ore bed. Basanite.-Loose masses on the banks of the Hudson. Kerolite.-Philipstown. Brucite-Near the Townsend ore-bed. Hor~zble~zde.Severa1varieties. Actynolite, found at Brown's quarry. Tremolite. -TTery abundant in the dolomite near Patterson. Asbestus, and amianthus, in long and tough fibres. *4bundant near Patterson. Scliiller spar, of Dr. Thompson. Brown's quarry. Feldspar.-Several varieties. 22 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUXTY.

Albite, in large crystals, near Patterson. Laumonite, Stil ; te, 6 nd C1tabusie.-Formerly ob- tai~edat Cold Spring. The locality is believed to be exhausted. Epidote, in beautiful crystals, near Carmel. -?Mica.-Several localities. Zircom.-Formeriy obtained at Cold Spring.

Iron Pyrites.-~ssociated with magnetic- iron ore. By Isng exposure to the weather, the iron pyrites is

decomposed, and the resulting- salt washed out. 'Py~*itocsCopper, njzd Green Ca?*bonateof Copper. -Philips7 ore-bed. Sphene.-At the Philips' ore-bed, and formerly at Cold Spring. Otpiment, 01. ITellow Sz~lphuj*etof Arseaic.-Form- ed on the timbers of the old arsenic mine, by the decomposition of the arsenical iron pgrites. Copperas, 01- Sulpkate of Iron.-Formed by the decomposition of iron pgrites, on the farin of J. Wood; six miles S. S. E. of Carmel. Sch ille r spa I*, or ~Xetallo ida l D ia llrg-e. As there is some confusion in regard to the above names, it is proper to state that the mineral about to be noticed, is identical with the Schiller spar of Dr. Thompson.* Color : dark green, almost blackish green. Frac- ture : uneven, splintery. Sectile. Specific gravity : 2.746. It is in broad, foliated masses, which cleave in two directions, and apparently have the primary form of a rhombohedron. The lamina slightly curved. One of the cleavages is easily obtained, and has a metallic, pearly lustre, and a pinchbeck brown color. * Outlines of Mineralogy and Chemical Analysis, I. 173. GEOLOGY. 23 Hardness about the same as that of serpentine. Pow- der, yellowish gray. Where the mineral has been exposed to the air, it is of a, tombac brown color. Thin fragments treated by the blow-pipe are merelv rounded on the edges, but become of the same brown color as when they hare been long exposed to the air, and are attracted by the magnet. With b~axit is fusible, though with difficulty, and the glass, when cold: has a greenish color. This mineral is found associated with dark-colored, common serpentine, at Brown's quarry, near Carmel, Putnam county. Its composition is no doubt influ- enced by its contact with the latter substance. Sz~lphnteof Lime, Alumina, &c.* In the Highlands, sulphate of lime is frequently seen incrusting hornblende and augitic I-ocks. One kind of hornblende roclt is common, that is more or less distinguished by this mineral. It is forined by the decomposition of pyrites ; and the acid combining with the lime and crrstallizing, .' causes the I ock to crumble. These masses, when imperfectly crumbled, generallp have a yellowish and reddish-brown color, froin the oxide and red sulphate of iron, while the interior of the mass is filled with thin plates and crj~stalsof the sulphate of lime. It is very common about West Point. Acicular suiphate of lime, very beautiful, was found incrusting augite rocks which overlaid white limestone, at an old mine-hole on Anthony's Nose mountain, about three miles east of Fort Montgomery, near the top of the mountain. Magnetic pyrites occur both in the augite and limestone. Acicular sulphate of lime was seen incrusting mag- * W. W. Mather7sGeological Report, 1843. 24 HISTORY OF PUTPTARICOUNTY. - netic oxide of iron, at a mine where pyrites abound in that ore in the Philips vein, eight and a half miles from Cold Spring, on the road to Putnam court-house, in this county. The specimens were very delicate and beautiful. In this county, there is a locality of sulphate of alumina and iron, and of sulphate of iron, in Philips- town, on Anthony's Nose mountain, about three miles from West Point, at an old iron mine, where the ore contains pyrites. The earth from this place was used many years since, by some of the inhabitants, for dye- ing. Another locality is near Luddington's Corners, half a mile east, in Kent ; another in the same township, four or five miles south, near Dean Pond. Sulp?~urand Carburetted Hydrogen.. In Philipstown, along the shore of the Hudson, south of', and near, the point of Gouverneur's Cove, about east of Gee's point, where pyrites ha,re decomposed, a gray or bluish-gray powder, composed almost entirelv of sulphur, is found. Another locality is about one mile east of the above, near the locality of laumonite and stilbite : it is in cavities in quartz, where pyrites have decomposed. Subhate of bon. In this county, many localities of sulphate of iron werz observed. 1. An old mine-hole in hornblende rock, a quarter of a mile east of Luddington's Corners, in Iient, six miles north of Carmel village. Copper as effloresces, and causes this rock to crumble to sand. The excavation, which is small, is on the west side of the mill- pond. GEOLOGY. 25 2. In a vein of quartz, about thirty rods east of Dean Pond, also in Kent. Several metalliferous minerals are found here and in this vicinity. 3. About one-fourth to a half of a mile south-west of Pine Pond, in Kent, at the mine of arsenical iron. The ore, which is abundant, and situated in hornblendic gneiss rock, deco~nposeson the surface, forming sulphate and arseniate of iron. The mine is called the silver mine, and silver is said to have been obtained from the ore. If itrcontains this metal, Prof. Beck will make it known in his report containing the analysis of the minerals. 4. Another locality was observed two miles west of the last, half a mile to one mile from Boyd's Corners, on the road to Cold Spring, near the turn of the road, exposed in digging the road. This was arsenical iron, decornposed on the surface into sulphate and arseniate of iron. 5. At one of the excavations for magnetic iron ore, eight and a half miles from Cold Spring in Philips- town, on the road to Carmel village, and half a mile, or perhaps more, north-east from the principal of the Philips mices, on the same vein, fire or six hundred tons of ore have been blasted from the vein. At this locality, the magnetic oxide of iron is so much intermixed-with pyrites, that it cannot be used to make iron. In some places in the vein, the pyrites seems to have been a paste in which the grains of magnetic oxide of iron have been disseminated, but it does not generally form more than one-fourth to one-sixth of the massof that part ofthe vein. By exposure to the weather, copperas is formed, which eaoresces in dry weather, is washed away by the rains, and is succes- 3 26 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. sively formed and renewed, until the pyrites is decomposed and the magnetic oxide left nearly pure. 6. It is believed that sulphate of iron might be - manufactured at this place for the market. A slight roasting would facilitate the decomposition of the sulphuret . 7. In Patterson, several localities were observed

- where pvritesd decomposed and formed copperas. One is near Mr. Robinson's farm, four miles north-east of Carmel. 8. Another on the same road to Patterson, and within two or three miles of the village, on the high ground. The gneiss, about one hundred or two hundred yards west from its junction with limestone, contains much pyrites. The metalliferous bed seemed to be five or six feet in thickness in the vertically stratified rock, and sulphate of iron effloresced on the surface 9. Another locality, about a ~nilewest of Patterson, is in a ridge of gneiss, between strata of limestone. This pyrites gneiss stratum extends a distance, it is supposed, of several miles, and may at some time be

- used for the manufacture of sulphate of iron. 10. In South-east, a locality of sulphate of iron was examined on Mr. Jedediah Wood's farm, six miles south-east of Carmel, 011 the hill west of the Croton river. Pyrites abound in the rock on the eastern brow of the hill, and copperas effloresces on the face of the rocks. Many of the loose masses at and near the foot of the hill are porous, as if once filled with pyrites, which have decomposed and washed away. Excavations have been made in two places where the pyrites abound. Some of the rock crumbles by the disintegrating action of the crystallizing salt. The GEOLOGY. 27 pyritous stratum was traced along the brow of the hill about two hundred yards. It has long been supposed there was a lead mine in this hill ; and perhaps it may not be inappropriate here to mention circumstances that serve to give countenance to that idea among some people, who still yield implicit faith to the miraculous virtues of the '(mineral rod" and magic glass, when used by the favored few who pre- tend to be gifted with such peculiar powers. It is stated by various gentlemen of the highest veracity, that a man of high respectability came from Connecticut to the owner of the farm, and informed him that there was a valuable lead mine on his land, which was worked many years before ; that it was covered over with planks; that a. walnut stick was lying with one end on the planks, and the other mostly decayed near the surface ; that the earth had washed over it about four feet deep (with other circumstances . , of detail), and that he could go directly to it. He would make no communication to indicate the locality, until the owner had executed a. bond to secure a certain portion of the profits to the informer, who had never been to the locality, but who stated that he was enabled to see it, and go directly to it, by looking at a polished stone as a mirror placed in the crown of his hat, with his face applied to the opening of his hat, to exclude the view of other objects. He seemed a perfectly unassuming, quiet man, with a perfect faith in his ability to perform what he stated. Many of the citizens of the vicinity accompanied him in his wan- derings, and he finally stopped near the foot of a hill on which we have described the pyrites, and where he directed excavations to find the mine. The walnut 25 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. stick was found as indicated, except that there were no planks;- and no opening,- no trace of a mine, or of any ore, could be discovered. He went away much mortified with his failure.

A few years.I afterwards, a girl who was reputed to be able to see in a magic glass, or polished stone held in a dark place, was employed to discover the supposed mine, and it was said she had nerer been in the vicinity before. She looked, and walked to within a few .ards of the same spot, drove a stake in the bwound, and said the mine was there, at a depth of thirty-five feet ; but none has been found. A man who had moved into another part of the countiy when a boy, returned ivheil old, about thirty- five years ago, and stated, that when he was a boy he had been into a mine in that hill where the lead ore had been dug, aid that he hkd seen the ore. I!e had endeavored to find the mine, without letting the people know the object of his search. Hearing these stories, and many believing that there is a lead mine in that hill, led me to make an examination of the locality with as much care as was practicable without excavatious. The loose stones on the surface are more or lees porous gneiss, with a reddish color. Both the porosity and color are due to the composition of pyrites probably, for I discovered no traces of any metal but iron. These appearances would very naturally induce the idea of a mine, even without the aid of a magic glass ; but whether any ore of any value occurs there, is a subject for investigation. There are no indications that seem to justify the expenditure of capital in search of lead or other metals. The rock near the brow of the hill abounds in pyrites, is nearly GEOLOGY. 29 vertically stratified, ranges north-north-east and south- south-west, and is intersected by quartz veins (that show no metallic contents) in a south-east and north- west direction. The great vein of magnetic oxide of iron called the Sirnetcog vein (in coilsequence of the extensive mines of this ore that have been worked in Simewog hill), is about one-eighth of a mile west of this locality of pyrites, as is supposed from the great variation of the compass near Mr. Wood's house. The compass varies in a distance of two rods in an east and west line fiom 30° to 4OQ, and the centre is in the north-north-east and south-south-west line of direction of the Simewog vein on Simewog hill. On the north-north-west side of where the vein seems to pass, the cornpass varies to the east of north kjOto 20° ;.and on the south-south-east side, it varies as much to the west of north. The stones on the surface where the vein is supposed to pass, contains magnetic oxide of iron disseminated- ; and some lumps of ore, and masses of magnesian garnet and epidote, were also observed on the same line at this place, and a mine of the magnetic ore has been opened about a mile south-south-west. The white limestone is not far distant on the east from the reputed lead mine. All the geological circumstances that were observed, and that seem to have a bearing upon this reputed lead mine, have been related. The region is a highly metalliferous one, and it is probable some excavations rnay have been made here, zs in hundreds of other places in the Highlands, by the company of miners that. was sent into this country between 1730 and 1750, under the direction of the Baron Horsenclever ; and that traditions connected with these excavations, 3* 30 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. aided by some imagination and credulity, have been the basis of many of the reputed silver and lead mines in the Highlands and other parts of New York. Many localities might be mentioned in this county, where pyrites decomposed with the formation of the sulphate of iron. The principal that have not been mentioned, are, 1. An-old iron mine oil Anthony's Nose mountain: about one and a half miles easl of Fort Montgomery.

- 2. An old " silver mine" (but which contains no silver), on the top of the same mountain, three miles east of Fort Montgomery. 3. On the top of a hill, about one and a half miles east of west Point. 4. Shore of the Hudson, nearly opposite Buttermilk Falls. 5. Shore of the Hudson, several places, nearly opposite West Point. 6. Shore of the Hudson, several places, between Arden's landing and the landing above. 7. Near the post road, two or three miles ea.st of Arden's Landing. The localities in this county are all in the primary rocks, and nearly all are at or near fractures or up- lifts, or localities of more than usual disturbance of the strata.

Altered Taconic Rocks through the Highlands. In crossing the Highlands, the Taconic rocks are more or less altered. Some of the limestones in the towns of Beekn~anand Fishkill, in Dutchess county, where they approach the Highlands, are white and grey crystalline limestones. GEOLOGY. 31 The granular quartz rock forms a continuous stratum through a portion of this and Westchester county. It is probably a continuation of the stratum described as forming a part of Peaked and Elbow mountains in Amenia and Dover in Dutchess county, and is probably a coiltinuation of that described by Prof. Hitch- cock in the western part of Massachusetts.* The aoranular quartz rock crops out on the bank of Peekskill bay of the Hudson river, about half a mile north-west of Peekskill landing, near Hall's point. The strata are nearly vertical, leaning a little to the west-north-

west. It ranges up the " Peekskill hollow." It is seen in conilection with the iron ore at Bradley's ore bed in Peekskill hollow, about ten miles from Peeks- kill ; and again it occurs near Boyd's corners, in Car- mel, in this county. It is quarried to a small extent near Boyd's corners, for door-steps, hearth-stones, and other purposes. It splits out in regular slabs from three to nine inches thick: and three to seven or eight feet square, with an uniform plane surface, and is admirably adapted for a flagging stone for streets, cel- lars, kc. The locality near Hall's point belongs to -, of Peekskill. It is at the mouth of Peekskil! creek, a little north of Hall's point ; and it is believed that a valuable quarry of flaggingC stones, of the granular quartz rock, may be opened at this place. The strata are nearly vertical, and the stones may be split off with great ease, if the quarry be opened in a proper * Vide Second Annual Report on the Geological Survey of N. Y., p. 172; Hitchcock's Geological Reports of Massachu- setts, 1833, pp. 22, 321 ; Hitchcock's Final Report, 1842, pp. 587, 50; Dewey's American Journal of Science, Vol. 8, &c. 32 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. manner. The flagging and curb stones used in New York, and many other towns, are now brought from the Bolton and Haddain quarries in Connecticut, and from the Greywacke quarries in Greene county. The Bolton and Greene county stone are carted from eight to sixteen miles over bad roads, and then shipped to a market. If stone, as beautiful and as durable, can be dug on the shore of the EIudson, where no cartage is required, and where the expense of quarrying is no greater than at the quarries mentioned, and where the business is now very lucrative, it follows that such quarries on the shore of the Hudsoil would be very valuable. The talcose slate, distinctly characterized, is limited in extent. It occurs in this and Westchester county, forming a range of hills several miles in length. It forms Blue-rock Point, on the post road, between the crossing of Peekskill creek and Aunville. The slaty lamince are parallel in direction to the limestone and granular quartz rock on the east, which dip at an angle of from seventy-five to eighty-five degrees to the east-south-east. This rock forms the principal mass of the hills to the north-north-east of Blue-rock Point for several miles. Gallows Hill (a place celebrated during the Revolution, in consequence of the public execu- tions), is a part of this rang of rock. The rock is generally covered by soil, except where it hzs bed11 delluded by water, or excavations for roads, etc. ~hk soil is of good quality, and produces fine crops. Far- ther north-east, this rock is rarely seen ; but it passes up Peekskill hollow, and up a valley two or three miles of Boyd's Corners in this county. It is very refractory in the fire, and is used for the in-walls GEOLOGY. 33- of furnaces. The rock is very fissile, and splits in thin laminae of some magnitude. The limestones of this range of Taconic rocks are scarcely altered in some places, as at the quarries near Blue-rock Point, near the mouth of Peekskill Creek, and about a quarter of a mile east of Annville, in Westchester county. In others, it is a perfect metamorphic white limestone, as in the valley west of Gal- lows Hill, two or three miles north of Annville. Limestone makes its appearance as knobs or hills, fifty to one hundred feet high, about two or three miles north of Annville, in the valley west of Gallows Hill. Also the same limestone, in the same valley, associated with talcose rocks, two or three miles north of the last locality, near Bunnell's forge. The strata are nearly vertical. iVIeetamorp hic Limestones. In tracing these limestones in Dutchess county, we left them in Pawlings. The same granular dolomitic limestone extends south into Patterson, where it is well exposed to view, from the north line of Patterson to three or four miles south of the village.- It is associated with mica slate, and a fissile, micaceous gneiss rock. The limestone in the valley of Patterson contains tremolite in some places. About two and a half miies south of Patterson, the limestone is quarried for lime, and forms a superior article. Sixty cords of wood are consumed in burning a kiln of two thousand bushels. The price of this lime is fifty cents per bushel. Much of this stone seems well adapted for a building stone. The rock is granular, strongly coherent, and 34 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. in color varies from bluish to white. The rock is not fitted for a marble, as the tremolite would make it difficult to saw. Another quarry has been opened within a mile of the village of Patterson. , About a mile west of Patterson, a, ridge of gneiss, highly impregnated with pyrites, lies between strata of limestone. The strata through this region dip to the eastward nearly vertically. Limestone of the same general characters occurs in Southeast, in the valley of the Croton river. It may be seen along the road about a mile above Oaensville~ and one mile and ,z half west of Peach Pond.*

Serpentine Rock. Another locality of this rock is in Philipstown, about ten or eleven miles north-north-east of Peekskill, and about half or three-quarters of a mile east of Horton's Pond. The rock is of a blackish-green, fine grained, and sometimes coarsely crystalline. It is yellow on the weathered surfaces, and is associated with steatite. Ten to eleven acres seem to be underlaid by this rock, w' ich might be quarried for an ornamental marble. It is about eight miles from water transport. Another * I may be permitted here to mention a circumstance respecting ground ice. The ice in this pond attaches itself to the loose boulders in shallow water, and floats with them attached, and ploughs up the gravel before them as the ice is driven towards the shore in the spring. In this may they are brought annually nearer and nearer the shore, until they are pushed beyond low- water mark, where they remain. Many of these boulders weigh fifteen or twenty tons. They all seem to have come from one general direction, viz., north-west. Mr. Stephen Ryder pointed out the boulders and furrows, and gave the explanation to Prof. Cassels. GEOLOGY. 35 mass of the serpentine rock was seen about a mile south of the one last described. The serpentine forms knobs and hillocks at small intervals for half a mile in

length. AnotherM locality, one that has already attracted much notice, is Brown's quarry, near Pine Pond, in this county, four or five miles from Carmel village, and one and a quarter miles north-north-west of the countv.. poor-house. It is dark-colored, dark'

green to black, and from compact to a coarse crvstal-J line, like coarse-grained hornblende rock. It is ganu- larly foliated, like comrnon white marble, polishes well, and is perfectly black when polished. It may be obtained in large blocks for sawing into slabs. Large blocks lie on the surface in Brown's lot, and the rock is seen in place all arouild the hill. In the mine lot adjacent, good blocks may probably be obtained by quarrying. Twenty-five to thirty acres of ground are underlaid by this rock on the hill-side, west of the brook, which is the outlet of Pine Pond. It is easily accessible, ar,d about one hundred feet above the water level of the adjacent valley. Blocks of many tons' weight can be easily procured; in fact, many of this size are now lying on the surface, and require no blasting or splitting before they are put in the saw-mill. Magnetic oxide of iron, or chromate of iron, is disseminated through the serpentine in some parts of the serpentine bed ; and this variety of the rock will not be suitable to work, as it can neither be sawed nor polished easily. The quarry seems to be sufficient to supply the market, not only of our own country but the world, with this kind of ornamental marble, for a long time. It is really a beautiful material when polished, and it is hoped that it will be extensively used. 36 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. I have seen no other locality where such a material can be obtained in so large blocks, sound and free from seams and cracks. A marble of this kind was usedin ancient times, in some of the old Spanish pal- aces, but it is exceedingly rare in Europe.

Metamorphic Limestones of t72e Highlands. These are similar to those in Orange county, only spinelle has not been recognized in them, and brucite is not common. Serpentine, augite, and asbestus are more common, and garnet is more common in the associated rocks. Local Details.1. Limestone was observed about one and a half miles south of Carmel village, on the farm of a Mr. Townsend, at two old mine holes, where some have supposed that silver, and others that marble was the object of exploration. It is scarcely necessary to add, that no traces of silver ore could be distinguished. Both these excavations are in a bed of limestone, about thirty rods apart. The bed is narrow, perhaps twenty feet wide, and is bounded by gneiss on each side; the strata are highly inclined to the east-south-east. Brucite and some coccolite were observed in the limestone of the northwardly excavation. At the other locality the limestone is very white, coarse-grained, and contains imperfect crystals of phosphate of lime, or @een augite. 2. A bed of limestone containing brucite, serpentine, and asbestus, is associated with the bed of magnetic oxide of iron on Mr. Tilly Foster's farm, two and a half miles south-east of Carmel village. These were the only localities of this kind of limestone seen in the eastern part of this county. In the GEOLOGY. 37 western are two ranges of the same kind of rock. The following localities will illustrate them, viz. : 1. A bed of limestone near Anthony's Nose point, six miles south of West Point, which is seen again farther north-north-east at the old silver mine ; also at two places on the shore between that and cotton rock ; near Mr. Arden's ; two hundred or three hundred yards south-west of Philips's mill, east of West Point ; also at Cotton Rock; half-a-mile east of the Highland school ; north of Davenport's tavern on the post road ; and at Huestis's quarry. This is the wes- ternmost range, and extends from near Anthony's Nose point north-north-east, to near Davenport's tavern ; and thence through the valley to Huestis's quarry, about three miles south of Fishkill, a distance of about ten or eleven miles. It has also been seen farther to the north-north-east on the mountain. 2. The second range has not bee11 observed in as many places. It has been seen at the White mine on the Anthony's Nose momltain, three miles east of Fort Montgomery ; three miles east-south-east of West Point, near the post road; on the road from Cold Spring to Carmel village, near Haight's tavern, five miles north-east of Cold Spring; and about half a mile north oE Warren's tavern, in Philipstown. This range is nearly parallel to the other, and nearly sirnil ar. All these localities are supposed to be in the range of limestone which are exposed in these various points, and probably in many others. 1. Huestis's quarry is in the western limestone bed above-mentioned. Some parts of the hill are granular limestone, and a part is nearly compact magnesian 4 38 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. limestone or mienhe. Serpentine is frequently intermixed, forming a verd-antique marble, which may perhaps at some future time be applied to use. Seve- ral fine minerals occur at this locality, which were discovered by Dr. Barrett in 1822. The precious serpentine of this locality is perhaps not surpassed in beauty by that of Newburyport or Easton, or even any locality known. It occurs crystallized distinctly with various modified forms. White coccolite, white augite, diopside, sahlite, phosphate of lime, amianthus, asbestus, pearl spar, pyrites, chromate of iron, magnetic oxide of iron, and various other minerals occur at this locality. The mass of limestone at this place forms a bed twenty to fifty feet thick, resting against granite or sienite, and gneiss contailling red felspar and some epidote, on the west, while a stream flows at the base of the hill. 2. The bed of limestone north-west of Davenport's corners, which is oil tho post road five miles north- east from Cold Spring, is similar to that at Huestis's, but not as beautiful, and does not exhibit the beautiful minerals of that locality. 3. This range of limestone crosses the road about one hundred or one hundred and fifty yards west of the locality of laumonite and stilbite in Philipstown, about three hundred yards west of Philips mills, and one mile and a quarter east of West Point. It is white, and highly charged with grains of magnetic oxide of iron. Granular hornblende, like coccolite, also occurs with the limestone. Hornblende gneiss', and micaceous gneiss containing pyrites and scales of plumbago, also occur associated. 4. This bed has had excavations made in it, in two - GEOLOGY. 39 or three places, between the locality above described, and where it reaches the shore of the I3udson about one mile and a quarter south-west of' Mr. Arden's; and every place where it was examined, showed imbedded grains of magnetic oxide of iron, and in some places imperfectly characterized brucite and serpentine. 5. The Cotton rock," as it is called, is at the junction of this bed of limestone with diallage and hornblende rocks. The linlestone is extremely inlpure from contained minerals, so that it would scarcely be recognized as limestoile from its external aspect, when weathered by one not fainiliar with all the protean forms of this roclr; the calcareous matter being removed to some depth, and the imbedded mineral substance remaining to form a crust of some lines or even inches in thickness exterior to the sound, unaltered rock. Granite occurs in the cliff a few yards to the east, which contains imperfect crystals of black tourmaline.* 6. An outheaved mass, as it is supposed, of this range of limestone, occurs about. a mile north of the last locality, near the Beverly dock (the point from which the notorious and treacherous Arnold made his

* The Cotton rock is a noted pIace in the Highlands. It is on the shore of the Hudson, in Philipstown, between high and low water marl<, about three and a half miles below West Point. The rocks here are impure serd antique (composed of limestone adserpentine, with brucite and other minerals imbedded), serpentine with diallage, and veins of asbestus, and delicate silky amianthus, diallage rock, augite rock, and granite. Tbe amianthus which comes from the veins in the serpentine, has the appearance of cotton or raw silk, and has given rise to the name Cotton rock. 40 I-IISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. escape). This bed of limestone, which is small, lies transverse to the general direction, viz., north-west and south-east. The limestone is colored with serpentine, and contains plumbago; but some of it is of a pure snow white, strongly translucent, and varies in texture from coarse crystalliile to compact, like the finest alabaster. The white is much intermixed with augite and quartz, so that specimens for the cabinet canebe obtained showing the characters indicated, but not large masses. The associated rocks are micaceous pyritous gneiss, and grey augite containing hexagonal plates of plutnbago. A vein of pyrophyllite, six inches to a foot wide, traverses the grey augite rock. 7. Some distance below the Cotton rock, perhaps one quarter to half a nmile, the limestone bed that we have been tracing forms the shore for some rods. The same minerals are found here as at many other parts of the bed, viz., magnetic oxide of iron, serpentine, and augite and hornblende in the vicinity, associated with granite and gneissoid rocks. A little farther. south the limestone has an old mine hole in it, a little south-east of a small bay of the river shore, where the rock contains much magnetic oxide of iron. 8. From this place, the limestone ranges south-south- west towards Anthony's Nose point. This part of the range is perhaps of more interest to the geologist than any other portion, and particularly the tract of

land between the " Old silver mine," as it is called, and the Hudson river, about a quarter of a mile in width. The limestone and all the associated rocks here, have been subjected to metamorphic agency in a high degree. GEOLOGY. 41 The limestone lies at the base of the hill, adjacent to a granite rock. It is white, highly crystalline, contai~lsmuch mica, plumbago, and various mineral substances. The plut~ibagois generally diffused in minute particles, but in some places is so abundant as to give a bluish tinge in streaks through the rock. The resemblance of this mineral, thus diffused, to the sulphuret of silver in minute particles, its softness and lustre, led to the idea that silver ore was abundant at this place. This mine was opened in ancient times, for what purpose is not known. Stalactites are found in the adit level, which is two hundred yards long, and old tools with the handles rotted out have been found 'in it. It was re-opened some years ago, with the hope of getting silver ; the man who worked it having been told that the scales of plumbago in the rock were sulphuret of silver. He is said to have spent all his property, and to have died in a mad-house. Spene and zircon are occasionally seen in the augitic and calcareous rocks at this place, but they are not common. The most interesting mineral substance in a geo- !ogical point of view, found at this old mine, is quartz. It is strongly translucent, almost transparent, like hyalite, in irregularly round inasses from the size of filberts to that of an egg They seem to have been melted to assume their present form. The first public notice of such facts, so far as I know, was by Prof. Emmons, in the second Annual Geological Report of New York, 1839, p. 202. I had observed the rounded, apparently fused quartz at the opening next the marsh, near the south end of the adit level of the 4" 42 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. Old silver mine," in 1825 ; b~tdid not consider it of any special importance as connected with the age oi' these rocks, until the subject was brought before the public by Prof. Emmons. The spinelles of some localities in Orange county have their angles rounded, and contain spherical cavities, apparently produced by the same cause ; and the crystals of phosphate of lime, sent me by Dr. Crawe and Prof. Gray, from St. Lawrence county, have their angles rounded, and contain cavities which seem to be referable to the same agency that has caused the crystalization of the limestone, and the formation and crystalization of tile plumbago, and various minerals in these rocks. The

rocks at this locality of the " Old silver mine," are well worth studying. The rock next the limestone on the west of the adit, is composed of augite and manganesian garnet ; sometimes one, sometimes the other predominating. Both are crystalline, and sometimes exhibit perfect crystals. The garnet and augite frequently assume the granular form of' colophonite and coccolite ; red for the first, and green, brown, and purple for the latter. The rock is very heavy, and very similar to some of the beds at Rogers's rock on Lake George. The rock farther west, is a gneissoid silico-felspathic rock, containing in many places magnetic oxide of iron in grains, and in small strings and veins parallel to the strike of the rock; also schorl in masses of quartz, and sometimes crystals of' allanite like those near Fort Montgomery. Still farther west is a range of limestone, very similar to that at Cotton rock, but purer. It contains an abundance of imperfect1y characterized brucite. GEOLOGY. 43 Gneissoid rocks intervene between this bed and another of limestone seen still farther west, which has the general characters of verd-antique, being composed principally of limestone and serpeutine ; but it contains other minerals that are hard, and would prevent its being sawed easily. This rock is at the south point (called Marble point), ada few rods south of the north point of this neck of land. Granite is frequently seen interlaminated among the strata described, which are about vertical. The gneiss along the shore between the two last masses of limestone, and west of the last mass described, along the shore, contains pyrites, and by its decomposition, gives a reddish tinge to the rocks. The same character, and arising from the same cause, is seen in the slaty and micaceous gneiss along the shore, most of the distance from this place, north-north-east to Gouverneur's landing opposite West Point. The second range of limestone, a mile or two east of the one we have been describing, ranges about parallel, and nearly as great a distance. 1. The cc White mine," as it is called, is the most southern point at which the limestone of this range, as it is supposed, was seen. It is on Anthony's Nose mountain, about three miles east of Fort Montgomery. The limestone is white, highly magnesian, and contains some carbonate of iron, and perhaps might without ally impropriety be called brown spar. It is crystalline and sometimes compact, and contains granular magnetic oxide of iron. It is associated with augite and granitic rocks. 2. Another locality of this rock is about two miles to the north-north-east, near the old post road, at . 44 HISTORY OF PUTNAN COUNTY. reputed lead and tin mine. The rock is limestone with some serpentine imbedded, and contains grains of the magnetic sulphuret of iron. Near this place, where the lead is said to have been formed from the ore in the soil by burning brush-heaps, the soil is red, as is so commonly the case where the calciferous sandstone has been upturned and partially altered. The same limestone is seen still further to the north- north-east, on the hill, but was not particulai-ly examined. The same silico-felspathic gneissoid rocks, and pyritous micaceous gneiss, as described nea,r the " Old silver mine," occur in this vicinity, and the rocks are in some places very much confused. 3. The limestone near Haight's tavern, is similar to tha,t described above. Stentite.-A locality was seen near Peckuille, a little north of the line of this county, and within Dutch- ess county. It is there' illterlnixed with serpentine, and although abundant, and quarried in large blocks, it was found difficult to saw it well, in consequence of the different degrees of hardness of the steatite and serpentine. It is beautifully spotted and clouded ; and as steatite indurates by heat, it is possible that it may at some future time be wrought as a.n ornamental stone. Some of the masses of steatite ar3 very pure, soft, and easily wrought. In some parts of the bed the rock is granular, or scaly talc, either pure or tra- versed in every direction by crystals of actynolite. Another locality was seen in Philipstown, in this county, on Mr. McCabe's farm." It is near the serpentine rock before described as eight or nine miles north-north-east of Peekskill, and half to three-quar- -s James ~VcCabe, Esq. GEOLOGY. 45 ters of a mile east of Horton's Pond. The rock here graduates through every variety of aspect, from talc, through steatite, to serpentine. I did not see proper soap-stone or steatite rock adapted for useful purposes, in place ; but was assured that large blocks had been dug there, and that there was an abundance of it. I saw slaty, steatitic rock in place, and small masses of beautiful steatite scattered over the ground. Good quarries.of this rock are well known to be very valuable. The blocks are worth twenty dollars per ton in market. This bed graduates on the east into serpentine rock. Limonite, or Hematite Ore-beds. Bradley's Ore-bed.-A bed of limonite, containing some oxide of mangaaese, occurs very near the line between Philipstown and Cannel, in Peekskill hollow, about ten miles north-east of Peekskill. Its thickness is not known. Fifty to one hundred tons of the ore may be seen in heaps on the ground. The ore was dug many years ago, but it seems to be too silicious to work well alone in the funlace. By proper mixture with other ores, it might be wrought with advantage. Isaac Lockwood owns a part of the land underlaid by this ore. The right of digging the mine is vested in Nathaniel Bradley, of Connecticut, who purchased a large amount of mineral property in the Highlands some years ago. The ore is associated with granular quartz on the east, and probably with limestone on the west, but this latter rock was not seen near the ore beds. These rocks are associated in the above order at the mouth of Peekskill Creek. Limonite in small quantities, under the forms of 46 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. compact brown oxide of iron, hematite, and bog ore, occurs in many places in this and Westchester county. The loose masses scattered over the surface of the earth seem to indicate important beds in Putnarn. If surface indications are worthy of notice, a bed of hematite and brown iron ore will probably be found in the hills near the county poor-house.

Copper and Siluer Ores. several mines have been opened in Putnarn and Westchester counties, under the expectation of obtain- ing silver. I have esamiiled a great number of ancient diggings in this countj-, where it is reported or imag- ined that silver has been, or is to be found ; but I have seen no indications worth pursuing, or any ore that is known with certaii~tvto coiltaii~silver. T hcse ores have not been analyzed, and it is not known that they even contain any silver, except from the common reports of the country that silver has been obtained froin them. Almost all the diggings are in or co:ltiguous to limestone. Many interesting mineral localities have been opened, and an abundance of ci-ystallizedrnin~ralsdug out, and prepared for the hand of the collector of these beautiful productions of nature. It is, perhaps, superfluous to go into a detail of the numerous mining explorations in search of the precious metals in the Highlands; suffice it to say, that super- stition and the mineral rod have been freely employed, and credulous persons have permitted themselves to be imposed on, and in some instances have expended their all in explorations which any one versed in minerals, and acquainted with their associations, would have known from the beginning were hopelessly fruit- GEOLOGY. 47 less. Common pyrites and magnetic pyrites were repeatedly brought to me while I was stationed at the United States Military Academy as an instructor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology, as specimens of boold ore, silver ore, and tin ore, by the mine hunters, or by those who had been imposed on. After examining mineral localities where lead and tin ores had been said to have been discovered, I have seen none in place, and have reason to believe that the specimens shown to me did not originate where they were said to have been found. A piece of metallic antimony was shown to me, and was said to have been found in - this county; but it had the peculiar foliated, crystalline texture that is generally seen in that which has been melted, and which is different in aspect from the native antimony. While on this subject, I will notice another fact that came under my observation. Coal was said to have been discovered in the primitive region of this county. I was shown a lump of beautiful filauch-Clunk An- titracite !! which had been buried by some means unknown, and dug up ;* and this was the reported coal mine. It is hoped that our citizens will no longer suffer themselves to be duped by designing persons in- to mining specula.tions, most of which have a baseless foundation. Copper ore has been found in several places in this county and Westchester, but not in such quantities as to justify exploration. Pyritous copper and green carbonate of copper a.re found in small quantities in the gneiss rocks at Philips' mills, one mile and a quar-

*-This was afterwards ascertained to have been buried by a designing person, with a view to get up an excitement, and or ganize a company to dig there for coal. 48 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. ter east of West Point; also at Philips' iron mine, eight miles north-east of Cold Spring landing. Arsenical iron occurs in several places in this county, but the only locality known here, to which any practical importance is attached, is about four or five miles north-west from Carmel village, and about half a mile south-west of Pine Pond, in the township of

Kent, near the serpentine marble quarry. ' This is one of the old mine holes from which silver is reported to have been obtained. The mine is now owned or leased by a mining company called the Hudson River Mining Company. It had been cleaned out when I saw it. The shaft is forty feet deep. Yellow, pulver- ulent sulphuret of arsenic covered the sides of the shaft and the timbers, wherever they had been covered by water, resulting from the decomposition of the arsenical sulphuret of iron. This latter mineral abounds there. It forms a bed or mass in hornblendic gneiss rock above the shaft, and is there undergoing decomposition, forming arseniate of iron. The ore does not, so far as I could perceive, form a vein, but is a mass ; and from the surface indications, and from what I saw in the mine, there is a probability of the existence of a great quantity of this ore. The mine goes by thepame of the silver mine, and it is stated that silver has been obtained from it, but the individual who is said to have analyzed it has no public name as a chemist; and until it shall be analyzed by a disinterested person, of reputation as an analytical chemist, confidence ought not to be reposed in the statement that it is a silver ore. This kind of ore is wrought as a silver ore in Ger- many, where it contains some of the precious metal. GEOLOGY. 49 It is possible this may also contain it, and even should it be argentiferous, it may not contain enough of silver to make it worth separating. The ore con- taiils much arsenic, and it map perhaps be profitably wrought to furnish the common white arsenic of the shops. It is well known that laqe quantities of this material are consumcd for various purposes in this country, such as the manuhcture of shot, flint glass, rnediciilal pl-eparations, &c.: and the supply is at present derived from Germany. This mine would probably supply the demands of commerce. Titanium ore has been found in several places in this county. At alinost every locality where augite and scapolite arc foui~d(and the localities are numerous), sphene or the silico-calcareous oxide of titanium is also found associated. Sphene, beautifully crystallized, was discovered by Dr. Barratt at Cold Spring landing, in 1822, during the excavations for the foundation of the long block of buildings next the shore on the north side of the village." Specimens were obtained at that place in abundance by Dr. Barratt, and more beautiful than any that I hare seen from any other part of the country. Titanium has, however, been applied to but one useful purpose, and that of cornparatirely trifling importance, viz., for tinging the enamel of artificial teeth of a slight yel- lo~~ishcolor, like the natural teeth. It has also been found in a great number of localities in the adjoining county of Orange. TWheret-er observed, it is associated with augite, scapolite, and limestone. It seems almost confined in the first district to those rocks we The long range of two-story old buildings belonging to Mr. Philips, and known by the name of the Barracks." 5 50 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. have described as metamorphic. An ore of ceriunz, called allanite, occurs in several localities in Philips- town, within two miles of Fort A!Iontgoinery, and it is thought other ores of this metal were observed some years ago. One of them was partially examined, and re-agents showed some of the traits of that metal. Crystallized Se~pe~atine.-Serpentine was found crystallized at Huestis's quarry in Philipstown, first by ~r.Barratt in 1821, and secondly by Cadet Ward, November 5th, 1831. By meails of crystals from this locality I have been enabled to ascertain the primary form and its elements. November 5th, 1831, a specimen of serpentine was handed me for examination, by Cadet Ward, from Huestis's quarry. I immediately observed traces of crystallization, there being numerous well characterized laminae, 2nd showing tolerably brilliant cleavage planes also in other directions. Much of the serpentine in some parts of the hill-side at Huestis's quarry is granular and some is laminated. Cadet Bailey, now Professor Bailey, at West Point, also presented me with a specimen of crystallized serpentine imbedded in carbonate of lime. There were several hexagonal crystals terminated, one of which was nearly perfect. The cq-stals and crystalline masses are more perfect than any I have seen from the eastern locality. Primary Roc7ts.-The rocks of this county are numerous, many of them are applied to useful purposes, and they are everywhere abundant, and are seen crop- ping out from the surface of almost every hill and ravine. The same kind of rocks are found in New York, Westchester, and Dutchess counties. The GEOLOGY. 51 principal rocks are: 1. granite ; 2. sienite ; 3. gneiss; 4. mica slate ; 5. augite rock ; 6. green stone and hornblende rocks ; 7. quartz rocks ; 8. talcose slate ; 9. limestone ; 10. serpentine ; 11. steatite. The five latter rocks have already bgen described as metamorphic rocks. 1. Granite.-This rock occurs abundantly in Put- nam, Dutchess, Westchester, and New York counties. It presents all varieties of texture, from a very coarse bnrained rock, to one almost perfectly compact. In color it varies as much as in texture. It is white, red, grey, yellowish, and bluish-grey, according to the co- !or of the minerals forming it. The color of the felspar usually determiiles that of the mass. It occurs in beds, in veins, in interstratified masses, and in knots, knolls, and protruding masses, in which no connexion with veins or beds have been traced. The more common mode of its occurrence is in beds ten to one hundred lket thick, interstratified with gneiss. Some of the granite is too coarse for use as a building material. Some is too cornpact and hard, being, in fact, erutie ; others are well adapted for building. Differ- ent localities show a great variety in strength, and in the ease or difficulty of dressing, as well as in the ease of quarrying and the magnitude of the blocks that can be procured. In the Geological Report of 1838, it was mentioned that many places would undoubtedly be found in the Highlands, where fine quarries would be opened, and furnish " building materials of the best quality, and which would endure the changes of our variable climate for ages without decay or disintegra- tion." The investigations subsequent to that time have 52 HISTORY OF PUTRAM COUNTY, verified the prediction that such localities might be found. The rnaterials are of the best quality, easily quarried in large blocks, suitable for columns, cor- nices, &c., easily dressed, enduring as time, as the naked crags themselves will testify ; and several of the localities, which wcre U~I~~~IOWI~to their owners, are so coi~veilientto water transport that the blocks can be swung directly on board vessels in the 1Iud- son, by means of cranes. When we consider the value attached to the quarries in Blaine, &Iassachusetts, and Connecticut, where, in ~xostplaces, it is necessary to liaul the stoile, citi~eron a cornillon road, or construct a railway to nnviguble water, n dista1:ce fi.o:11 half a mile to sis or seven mi!es,-and obscri-2 ili~t notwitllstnnding all these disadvantages, tile great outlay of capital, and the distance to the market, they make it a profitable business;-we nny begin to appreciate the importance oi' having inexhaustible quantities of materials, as good, as beautiiul, as durable, and as easily quarried and dressed, on our own waters, within forty or sixty miles of the city of New Pork, and so conveilient to shipment that no railroads and hauling are required.. Blunt's Quarry.-This is located on the south side of Breakneck point, near the line between Putnam and DutcIless co~znties. Tilere is ail inexhaustible supply of a material of the best quality. It is n bluish gray granitic rock, composed mostly of a dark-colored felspar, with some hornblende, and occasionally a little mica. It is Inore properly sienite than granite. It is scarcely as dark as the Quincy granite or sienite, while it is as beautiful, has about the same strength, splits as well, and is as easily dressed. The stone GEOLOGY. 53 from this quarry has been extensively used in the con- struction of the Delaware Breakwater, of Fort Cal- houn, and Fortress Monroe. The mountain rock has not been quarried at this place, but only the large masses that have tumbled from the cliffs above. It is not possible to give ail accurate estimate of the quantity of granite in this vicinity, but there may be in the end of the mountaii~five hundred acres, with an average depth of five hundred feet, or 803,640 cubic prds to the acre, or 401,720,000 cubic yards on five hundred acres. Blunt's quarry is located on the immediate shore of the Hudson river, but on account of the flats, the stone has beail hauled about sixty rods to a landing. This quarry bids fair to become valuable ; but there is one disadvantage that may perhaps operate as a drawback to its advantageous position. It is over- hung by a precipice of several hundred feet in height ; and in the quarrying operations, the heavy blasts may bring down hundreds of thousands of tons of rock which can be useful only for dock stone and bal- last. Highland G?-o~ziteCompanyis~Quarry.-This quarry is principally owned by Messrs. Howard and Hol- dane. It is located one-fourth of a mile from the Hudson river, and half-a-nlile east of Blunt's quarry near Breakileck point, and about two iniles from Cold Spring. It is ele~ntedabout four hundred feet above the Hudson, in full view of the river. The stone is of excellent quality, and splits easily into large blocks. It is composed principally of felspar, with a little hornblende, and is indistinctly stratified ; or at least it lies in thick heavy beds, with parallel seams six to twelve 5* 64 HISTORY GF PUTNABI COUNT?.

feet apart,- and. which are slightly inclined to the hori- zon. The quarry is ineshoustible, and ought to be very valuable. This quorry is on part of the bed of granitic roclr described under Blunt's quarry. The stone is now hauled to the landing, about one-fourth of a mile, at an cspense cf three cents per cubic foot, or forty-two cents per to:^ ;\Iuch of it is sent to Sing Sing, for th9 culverts and aqueduct bridges ; and the freight to that place is four cellis per foot, or fifty- sir eeilts per ton. It is delivered zit Sing Sing i11 blocks of ten cubic feet and crei-, at thirty-five cents per cubic foot, or five dollars cnti ninety cents per ton. The clressii~gof this stone for thc rtrches, is done at fourteen and a !~nli' cents pez superficial foot ; and about two and n hnlfsupel-f ciai feet arc dresscd tc~the cubic foot, ~~hic!~i?:n!ie th:: stocc dressed, ready for the arches, cost seventy cents per cubic foot, oiwnine dollars and ninety-seven and a i:alf' cents per ton. This quarry is capable of being wolked at least seventy. -yards in depth, over an area of several acres ; and allowing a profit of cne dollar per cubic yard, which is a. low estimate, and 4840 square yards to the acre, fifty yards in cleptl: ought, in the co~usoof working, to give a profit of 242,000 do!!ara to th? acre. Wony Point, onc I~crlJ of a ?nib ~i~rik-zce~tof Cold Spring.-This is a rocky pei~insu!n, stretching into the Hudson about one-fourth of a mile. It is composed of gneissoid rocks, erccept thc ~lorth-westpoint of the peninsula, which is n graaitic rocli of t!le same chnracter as that of Zlunt's and the I-Iighlaild Cornpa- ny's quarries. About two acres of this penii~sulaare covered by this rock, to an estimated inean depth of forty-five feet above high water inark ; and it may be GEOLOGY. 55 estimated that there are 145,200 cubic yards of granite capable of exploration on this point. It may apparently be split out in masses of ally size, up to one ilundred tons or more, in regular bloclis; and it lies iinmediately on the Hudson river, and with such 2 depth of n7ater that large vessels il;tly come immediately alongside of tile roclis to be quarried, so that the blocks lnay be s~vungon board with a crane. Stony- aoiilt- is owned by Mr. P1:iIips" of Philipstown, who was not stvare of the esistei~ceof such a location for a granite quarry, until 119 was informed of it during fD the pm~ressL c,f the siirvey ol I utnam Couilty in 1840. Philips's Qltnr-rg.-This beioilgs to the same Sen- tleman as the pl-cceding. It is located on the Philips estate, about half-a-i~lilefrom the IIudson river, and one and a half nliles cast-north-east of' Vhst Point, The rock is perfecii y indestructible, and would be called granite by those ~vho should see the blocks without sceiug tilo quarry. It is gneiss, in thick layers or p!ates, ~vhichhave a. slight inclinatioil to the west, n-hile tli3 grain of the rock is nearly vertical. It splits easily, boil1 in the direction of the grain and across it. It rnny be procured in the form of bioclis of five to tell or Inore feet square, and of the thicliness o:' the plntes of rock, which are from one to foul- feet thick. Some masses were seen which had been split oX for colurni~sfor store fronts, twelve to fourteen feet long, bj- one end a-half, one and three- fourths, and two feet square. Tila roc:< at this quarry is of a light grey color, almost white, and is a beautif'ul material for building. It is durable, of sufficieilt strength, easily dressed and * Now owned by Anderson & Co, *5 6 TIISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. easily quarried, and the stone can be transported to the banks of the Hudson for three to four cellts per cubic foot. The extent of this rock was not ascertained; but there is an area of at least tell acres, with a mean depth of sixty feet, or 26,136,000 cubic feet, or 068,000 cubic yards of this granitic gneiss, or about 1,000,000 tons. There is o location suitable for quarrying ia this county, about three and a half miles below West Point, and near the Cotton rock. The granite OI* granitic gneiss is of good quality, of n light grey color, and durable. This locality was not esailiiiled closely ; but from the general aspect of the rock, it is believed to be a good- location for a qunrrc. Beautiful light grey granite was seen in abunda~lcefrom one to two and n half miles north-west of Boyd's corners. It is as durab!e as time, and may be procured in any quantity ; but its distance from easy trailsportation by water or railroad will prevent its use at present beyond the neighborhood. It is estimated that seve~almillions of dollars are annually paid out of t!le city of New York, and the towns on the IIudson river, for building stone brought from beyond the limits of the Stats ; while me have within our own boundaries, and near the markets, inexhaustible supplies of equally good quality, which can be quarried, shipped, and hauled at less expense than the stoils we now iilnport from Maine, New- Hampshire, &Iassachusetts, and Connecticut. The granites of the Hudson river must, then, soon be wrougllt and sent to market, and the quarries will become very valuable. GEOLOGY. 57 2. Sienite.-This rock abounds in some parts of Putnan~and Westchester counties. In Westchester county, it approaches in its characters to the "Quincy

" b~railite of Mnssachnsetts, and would probably make n as beautiful and duisabie material for building- as that which is so justly celcl~rated. I11 this county the sienite is geilerally- coarse-grained, of' a reddish color, spotted with blacli crystalline and irregular masses of hornblende. This rock passes into hornblende slate and hornblende gneiss on the one hand, and into hornblende rock on the other. Eo locttlities were seen in this county ivhere this rock would be available for econolnical uses,. except the granitic sienite, which has already been mentioned under the head of' granite, as occurring in Brealineck mountain, and at Stoily point above Cold Spring? The siei~iterock of the HigI"Za72ds is of two kinds. One is a coni-se granitic, aggregate of white or reddish felspar and black hornblende, soinetin~esalso containing epidote and grains of magnetic oxide of iron, like that at the base of Bull-hill, one and a half miles north- north-west of Cold Spring village, on the shore of the Hudson; and at the Target rock, on Constitution island, opposite West Point ; the other is composed

The mountain at tlle north-west corner of Puinam county, is frequently called Antlto,~,p.sA70se an:l Anihon.y7s Face, in consequence of the profile beari:lg a, rude resemblance to the human face, that 1na.y be seen in one position in passing it ; but Break- neck mczci2tui1a is the name by which it is generzlly known. Anthony's Nose mountain is at the soutll\s-est corner of Putnam county, opposite Fort Montgomery. Stony point, above Cold Spring, I propose to call Qzuzrry point, to distinguish it from Stony point in Rockland county, a place of much notoriety in the annals of the Revolution. 58 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. mostly of felspar of a dark greenish or sometimes yellowish and brownish color: with some quartz and hornblende. The latter is black or green, and sometimes passes into that described under the name of hornblende rock, where the hornblende is arranged in stripes through the rock. The felspar in this kind of sienite is occasionally opalescent, but is distinct in characters from that from the north port of the State, and which is seen in boulders and blocks on the slopes of the mountains 'in the Highlands. 3. Gneiss.-Gneiss is the predominant rock in Put- nam, New York, and Westcllester counties. It varies greatly in external aspect and in composition, in different parts of the tract under investigation. Its color is dependent upon the relative abundance of its constituents, which are variously colored in different localities. The felspar is white, reddish, or of a bluish grey ; the mica is black, bron711, yellow, copper- colored, and white ; the quartz is white, grey, or smoky. In some places mica abounds in the rock, and it approaches to mica slate, but more commonly the felspar is most abundant, and gives character to the rock. Much of the gneiss in the Highlands of the counties under consideration is a l~o~ublendicgneiss, in which the mica is wholly or in part replaced by hornblende. A range of granitic gneiss, of a light coloi; passes through Putnam and a part of Westchester county. It extends through Carmel, near Pine pond, by Ma- hopack pond ; thence southwardly, and crosses the turnpike froin Peekskill to Danbury. Another bed extends from Boyd's corners, and crosses the Peeks- kill and Danbury turnpike about five or six miles GEOLOGY. 59 from the former place. These beds are quarried, to a small extent, for use in the vicinity; but they are tco remote from water transport, for quarrying at present for a more distant marliet. It is durable, of a light grey color, easily split from the quarry, and easily dressed. If these strata reach the Hudson river, they are believed to have changed so much in aspect and quality in building stone, as not to have been recognized as the same beds. 4. IlIica Slate.-This rock has a very limited distribution in Putnam county. Where it does occur, it seems to be a modification of gneiss, the mica becoming predominant, while within a short distance the rock resumes its characters of gneiss. No locality 1i7asobserved where there is a prospect of valuable quarries of flagging stone of this kind of rock being opened, near water transport. 5. Augite Rock.-This rock occurs in a great number of localities in Putnam county, and in a few in Westchester county. It is sometimes intermixed with felspar, but more commonly it is either by itself, or mixed with the various minerals that are usually associated with it. It occurs at i~ostof the celebrated mineral localities in the Highlands. It is of all shades of color, from white through grey and green of various shades to black, and from compact through various grades of granular to broad foliated masses, in the forms of fassaite, coccolite, common augite, sahlite, crystallized augite, and diopside. This rock has not been applied to any useful purpose. It is believed that this rock might, with propriety, have been described among the 35etamorphic rocks. It has rarely been found except in connection with 60 HISTORY or: PUTNAM COUNTY. such rocks, and is almost constantly with scapolite, granular limes tone, and hornblende. It general1y also, in Pu-tnam county, has magnesian garnet and plumbago associated. This rock , forms extensive masses between Anthony's Nose and Sugarloaf mountains, along the eastern side of the Hudson, between the shore and the base of the mountains. Between the cc Old silver inine " and the Hudson, about four or five il~ilessouth of West Point, it contains large quantities of crystallized, massive, and granular magnesia11 garnet. The augite is darli green, and sometimes black; containing plates and l~exagonal scales of ?lumbago. This rock scarcely corresponds with augite rock as described in systems of geology, as it does not gei~erallycoi~tain felspar. Most frequently it is an aggregate of augite nnci scapolite, augite and carboilate of lime, or nugite and magnesian garnet, and sometimes augite and mica. A locality of white or rather grey augite, may be examined on the shorc of the Hudson, about opposite Buttermillr-falls, and two miles south-east of West Point, a little above the point froin which Arnold escaped. The augite here forms n heavy bed in aoneiss rock associated with limestone. The augite is crystalline, grey, and coi~tainsscales and hexagonal plates of plumba.go. A vein of mineral that I suppose to be the pyrophyllite, traverses the augite rock. The mineral froin this locality has the aspect of silvery mica, which can be dug out a,t the vein in masses so as to give plates of two or three inches in diameter, in rhombic and hexagonal crystals like mica; but the plates have not so much elasticity as mica, nor so much unctuosity as talc. The plates of this mineral, GEOLOGY. 61 when heated, exfoliate, and spread out like the vermi- culite of Rhode Island, so that a plate of an eighth cif an inch thick before being heated, becomes one-half to one and a half inches thick in the fire, the lamina: a11 separating, but remaining still attached to each other. Another interesting locality of augite rock is on Anthony's Nose mountain, at the White mine." It is here associated with a bed of brown spar, ccntain- ing magnetic oxide of iron and plun~bago. An ore of cerium is supposed to have bee11 observed at th.is place. Iiocks of augite containing scapolite and sphene, were seen i11 many places on the shore of the Hudson, at the southern base of Anthony's Nose mountain, but the localities from which they had fallen in the cliffs above were not traced out. Augite containing sphene, scapolite, and associated with verd- antique, diallage and honlblende, occurs at the base of the cliffs of Bull-hill, near the shore of the Hudson ; but the beds from which they had fallen, althougll some explorations were made, were not seen. The' augite occurs under various forms, as green, yellowish, grey, crystalline, crystallized granular (coccoli te of white, green, grey, yellowish, and red), fibrous; and in acicular crystals. Augite also occurs at Huestis's quarry in Philips- town, as augite, white and green coccolite, diopside, and sahlite. Cold Spring was an interesting locality of augite rock some years ago, but a block of buildings has been raised over the locality where so many beautiful specimens were procured. The augite rock is there associated with gneiss and granite, and contains 6 62 HISTORY OF PVTNAM COUNTY. scapolite and sphene in abundance. The largest and most beautiful crystals of sphene I have ever seen were obtained at this place by Dr. Barratt in 1822,

now of Middletonrn, Connecticut. Augite- is so cornman a rock in Putilam county, that it is unnecessary to multiply localities. 6. Greenstone.-This rock traverses the strata in many places in Putnarn and Westchester counties. In some places it has the aspect of compact trap, like basalt; but more frequently the hornblende predomi- nates and gives its characters to the rock. It tra.v- erses, and is intertruded in sheets and irregular masses among the gneiss and other rmLs, in the same way as granite and sienite ; and many of the masses classed with this rock would be classed with sienite, but for the fineness of the grain, being of about the texture of a sandstone, composed of black hornblende with grains of white and grey felspar. Well characterized dykes of greenstoile of the ba- saltic kind were seen in a few places in this county. One was near the mills* north-east of Huestis's quarry ; and another near the road froin Cold Spring to Davenport's corners, about two and a half miles from the former place. The speckled greenstone in which hornblende prevails, may be seen abundantly in almost every part of' the Highlands of Putnam and Orange counties. Hornblendic Rocks.-This is a convenient repository for those rocks that are not so perfectly characterized as to be included under the preceding heads. Hornblendic rocks form a very considerable proportion of the mass of the Highlands in Putnam, and in * Knapp's Mills. GEOLOGY. 63 fact in Rockland and Orange counties ; but those parts composed of sienite, horilblendic gneiss, hornblende slate, and greenstone, have been described. Perhaps the remainder classed under this head might properly have been described as greenstoae, for they have the geological relations of that rock, being evidently in many instailces an intrusive rock; but very frequently it is almost pure hornblende, and could not, in conforinity wi tll the generally received composition of greenstone, be described as such. Hori~blenderock is abundant in Anthony's Nose mountain, between Anthony's Nose and Royahook. Hornblende forms a constituent of a Ialge share of the rocks of this mountain. Hornblende is also coirrnlon between Anthony's Nose and Sugarloaf mountains. Greenstone, horn- !)lendic gneiss, and hornbleilde rock occur at the northern base of the hill at the laumonite locality," about one hundred to two hundred yards below Phil- ips's mill, one and o quarter miles east-north-east of West l'oint. The hornblende rock is common on Bull-hill, the mountain north of Cold Spring. The horilblendic rocks are constantly associated with the beds of magnetic oxide of iron, which are so nn:nerous in the Highlands.

5 This locality cf laumonite aild stilbitc has been said to he exhausted. It is not. It is a vein of decomposing felspar, two and a half to four feet wide, in which the laumonite and stilbite crystals abound. I had a blast put in the vein in 1820, and obtained an abundance of specimens, showing these small but perfect ‘crystals, in groups, in the cavities of the felspar. Many wagon-loads could probably be obtained. Much of the felspar is dark-colored glassy felspar. 64 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. On the turnpike from Cold Spring to Carmel, the rocks are gneiss and micaceous gi~.ei~s,hornblendic

~3oneiss with beds and veins of granite, greenstone, and hornblende roclr. The gneiss on the eastern declivity of the tnountsin, for some distance from the crest, is hornblendic, and the dip is to the eastward, where it is not vertical. The heavy swell of land, composed in part of talcy slate, east of the limestone that was seen near Bun- nell's'forge, is bounded on the east bj- Horton's pond- and its outlet. Gneiss was frequently seen in place after passing into the valley of the pond ; and on the eastern side of its outlet, the rock had much the aspect and composition of some of the felspathic and sienitic rocks south-cast of Peekslrill, though they had more of a granitic aspect. The rocks at CGZ?Sjj-i)zg landing nre gneiss, liornblei~dicgneiss, aild g:.ani!e. The strata have n north-north-east and south-south- west direction, and the dip is vertical at the south point. Constitulion Island, between Cold Spring and West Point, is composed of gneiss, hol-rlblendic gneiss, granite, and sienite. The stratificatioil is much confused, and some of the rocks have a strike transverse to the usual direction, viz., north-west and south-east. This appears to be on the transverse Zine of disturbance that has been observed farther east-south-east in several places, and on the west-north-west near the cascade, and on the mountail1 farther west. Granite and sienite form the Target rock, a high cliff on the south- west side of the island, and granite forms some of. the points farther north. Hornblendic rocks (gneissoid) form the shore a little north af the Target rock; they GEOLOGY. 65 iie in strata dipping at high angles to the north-east, and some are nearly vertical. Flat rock at Mr. Arden's boat landing, two and a half miles south of West Point, is granite. The geological explorer c2n sczrcely fail of finding numerous localities of granite, gneiss, sienite, greenstone, hornblende rock, augite, limestone, etc., in exploring the shores of the Hudson through the Highlands.

ORES OF TIIE HIGHLANDS. Mag~teticOxide of iron. This ore is confined to the highlands, and abounds in Putnarn county. Several mines are already wrought, and many more are capable of exploration. They form masses in gneiss and horilblendic gneiss rocks, which by casual examillation would be called beds ; but after a careful investigation of the facts, I think they may be called veins. Their course is parallel to the line of bearing of the strata, and they lie parallel to the layers of the rock ; but -by close examination, it is found that in several instances, after continuing- with this parallelism for a certain distance, the ore crosses a stratum of rock, and then resumes Its parallelism ; then crosses obliquely another, and so on. In other places, where a great bed of the ore occurs at some depth, only a few small stripes of ore penetrate through the superincumbent mass to the surface, as if the rocks had been cracked asunder, and these small seams of ore had been forced up from the main mass below. The beds of veins of magnetic iron ore lie either vertical, or dipping to the east-south-east, at an angle corresponding nearly to the dip of the strata. One 6* 66 H~STORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. example only was observed where its dip was to the west-north-tvest, viz., at the Stervart mine. The ore is very variable in quality. In some it is nearly pure magnetic oxide of iron ; in others, it is intermixed more or less with the materials of the contiguous rocks ; in others, it is mingled with pyrites and with other minerals. Tw-o main veins of this ore will bc described under the names of' the Philips's vein and the Simewog vein. Numerou localities are known where this ore occurs, and where it has long been dug in small quantities. They will be mentioned under the head of local details.

LOCAL DETAILS.

A bed of magnetic oxide of iron has been opened- on Breakneck mountain, and several tons taken from it. The extent of the bed is not iii~own,and the ore has not, it is Believed, been smelted. Another bed has been opened on the north-east part of ~onstitutionIsland, opposite the West Point Foun- dry. Another was opened in the middle of the island. The ore occurs disse~nii~atedin granite near the redoubt, above the Target rock on Constitution Island. Magnetic oxide of iron is thickly disseminated in limestone, near Philips's mill, one and a quarter miles east of West Point; and it is found in that stratum of limestone in many places, from the above locality to near half a mile south of the "Cotton rock," to a distance of three miles. It also occurs in the granite rock that is associated with augite and limestone rocks near the "Old silver mine," three-quarters of a mile south-east of Conshook GEOLOGY. 67

island, and oile mile north-eas t of Anthony's Nose rnoun tain. A bed was oyoned inany years ago on Aathony's Nose mountai:~, but it contained much pyrites and cr~stallizedphosphate of lime, both of which injure the ore for the manufacture of iron. The brown spar at the "White mine," about one mile east of the western su~nlnitof Anthony's Nose, contains magnetic oxide of iron disseminated. A locality of magnetic oxide of iron occurs on Mr. Tilly Foster's farm, two and a half miles south-east from Putnam Court-house. The ore forms a large part of a hill about one hundred yards long, ten to forty feet broad, and elevated twenty to thirty feet above the ground adjoining. Some hundreds, perhaps thousallcis of tons of ore call be easily procured at this place, without digging below the level of the hill. Jt is associated with serpentine, with limestone containing brucite or boltonite, and with green mica. The mass of ore is bounded by gneiss on the east ; and serpentitle, limestone, and verd-antique seem to fbrm its western boundary. It was thought that some c7iromated oxide of iron was observed here, but no exanlination has been made to ascertain that poiat. hother ore bed was discovered some years ago about half a mile south-west of the preceding, on laild belonging to the Misses Fowler. Some tons were dug out, but I do not know whether any has been smelted. The ore is here mixed with- . manganesian garnet, augite, and hornblende. The Simezuog aein passes through Simewog hill, and was traced one and a half miles south-south-west on Mr. Jedediah Wood's farm; and it is supposed to 68 111 STORY OF Pt'TNA3I COUNTY. continue still farther south-south-west, as ore has bee11 dug in that direction about one mile south-south-west from Mr. Wood's house. This vein was formerly extensively worked at Simecvog hill, and the mine is called Townsend's inine. This mine was the first known and first worked irm this part of the country. The ore was carted to great distances, and shipped on the North river, to some of the towns on Long Islai~clsound, and various parts of the country. The largest portioil of the ore was carried to Danbury in Connecticut, and was there an article of traffic. It has not been wrought for twenty or thirty years, in consequence of otl-ier beds having been found in more conveilient locations for smelting and transport. Fifty thousand tons of ore, at least, have been taken from this mine, estiinating four tons to the cubic yard ; and one hundred thousand tons inore may probably be taken from the vein in Sime- WO~hill, without going below the level of the small stream which flows across the ore bed. Should it ever be necessary to obtain this ore in quantity (as is probable, from the prospect of the New-York and Albany railroad passing up the valley on the east side of the hill), at least one nlillioil tons may be calculated 011, above the water-level of the Croton river, which flows along the base of the hill, and free from the expense of draiimge, by driving an adit level froin the level of the Croton, a distance of three hundred or four imndred yards to intersect the vein. This vein of ore has also been worked to the extent of several thousand tons, near the road and north of the little stream mentioned above crossii~gthe vein. The vein here is from eight to fourteen feet thick, and nearly GEOLOGY. 69 vertical in position, between strata of gneiss and hornblendic gneiss which dip seventy to eighty-five degrees to the east-south-east. On Simewog hill, one-fourth of a mile south, the vein is from three to twenty feet thick, associated with similar rocks and with granite. It has been wrought on Simewog hill fiom thirty to sixty feet or more in depth, over a, length of three hundred to four hundred yards. It is scarcely doubted, from the observatioils made, that this vein is at least two miles in length, with an average width of six feet. Its depth cannot be estimated, but it is presumed that the labor of ages could not exhaust it in depth, as the bottoms of such veins have never, in any country, been found. In the estimates above, the calculatioil is based upon the vein being wrought down to the water-level

of the adjacent vallev..I This ore bed seems to be a vein, although its strike is the same as that of the strata. In the excavations on Sinlewog or Mine hill, the bed or vein seems to have crossed the strata very irregularly and obliquely, and similar to the vein in the Shawangunk mountain at the Sullivan mine, running between the strata for a certain distance, then crossing obliquely between two other strata, and so on. The Phillips' vein has been traced at short intervals for about eight miles, and is presumed to be continuous through this distance, except where it is interrupted by dykes and transverse heaves of the strata. Many mines have been opened on this vein, and several of them are now worked. The Cold Spring and Patterson turnpike crosses this vein of iron ore near the crest of the mountain, about 70 J1ISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. nine miles from Cold Spring landing. There is an opening near the road, and near this crossing, where some ore has beell dug. Here the ore seems injected in little sheets, veins, and beds, through the gneiss rock, so as to form one-fourth to three-fourths of its mass through a horizontal thickness (as the strata are vertical) of thirty to thirty-five feet. Pyrites abound in a portion of the bed. The ore is easily traced along its course, as it shows itself distinctly along the line of bearing of the strata, dissehinated, and forming black stripes in the rock. Near the house, one or two hundred yards- farther south-south-west, another small opeiling has beell made. One hundred to two hundred yards farther south- south-west on the line of the vein, a larger excavation has been made, and five hundred to eight h~uldred tons of the ore thrown out ; but it is here so much intel-nixed with pyrites as to be unfit for smelting, until the pyrites shall have decomposed. Some hundred yards farther south-south-west 011 the line of the vein, another opening has been made nest the marsh, and it is continued dowil the hill. The ore is here more or less ii~terinixedwith the with a breadth of ten to twenty feet, and the gneiss and horilblendic gneiss roclis associated dip to the east-south-east at an angle of about sixty degrees. Farther down the hill are two mail1 openings, which go by the name of Phillips's mine. The ore in some parts of the upper mine is more or less intermixed with copper pyrites, which injures the quality of the iron. The mine has been wrought badly, timbers being used to prop the overhanging rock, and great masses have crushed in and filled most of the mine. The lower mine, where the whim is placed, has a GEOLOGY. '71 solid rock roof, a part of the ore bed having been left in the top of the hill, while the mine has been worked below. The ore bed is here fifteen to twenty feet wide, and has been wrought thirty to forty feet in depth, over a length of fifty yards, This mine is not worked open to the day like a quarry, but a drift crosses the strata to the mass of ore, and it is worked at and below this level, along the course of the vein under a cover of rock. The ore does not show itself very distinctly in the over-lying rock. The ore here is nearly a pure magnetic oxide of iron, and twenty thousand to thirty thousand tons have probably been taken from these two mines. Other openings have been made along the line of the vein for about a half a inile farther to the south- south-west, and some three thousand to five thousand tons of ore probably removed. The rock in which this part of the vein thus far described is contaiaed, is mostly felspar, with some bluish quartz ; hornblende is also common. The felspar is sometimes pearly in lustre and gray in color, with wrinkled and bent faces? as if it had been soft, and subjected to forces acting in different directions. Other openings along the course of this vein were traced for half or three-quarters of a mile in a south- westerly direction. Hornblende abounds in the rocks associated with the iron ore. The next mine that is worked to any extent on this vein, is the Stewart mine. It is about twelve feet thick of pure ore, and four feet more of lean ore. The former is much used in forges, the latter in the blast furnace. The ore at this mine is purer than that of

anvJ ~thermine I have seen, and is easily worked in the 72 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. forge. It is granular, and ea,sily broken and crumbled into grains about the size of BB shot, and is called by the miners shot ore." The vein lies between strata of felspathic ,gneiss, which dip to the west-north-west about seventy degrees. This mine is on the east side of the mountain crest, and about one hundred to two hundred feet above a marsh, with a steep declivity, - and might easily be wrought to that depth without drainage, by driving an adit level to intersect the vein. Abbut half a mile south-south-west is another opening by the road-side, where some ore has been dug ; but it is lean, and much intermixed with the gneiss rock. About three-fourths of a mile south-south-west of this is the Denny mine. It is about two and a half miles east-north-east of Warren's tavern,* in Philips- town, in a straight line on one of the crests of the eastern ridge of the Highlands. The ore seems to have been injected among the rocks. In some places it forms regular stripes on the surface of the rock, parallel to the line of bearing; in others, there are scarcely any indications on the surface, while extensive masses exist a short distance below. This cap of rock over the ore is frequently called by the miners a rider, and the ore below, the horse. The mine now at work north of the house, is about thirty feet deep; and the vein of solid ore twenty-five feet wide, overlaid by a cap or rider of rock which contains but little ore. Most of the ore is very compact and pure, but some contains hornblende. Much of the felspathic rock contiguous to the vein is injected with thin veins of ore from one-eighth to one inch thick. Two hundred yards south-south-west is another opening, from which * Now owned by Justis Nelson, Esq. GEOLOGY. 73 much ore has been taken. This place has been exca- vated to a depth of sixty feet, and the vein is twenty to thirty feet wide. Twenty thousand to thirty thousand tons of ore at least have been ren~oveci. Con- tiguous to this opening is nnothcr, thirty feet deep to the water, with a sheet of rock five or six feet thick, between two divisions of the vein. The rocks on each side of the vein are more or less injected with thin veins of ore. Frorn examining the locality, many suppose that the ore has been injected into the cracks and crevices of the rock when broken up by some upheave. This ore is deliverable at the Cold Spring furnace,

and at thc wharf at Cold Sprinc,C. for three dollars per . ton; and mined as it is, scarcely any profit can be realized at this price. The quantity mined here is six hundred tons per annum." The Coalgrovc mine is about one or one and a half miles south-south-west of the Denny [nine ; it is gneiss. The vein is narrow at the surface, but at the depth of twelve feat it is four feet wide. - The ore is of excellent quality, very rich, and well adapted for the forge, and will undoubtedly malie an excellent

%- Here holes are dug down in this ore bed or immense vein of iron ore, and water accurnulatcs unless pumped out, or drawn out by a tub and whim. By the present mode of mining, two men, a boy and horse, are requircd to tend the whim for drawing up water and ore ; when if properly worked, the same quantity of ore could easily be wheeled out by one man or boy, or carts could enter the mine and load, and dispense with this kind of labor entirely. A small and short adit level from the hill- side east of the mine, would lay the ore bed dry for a hundred feet or more in depth for a considerable distance, 7 74 EIISTORY OF PUTmAM COUNTY. iron. The distance from this mine to the furnace and Cold spring~anding,is less than from the other mines.' i The Gouverneur mine is a.bout one and s half miles south-south-west of the Coalgrove mine, and four miles east of the Philips's manor house, at the southeast corner of the " water lot." The ore is much intermixed in the rock, but would perhaps work well, mixed with other ores?to flux out the felspar and other minerals. It may probably be purer farther down. It has been opened in several places along the crest of the mountain to a depth from three to twelve feet. The ore is disseminated in the gneiss and granitic rock, through a thickiless of five to twenty feet. The strata are nearly vertical. It is on one of the crests of the eastern ridge of the Highlands, west of Peeksltill hollow. A slight opening has been made about three- fourths of a mile north-north-east of the Gouverneur mine, between that and the Coalgrove mine. The ore is titaniferous, end in lumps, and disseminated in the rock. The vein is six to twelve feet wide. It may perhaps be worked by picking the ore, so as to separate the lumps from the gangue. The mines and openings just described are the principal ones on the Philips vein, but the ore can be found along almost the whole line. It follows the crest of the east ridge of the High- lands a distance of at least eight miles. The breadth of this vein has been mentioned at different places from three to thirty feet wide; its average is probably about twelve feet, and its length, as now known, about fourteen thousand yards. If the mean average * The Kemble mine is a short distance north-north-east of the Coalgrove mine, and on Philips's vein. GEOLOGY. 75 of the vein be supposed to be half its bulk of ore, every cubic yard will contain about two tons of ore, and would yield at least one ton of iron, or each yard in depth would make fifty-six thousaud tons of iron. The vein, Gy proper working, can be rnined to a mean depth of one hundred yards, without expense of drainage more tl~ailthe proper opening of adits. We may place the workable produce of this vein, above the water level of the adjacent valleys, at 5,600,000 toils of iron. The pheilomena of the mines in ma,ny places oil this veil1 induce the idea cf igneous injec- tion, coililected with a pou-erful up-heaving force. The idspar is often pearly, wrinkled, and with bent lamin*. The appearance of hyalite, a mineral usually associated with volcanic and trap rocks ; the apparent il2jectiou in veins among the seams and crevices of the rock ; tlie appearance of the softening of the gneiss and bendingr its layers like a flowine;L slag seem to poiiit to at1 igneous origin of this vein. It often has the appearance of a bed, and at other times of a vein ramifying from a main mass between the strata, and at other times cutting obliquely across them, but still having its out crop parallel to the line of bearing.

The Cold Sprin_rrb furi~ace:~ is the only blast furnace I11 operation in thz couilties of New York, West- chester, and Putnam. It is supplied with magnetic oxide of iron from the Philips mine, the Denny mine in Putnam countv,.l and the Townseild mine in Cant- erbury, and thc 0 hT' lel mine in Warwick, Orange county. These ores are mixed in certain proportions, and flux each other easily with a small addition of the 75 HISTORY OF PUTXBX COUNTY.

Sing Sing limestone. The produce of this furnace is from one thousand to fourteen hundred tons of pig iron per annum. Bunnell's forge* in Philipstown is believed to be the only one ia operation in the counties under consideration. It is supplied with the shot ore of the Stewart mine. Localities of Pent and J2n1-l.-About thirty acres of this alluvion is found near the east side of Lake Mahopnck in the toi~11of Carmel ; five hundred acres near Patterson ; eight acres tn-o miles east-north-east of West Point, in Philipsto~\m; twenty acres near the head of the Su~lklot, eight ~nilcsli.om Cold Spring, on the road to C'armel rillagc; twenty acres on the road from Carmcl village to Pattersoil ; sis acres four rniles south-east of Pecks\-illc ; tn-enty acres in Phil- ipstowil, east of Stcv-art's iron minc ; tell :icrc:; iri

Philipstown, haIE s mile south of tho inst-m-77,L.l;onzi * locality ; fifty ncrcs in Philipsto~~n,near Da;-enport's corners, five miles ilortll-cast of Cold Spring ; and twenty acres in Philipsto~rn,in the south-east part, near the 11011. Abrallail~a~d Saxton Smith's. Peat is probably nbundan t in the nlcadotvs near Constitu- tion Island, though it has ilot been particularly examined. The mud-flats near Consiitution Island, are all increasing slo:vly, and from a variety of causes, such as vegetable decompositions, the silt and mud depos- ited from the water, and the growth and decay of molluscous and other animals. They have increased more rapidly during the last twenty years than before, in consequence of the greater amount of cultivated land causing a greater amount of earthy materials to * Discontinued. be transported by the rains and surface waters into the Hudson. These flats will eventually become meadows, but the time may bt: far distant. The flats along the right bank of the IIudsoo, opposite West Point, both below Gee's point and near Camptown, have grow11 seilsibly morc shallow within the last fifteen years. The sane may be said of the flats between Constitutioi~is1 and and Gouverneur's landing, opposite West Point, and between Constitution Island and Cold Spring.*

This county mas pa.tentch in 1697, by Addph Phil- ips, a merchant then residing in the city of New York.

As shown by the Patent, it included " Pollepells Island," and contained more laud than is now embraced by this county. Adolph Philips, or Philipse, as it was formerly 1~71-itten,was a bachelor, and an uncle to Capt. Fredericli l'hilips, deceased ; and great uncle to Mrs. Mary Gaul-erneur, of IIighland Grange, Philipstown. I'revious to this time, a brother or cousiil to Adolph rcceived a. patent for a tract of land

" In 1822, sloops used to come in at the Foundry dock, about half-way between Cold Spring and the West Point foundry, to take in their freight of cannon and other castings ; but the water has become so s11oal that for some years past it has not been possible, and they-* now load at Cold Spring. I 78 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. in Westchester county, " originally comprising not less than 20 iniles square, boundcd West by the Hud- son, and lying SOU^!^ of tllc n~outhof the Croton." This pntcnt was granted to Frederick Philips, in 1680. UTe at first nlade an attempt to trace back the genealogy of this Family ; but, having bee11 informed that an analysis of'that mnttcr u~ouldbe given shortly in a work on Westchester county, we ceascd our inquiry, expecting to see it moi-e fully portrayed than our means of information would enable us to givc. Besides. it was more proper that it should appcar in a worli on West- chester, as the elder branch of the family first settled there. This patent in Dutchess County, covering nearly the whole of the Highlands, was inherited br the -father of Capt. Frederick I'hilips, who left three children, one son and two daugl~ters,viz. : Frederick; Mary, who married Roger Morris, a innjor in the British army ; and the wife of Col. Beverly IXobiiisoil, also of that army, whose Christian name is unlino:~.~nto us. The land embraced by this patent was twenty miles in length and twelve in breadth, and divided into three parts and nir.e lots ; each child receiving one-third part, or three lots of the patrimoiliul estate. They were called, by way of distinguishing them fiom one another, ist, the River or Water lots; 2d, the Long lots ; 3d, the Baclr Short lots. The Water lots were bounded uTest by the I-Iudson, and were four miles square ; the Long lots twelve miles in length from north to south, and four miles in breadth fiom east to west ; the Short lots on the Conilecticut line wore the same size as the River lots-four lltiles square. Those lots acquired by Col. Robinson and Major Morris, by THE PATEST. 79 marriage \with the two sisters of Capt. Frederick Phil- ips, the father of Mrs. IYlary Gour~eraeur,were co~fis- cated by -the lcgic!at:i:-c ; b~tthe reversionary interest was not arected thereby, which the late John Jacob Astor purchased of tho heirs subsequently for $100,000; and for which, ten years afterwards, he received from the State of New- Yolk $jDO,OL!O, in State Stock at sir per cent. rI l he following dingmm shows thc aumbel; size, and form of these lots, and to which of the heirs they belonged. There is also a long, narrow strip of land, now the subject of iitigation, which we have not desig- nated in the diagrarn, between the north line of Put- nam, as it now runs, and Rumbout's and Beelrman's patents, claimed bvd the heirs at law of the original patentee. 80 HISTORY OF PUTS-431 COUNTY.

Hudson River. I Col. Kobiuson's I Ci!pt. Frederick Major 3Iorris.s- water lot, 4 Philips'swater water lot, 4 miles square. lot, 4 milcs sq. / miles square. 1 / ! .------I I I

It c-w ' E 1915 Col. Robinson's long lot, 12 miles long, 4 milcs wide. I ,". i % ' -.e 10" z0 tr Cr r-j G tl I u I 0 0 Y Major Morris's long lot, 12 miles long, 4 miles wide. 4 (0 5 1 0 (D CA e 0 I '3

.- 4 miles wide. w z(3 It I g

P i I / & 'e 3lajor hlurris's Capt. Frederick Col. Robinson's 13- I iz back lot, 4 Philip's bzek back lot, 4 -et miles square. lot, 4 miles sq niiles square.

------I I Conncc t,icut line.

LL Rec,orded for Mr. Adolph Philips- LL William the third by tlie grace of God I

-2 , 4 C4

+, "' 82 HISTORY OF PUTNL~~ICOUNTY.

Rocks Quarreys Marshes Swamps Rivers Runs Rivoletts 'Waters Watercourses Pools Ponds Lakes fountains Streams Meadows fresh and salt Blincs Minerals (Silver and Gold Mines Excepted) fishing fouling hunting and hawking and all other Royaltyes Rights Members Benefits I'roftes Advantages Commodityes l'riviledges Ilereditainents and Appurtenances whntsocver unto the aforereciter1 Certrtirlc Tract of Land and Island within the limites and Bounds aforesaid belonging or in anyes Apycrtnining To have and to hold all the aforecited Cer- taine Tract of Land ancl Island within the Limites and Bounds aforesaid togcilier with all and Singular the \bT003s Under- woods .Trees Timber Hills hlountzins Valleys Rocks Quar- ryes 31arshes Swamps Rivers Run~isRivolctts lV-,ters VTater- courses Pools Ponds Lakes fountains Streams BIeado~vsfresh and salt Mines Jlinerals (Silver and Gold Minee Excepted) fishing fowling hunting and hawking and all other Royaltyes Rights Members bencfits Profiies Advantages Commodityes Pririledges 13ereditalnents anif Bpl)urtenances ~~hatsoercr unto the aforecited Certaine Tract of Land nnil Island u-iiilin the Limites and Gounds aforesaid bclongi:lg or in o11y wayes Appe~tninii~gunto the said Adolph Philips his I-Ieirs and Assignee to the sole and only Propper use bencfite and behoofc of' him the mid Adolph Philiys his Heirs and Assignes foreyer To be holden of us our Heirs and Successonrs in fiee and Comnzon Soccage ;is of our Man- nour of East Green~riclrin our County of Kent \-;ithi11 our Realme of England Yielding Eellifering al~dPaying therdore Yearly and every Year unto us onr EIeirs and Socceesonrs for- ever at our City of New Yorlie on the feast Day of the Annun- ciation of our blessed Yirgin Mary the yearly Gent of twenty Shillings Currant money of our said Province in Licw and Stezd of all other Rents Services Dues Dutyes and Demands whatsoever for the said Tract of Land Island and Preniiscs " In Testimony- whercof we haw Caused the Great Seal of o:tr said Province to be hereunto affixed JVit~esseour Trusty and welbeloverl Benjamin Fletcher our said Captaine General1 and Governour in Chiefe of our Proviiice of New Yorke and Terri- toryes Depending thereon in America and Vice Admiral1 of the same our Lew :t and Commander in Chicfe of the Militia and of $1 the forces by Sea and Land within our Collony of Connecti- ROADS AND TURNPIKES. 83

6 and of all the forces and Places of Strength within the same cut in Council1 at our ffort in New Yorke the seventeenth day of June in the ninth Year of our Reigne Annoy Dom 1697- Ben ffletcher by his Esceilencys Command '' DAVIDJAMISON ':D. Secry " I do hereby Certify the foregoing to be s true Copy of the Original Record Part of the \~-ordunto being interlined between

the 26th and 27 lines of pageCI 119 Compared therewith By Me LEWISA. SCOTTSecretary."

ROADS AKD T.UXiYPII

were, like angel's visits, " few and far between." We incline, however, to the belief, that it was owing to a palsied arm. In all extracts fro~nthe early records, either. county or town, we, to use n lawyer's phrase, a stick to the recold" literally ; adhering to the spelling and punctuation as it appears in the books, without addition, correction, or diminution of '; one jot or tittle." The first entry on the record is as follows : Whereas by an Act of Gencrall assembly Passcd in the Eleventh Year of his now Biajestics Reign Entitled an act for the better clcoring and further laying out public high Roads in Dutchess County : by Virtue of thc same, \Ye Francis Nelson and David IIustis being ti\-o of the Commissioners for laying out Roads in the South precinct in said county appointed have at the request of divers of the inhabitants laid out and ascertained the following public hig Ways or Road as follow viz, Beginning att Thomas Cercomes house from thcnce by marked Trees to - Epram Forgeson On Courtlandt's &lanor, "Another Road Beginning at the farm of Eli Nellson from thence by rnarkecl Trees to Nathan Lane's on the line of Court- landt, thence down the line to the shrub plain-also one Road Beginning at the West Branch of Croton River at a Bridge- from thence by marked Trees down to Joseph Travers is-then running down the Dwivision Line through the still water to said Forgesons-One other road beginning at the deep brook or Roge Rill-from thence by marked Trees through pussapsnun -thence to Daton's Hills ; also One other Road Beginning at Hendrick Brewer's at pussapanun by marked Trees to Datonls Hills; One other Road Beginning at Sibet Cronkhyt at ye Indian Road Beginning at Joseph jay cocks-from thence by marked ROADS AND TURNPIKES. 85

Trees to the King's Road at Joseph Areles ; one other Road Be+ ginning below Pussattanun at Joseph Cronkhydt house by marked Trees to Datons Mill Performed by us said Commis- sioners the Twenty-eighth day of April in the Serenteenth year of his Majesties Reign Anno que Domini 1744. his 4L Dutchess ss "DAVID X HUSTIS mark " FRANCIS NELSON '$ A true Copy Examined bc by HENRYLIVINGSTON Clerk" We remark-in order to show in which of the present towns of the county those persons 'esided, at whose houses the above-described roads commenced, and to determine the other points on their route, as far as we have been informed by old persons-that cc Ep ram Forgeson" and '; Thomas Cercome" lived in the now town of Carmel. " Eli Nellson" lived where Charles Smith now does, in Putnam Valley, and " Na- than Lane," where Robert Austin resides in the same town. The "shrub plain" is now called Hyatt's plain, and is about one mile below the Westchester line. "Abrige," as mentioned in the entry, we have been informed, is now called Pine's Bridge. Joseph Taveersis" lived a little west of the "bridge." The lCstill water" was about six miles east of Peekskill. Daton's Mills" are now known as Courtlandt7s. and are about one mile east of Annsville. Sibet Cronk- hyt" lived between Annsville and St. Anthony's Nose

mountain. " Joseph Jaycocks" lived near Annsville ; and cc Joseph Areles" lived where Reuben Turner does at present, a short distance north-west of Conti- nental Village. In 1745, three new commissioners were appointed to lay out highways, two of whom seem only to have 8 86 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

acted as such. They were ci Adolph Phillips, Thoma Davenport, and James Dickinson ;" the first did not 'act. The descriptions or bounds of those first recorded by the clerk of the county are as follows:

LL Whereas Adolph Phillips Esq. Capt Thomas Deavenport and James Dickinson Junr ; are appointed Commissioners of ye high ways of ye South precinct of Dutchess County. We whose Names are here under subscribed being TM-oof ye Commission- ers afforewid have laid out ye high Ways, as is hereafter Mentioned-A high IVay Beginning at the Devition line between Esqr. Philips pattain and Collonel Beekmans precinct near ye east part of ye precinct where ye : path is now Used so by marked Trees and Stakes threw J-e precinct To Courtland Pattain ; then a high Way from James Dickinson by Marked Trees to Courtland pattain ; a high Way from James Dickinson by marked Trees to Rigfield new purchase, a high Way beginning at ye Devition of ye, Two countys near by Elihu Town- sends at a White Oak Tree on ye East Side of ye high way from thence to a white oak Tree-then to Elihu Townsend fence to his Corner as ye fence now stands then with ye, Middle line of ye Oblong untill it meets with Danbery high way by marked Trees from thence by marked Trees Over Joes Hill so called untill it meets with ye high way that comes from Wostershere so called; A high way Beginning at j-e Bridge by John Dick- inson so by marked Trees untill to Crane Mills from thence by marked Trees and Stakes to ye bridge by Jeremiah Calkins-A high way from Crane Mills by Marked To Rigfield New purchase-a high Way Beginning at Edward Grays so by Marked to ye Meeling house-from thence to ye West Branch of Croton by Marked Trees Meeting with ye high\\-ay that has been all- ready laid out near by Hambline, a highway from Shaws by Marked Trees To Frost Mills from thence to Sprages, A High Way from ye Bridge by John Dickinson so by marked Trees to the Meeting house from thence by Marked Trees To Elijah Tomkins. A high Way Begiilning Kear by Taylors so by marked Trees Until1 it meets with ye high way that comes over ye Great Swamp by William herns, A high Way by Marked ~reesfrom William herns on ye North Side of ye Barr Swamp ROADS AND TURNPIKES. 87 so called Until1 it meets with Madam Britts Line A high Way by marked Trees from Madam Britts Line to the Horse pound so called from thence to Shaws and from ye horse pound To Croton River by Marked, A high Way beginning at Joseph Lees by Marked Trees to UTostershere high Way, A high Way from Sam71 Fields farme to ye high Way that leads to Danbery, A high Way from James Dickinson farme to ye high Way that leads to Courtland Line, A high Way from James Padocks To Conneettecut Line by Marked Trees A high Way Beginning at Capt. Balls possettion by Connectecut Line by marked Trees, A high Way beging at ye high Way near by Brundedges so by Marked Trees to William Bloomers-Give Under Our hands this tenth of &'lay 1745

JAMESDICK~XSO,~, Jun'r. " Dutchess County ss : A True Copy Era.mined " By KENRYLIVINGSTON, Clerk." &' August 23 : 1745 .:' "Crane Mills," of which mention is made in the above entry, were about half a mile from Sodom Corners, and on the north side of Joe's Hill, in the town of South-East . The cG Horse Pound" was about three miles north of Carmel village, on the road leading from It to Stormville. The Horse Pond is on the same road, and the " pound" was immediately north of it. '' Shaw's" residence was in the town of Carmel, just north of the beautiful sheet of water that bears his name. a

LL April ye 20 day 1747 : A highway Laid out Beginning at ,4braham Smiths to by Marked Trees to the highway that Leads from Kirkun Mills to ye peakskills four Rods wide.

LL A highway laid out Beginning at James Mairude So by Mark- ed Trees to ye highway that leads from Kirkuns Mills to the peekkills four rods. " A highway Laid out Beginning at a former Highway Near Ele 88 HISTORY OF PUTPSAM COUNTY.

Nelson so by Marked trees to the former highway in peeckkas hollow four rods wide. "A highway Laid out Beginning Near Mickell $haw so by Marked Trees to the highway by Mathees Roes from thence by Marked Trees threw Mr hill farme to Kirkuns Mills four rods wide. "A highway laid out beginning at Kirkuns mills so by Marked Trees to ye highway formerly Laid out that leads to the Peackkills four Rods wide.

4L A highway laid out Beginning Near Benjamin Brundeges so by Marrked trees to Josia Gregory four Rods wide.

" Dutchess ss : A True Copy examined August 19-1748. By Henry Livng- DrCglNsoN ston Clerk. 1

At this period of the settlement of the county, there appears to have been but few roads, and they were scarcely worked. A journey, therefore, to Pough- - keepsie, by the Commissioners, was something more of an undertaking than at the present day. Some half-a-dozen or more roads were laid out before the Commissioners, or one of them carried a description of them to the County Clerk to be recorded. This accounts for their entry under one date. The next entry is as follows :

LL March ye 20 day 3746-7. A higway Laid out beginning at Kerkuns Mill so by Marked trees to peeks kill hollow from thence to Abraharn Smith from thence to the highway that Leads Kirkun Mill to ye peeks Kill four rods wide. "A highway Laid out beginning at Kirkuns Mill by marked trees to ye Highway to Eastward of Benjamin Brundages four Rods wide A Highway Laid out beginning at ye peeks Kill Road so by marked trees to Josia grigory four Rods wide. - ROADS AND TURNPIKES. 89

"A Highway Laid out beginning at James Moreds to the peek Kill highu-ay four Rods wide. LL Laid out by US Commissioners of ye Highways. "Dutchess ss : A True Copy Examined By Henry Livingston Clerk April 8 1748-9. 1 DMKIRSON The descendants of those persons mentioned in the above-described roads, with those that follow, can better locate these early roads, from their knowledge- of the places mentioned, than we. The next entry is as follows :

" November ye 11 day 1748. A Highway laid out from Capt : Wright Sawmill by marked trees to ye peac pond or to West- chester County Line four Rods wide c; A I-Iighwny Laid out from Curhelus fullers by marked trees Until it meets with the Road that Leads from ye Long bridge to Dan ;1 Grays four Rods wide A Highway Laid out from James Dickinson unto Court Lands maner by marked trees four rods wide T.aid out by us Commis- sioners of the Highways ': A Highway laid out by marked Trees beginning at Croton River near James Dickinson from thence to ye high way by Latharns four rods wide Dutchess : THOMASDAVENPORT JAMESDICKINSON. &;Atrue copy examined bj- Henry Livingston Clerk Feb : 8: 1748-9-"

"S7hereas ye Inhabitants on ye South Precinct in Dutchese County in the province of New-York Did Request Several1 High- ways TO be Laid out wee ye Said Commissioners have laid out Several Higliways as follo\vs fiirst Begining near James Dicken- son, from Thence by Marked Trees To Courtland Maner by Nathan Balys four Rods wide L'Then one more High Way Beginning by whare Doctor &I- kins Useil to live froa Th~nceby Marked Trees To ye Oblong- s" 90 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Thence Between Nathaniel Stevenson and Philips pattain To Beekmans precinct four Rods Wide. One more highway Begin. ning near More Houseis Mill by marked Trees to ye Old High Way and ye : Old High way by Greenes House Stopt up four Rods wide. more High Way Beginning near by Joseph Cranes from thence by marked Trees into ye High Way by Saml: Jones four Rods.

LL One more Highway Beginning at the South End of Nathaniel Stevensons Land from Thence East-ward in Between Stevensons Land Joshua Burns Land four Rods Wide to ye Middle of the Oblong "Laid out by us THOMASDAVENPORT JAMESDICKINSON Commissioners of the l9igh~ay.s.~

cL Whareas ye Inhabitants on Phillips pattain have Requested A Highway to by laid Out from Timothy Shaws to ye Fish Kills Through ye Mountains or over ye Mountains Which We have Done Beginning at Timothy Shaws Aforesaid four Rods wide by Marked Trees to the Fish Kills as aforesaid by us Commission- ers of the Highways for ye south precinct of Dutchess County. THOMASDAVEXPORT JAMESDICKINSON Commissioners of the High Ways

L( Dutchess ss: The above are True Copys Examined by Hen- ry Livingston Clerk June 5 : 1752-:'

A High Way Laid out Begining at Jonathan Lanes House from Thence by Marked Trees to Elezer Umans Mill four Rods Wide, A High Way Begining at Timothy Shaws from Thence Over ye Mountains To the fish Kills by Marked Trees four Rods Wide Laid out by us Commissioners of ye highwas of ye South precinct in Dutchess County June ye, 7th : day 1751- - THOMASDAVENPORT " JAMESDICKINSON " Dutchess : A True Copy Entred January 8 : 1775 "By -BY LIVINGSTONClerk3'-- ROADS AND TURRPIKES. 91

"November ye : 10 day 1752 South precinct of Dutchess County A high Way Laid out from Amos Dickinson to Jere- miah Jones by Marked Trees 4 Rods Wide One more Begin- ning at ye Horse pound from thence to Amos fullers 4 Rods Wide by Marked Trees, One More Begining at John Dicken- sons Mill from thence to ye : high Way that Leads to the Meet- ing house 4 Rods Wide " THOMASDAVENPORT (c JAMESDICKINSON '' Comistioners of the high Ways- lLDutcl~ess: A True Copy Recorded January 8 1755 By HENRYLIVIKGSTON Clerkn

"October ye 11 : day 1754 South precinct of Dutchess County, A high Way Laid out Beginning at ye Bridg Near Edward Halls Mill on ye : Oblong from thence by John Kyder door to a Stake in said Ryders Meado~vfrom thence between James Anderson Land and said Ryders Land as far as is Con- venant for a high Way to be made from thence as near to Rattle Snake hill as is Convenant for a high Way to be made from thence to the highway that Leads across Joes Hill so called Two Rods Wide Throughout One more beginning at the high Way that Leads to Roberts paddricks on the Top of the hill in John Jones Possestion from thence by Marked Trees to Jacob Finch Bridg from thence by James Quimby And from thence to Thomas Frost 4 Rods Wide One more Beginning on ye West Side of Quimbe farm at ye highway from thence between John Frost And James Quimbe farms And from thence to Thomas Townsend And from thence to the Bridg by Jeremiah Baleys 4 Rods Wide One more Beginning near Nehemiah Woods at ye : high Way from thence to Nathaniel Byingtons Bridg four Rods Wide "One more Beginning at Thomas Higins from Thence a Crost ye: hills to Daley Brook so called 4 Rods Wide by marked Trees One more Begining at Anthony Batterson House from thence along ye : Collony Line to ye : highway that leads to Danbury. 2 Rods Wide One more Beginning at ye foot of the hill near ye : peach pond from thence by Marked Trees and Bushes and Stakes and 92 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Stones to West Chester Line four Rods wide Throughout One more Begining at ye : foot of a hill in Mathew Burgis Land by Marked to ye : Top of hill in to ye : Old highway Again 4 Rods Wide Laid out by us 'LTHOMAS DAVENPORT LL JAMESDICKINSON " Commistioneers of the High Ways

'& Dutchess : A True Copy Recorded January : 8 : 1755 By " HENRYLIVINGSTON Clerk:?

REVOLUTION-4RT LETTERS, &c.

(Letter from Col. Ludington, Elijah Townsend, and others.)

" Dutchess County, 311 December, 1776. Gentn.-Nothing but the strongrest necessity could induce us to trouble you with an application of so estraordinary a nature ; but if me are esteemed worthy your confidence as friends to our struggling country, our sincerity will apologize for what in common cases might appear indecent. Our invaded State has not only been an object of the special designs of oar common enemy, but obnoxious to the wicked, mercenary intrigues of a number of engrossing jockies, who have drained this part of the State of the article of bread to that degree, that \re have reason to fear there is not enough left for the support of the inhabitants. We have for some months past heard of one EIelmes who has been purchasing wheat and flour in these psrts for seven1 months, wit11 which the well affected are universally dissuited. This man with us is of doubtful character, his conversations are of the disaffected sort entirely. He has now moving from Fish- kill toward Newark vetbinlr not less than one lirlndred barrels of flour, for which he says he has your permit, the which we have not seen. However, we have, at the universal call of the people, conclu2el to stop the flour and Helmes himself, ~llitil REVOLUTIONARY LETTERS, ETC. 93

this express may return. We ourselves think from the conduct of this man that his designs are bad. "We have the honour to be, your humble servts. " HENRYLUDINGTON, "JOSEPHCRANE, Junr. JONATHANPADDOCK, " ELIJAHTOWNSEND."

LL To the Honourable the Council of Safety for the State of New York.:' " Fredericksburgh Committee. March 15th, 1776. Whereas Isaac Bates has been represented to this committee as being unfriendly to our country, we have had him under examination and find him guilty of said charge. We, therefore, refer him to the Honourable county committee for further examination." ci Fredericksburgh, March 15th, 1775. "Isaac Bates, upon being taken up as a deserter, by an ad- vertisement from Elijah Oakley, Lieutenant under Captain Com- fort Ludington, of Colo. Jacobus Swartv-out's rl giment of minute men, pleads and says that said Lieut. Oakley did release him, in support of which plea he produced the evidences, whose depositions are as follou7s: LLI,Abraham Birdsil, of lawful age, being sworn before the chairman of the committee, do testify and say that on the 5th of this instant March, being at the house of Cornelius Fuller, I heard Elijah Oakley say he would give any man two shillings that would set his name to such a paper. Whereupon Isaac Bates said he would set his name to it; and the said Oakley said he would give him four shillings if he would ; and finally said as he could not make change he would give him a six shil- ling bill, lawful money. And as Bates took the pen Oakley says if you do write your name there you shall go, and Bates said I mean to go, and wrote on the bottom of the paper as I supposed his name, but I understand by others (for I cannot read writing) that he wrote Elijah Oakley may kiss my - Isaac Bates ; at which Oakley was mad and swore he should go. Whereupon Bates says why you are not mad are you, I was 94 HISTORY OF PUTNASI COUNTY.

only in a joke. Jokeor no joke said Oakley, you shall go But afterwards I saw Bates give Oakley the bill again, and saw Oakley tear off a piece of paper which I suppose mas what Bates had written, and I understood by Oakley that he had discharged him. Whereupon I said to Bates, since Oakley is so fair with you, you ought to treat him, and he immediately called grog and did treat him." "I, John Chase, of lawful age, being sworn before the chairman of the committee, do testify to the whole of the foregoing deposition ; and further that when Oakley took the bill he said he would see if it mas the same bill which he gave Bates, and went tb the light and said it was the same bill which I gave you. Now (said I to Mr. Oakley) you and Isaac are clear, are you not ?: Yes, said Mr. Oakley we are clear, it was only a joke." ti We do suspect the above mentioned Elijah Oakley as being unfriendly to the country, from his conduct in enlisting Isaac Bates who was known to be a professed tory, and taking him out of our hands \vhe~-lwe were about to deal with him, and then discharged him, but at the same time positively affirmed to US that he would make him go, and finally did advertise him, when he never kept out of his way. Lt By order of the Committee of Fredericksburgh,

LL DXVIDSMITH, Chairman ." " March 16th, 1776.

';4 ho. 6 m. March 28th) 1776.

" The Committee met pursuant to adjournment. " Present-Mr. Wm. Paulding, Chairman. '& Mr. Cuyper-Orange. ' Mr. Moore -Try on. " Mr. Everson, Colo. Morris Graham-For Dutchess. Mr. Lefferts-Kings. Wm. Williams-Cumberland. " Mr. Tredwell-For Suffolk. Mr. Paulding-For Westchester. Mr. Ad. Bancker-Richmond. cb A return for a great number of Commissions from Frede- ricksburgh, in Dutchess County, for the militia officers in that REVOLUTIONARY LETTERS, ETC. 95

district, was read and filed, and is in the words following, to wit : Fredericksburgh in Dutcliess County, March 15th, 1776. ;' Pursuant to a resolve of the Provincial Congress of New York, passed the 9th of August, 1775, the Committee proceeded to call together the several companies of militia in this precinct, for a choice of officers, as follo\vs : "Beat No. 1. Friday March 8th, the company did meet, and under the inspection of Joshua Myrick, Daniel Mertine, and David Myrick, three of the committee, did choose Ebenezer Robinson, Capt. ; Nathaniel Scribner, 1st Lieut. ; Hezekiah Mead, Junr. 2d lieut. ; Obadiah Chase, Ensign. "Beat No. 2. Monday March llth, the company met, and under the inspection of David Waterbury and Moses Richards, two of the Committee, did elect David Waterbury, Capt. ; Isaac Townsend, 1st lieut. ; Jonathan Webb, 2d lieut. ; Timothy Dela van, Ensign. 'LBeat No. 3.-September, ZOth, 1775; the company met, and under the inspection of Jonathan Paddock, Simeon Tryon, Dal-id Crosby, three of the Committee, made choice of Jonathan Paddock, Capt. ; Jeremiah Burges, 2d lieut. ; Joseph Dykeman, Ensign.-N. B. Simeon Trpon is since appointed a lieutenant in the Continental Army. LL Beat No. 4.-Tuesday, March 12th, the company of -- - met, and under the inspection of Solomon HopBins, David Myrick, and David Smith, did elect John Crane, Capt.; Elijah Townsend, 1st lieut. ; David Smith, 2d lieut. ; and John Berry, Ensign. " Beat No. 5.-NTednesday, March 13th, the company met and under the inspection of Solomoll Hopkins and Joshua My rick, two of the Committee, did elect Wiiliam Coin-ell, Capt. ; Joel Mead, 1st lieut. ; Stephen Ludinton, 2d lieut. ; and David Porter, Ensign. " Beat No. 6.-Thursday, March 14th, the company met, and under the inspection of Isaac Chapman and Joshua Crosbq-, two of the Committee, did choose David Hecock, Capt. ; William Calkin, 1st lieut. ; and Moses Sage, ensign. "The above gentlemen are all persons of respectable charac- 96 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. ters, have been friendly to liberty, and have signed the general association recommended by the Congress. "By order of the Committee, " DAVIDSMITH, Chairman, pro tempore. 4 (LA true cop!-, Test. " JOSHUAMYRICK, Clerk.

'L N. B. Increas Bennet afterwards refused to serve as lieutenant."

(( Die Sabbati, 9 ho. A. M. ('July 20th) 1776.

tb The convention met pursuant to adjournment. Opened with prayer. "A letter from Col. Henry Ludenton, of Dutchess County, dated the 19th instant, was read and filed. He thereby informs that there are many vacancies of Captains and subalterns in his regiment, besides, that the offices of 1st and 2d major are also vacant. He recommends, with the advice of the precinct committee, Mr. Robinson and Mr. ~eefor majors, and requests 20 blank commissions by the bearer, who says part of the regiment is to march to-morrow, and that they have delayed for commissions. &(Onreading the said letter from Col. Ludenton, of Dutchess County, and considering the state of his regiment at this critical time, Resolved, That commissions be issued to the two gentlemen therein named, as majors of that regiment, in the order they are named in the said letter, and that twenty other commissions be signed by the President, and countersigned by one of the Secreta~ies,and transmitted to Colo. Ludenton, to be filled up for the Captains and subalterns of his regiment, when necessary, by the precinct committee and himself; and that the said precinct committee and Colonel Ludenton do return to this Con- vention an exact list of the names, rank and dates of the officers, commissions which they shall fill up and deliver. And Re- solved, That the sending blank eommissions to a precinct committee shall not, from this instance, be drawn into precedent. ''A draft of a letter to Colo. Ludenton, was read and approved, and is in the following, to wit: " SIR-Agreeable to your request in your letter of yesterday, REVOLUTIONARY LETTERS, ETC. 97 we now send you 20 blank commissions to ,be filled up by you, in conjunction with the committee of the precinct, for the captains and subalterns wanted in your regiment; and have like wise enclosed two commissions, appointing Mr. Robinson and Mr. Gee majors. As the Congress were not informed of Mr. Gee's christian name, you, together with the Committee of the precinct are requested to insert it. '' By order. " To Colo. Henry Ludenton."

l' Die Veneris, 10 ho. A. M. Novr. 221, 1776. '&Thecommittee of Safety met pursuant to adjournment. Mr. William Duer informed the Committee that large quan tities of hay and corn were purchased by the Quarter Master- General for the use of the Continental army in the eastern parte of this county and the western parts of Connecticut, and that ii ~vouldbe hardly practicable to convey the same to the army unless the roads leading from the Oblong and Freierickburg towards Rezels Bridge and North Castle were better repaired; he therefore, in behalf of Gen. MiWin, ~uarter- aster-~enerdT of the Continental army, prayed that this House would deviee I ways and means of facilitating the above mentioned communica-. $ tion, not doubting but so necessary an expenditure would be cheerfully reimbursed from the Continental Treasury. taking the application of Mr. Duer into consideratio; Resolved, That it will be necessary to repair the following roab in order to facilitate the cartage of forage to the Continental army; from the house of John Miller towards the house of ~ol:! onel Henry Luddington, thence to Samuel UTashburn's7being eight miles; the road which runs east from Colonel Henry Lu# dington7sto the store of Malcolm Morrison, and thence south td the mills of Samuel Washburn, being twelve miles. ,T LLResolved,That Colonel Luddington detach from his reg$ ment one hundred men for the purpose of repairing that part of the road which is first mentioned, being in distance 8 miles. d Resolved, That Capt. H. Meade be appointed superintendent for repairing the above roads. U c1Resolved7That Colonel Field detach one hundred men fro& his regiment of militia for the purpose of repairing that part &f 9 98 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. the road which is last mentioned in the first resolution, being in distance 12 miles. bLResolved,That Capt. David Heacock be appointed superintendent for repairing the said road."

'(A letter from the Committee of Dutchess County, was read as follows, viz : tLD~t~hessCounty, May 6th 1776. a Sir-It having been represented to the general committee of this county, that the southern regiment of militia was too large and extensive, containing twelve companies, and covering a space of country upwards of thirty miles in length, we have therefore, not only because in other respects it was expedient, but also in compliance with the resolution of Congress prohibit- ing a regiment to consist of more than ten companies, divided it, and 5stead of one have formed the militia in that quarter into two regiments. Enclosed you have the description of the regiments, together with a list of persons nominated for field officers. As this part of our militia will remain unregimented till the officers receive their commissions, we must request that the commissions be made out as soon as possible, and sent to the Com- mittee in Rumbout's precinct, with directions to forward them to the officers immediately. L'I remain, (by order of the committee,) your very humble servant. EGBERTBENSON, Chairman."

Lt The description of the two regiments, enclosed in the letter from the committee of Dutchess, was read as follows : '' One regiment, to consist of all the militia in Pauling7s precinct, (except the northern company,) all the militia in Southeast precinct, and the militia on the northern and middle short lots, in Fredericksburgh precinct, in the county of Dutches. John Field, Colonel; Andrew Morehouse, lieut. Col. ; Jonathan Pad- dock, 1st Major; Isaac Tallman, 2d major; Isaac Crane, adju- ',.&nt ; Reuben Crosby, quarter-master. "The other regiment to consist of all the militia in Fredericks- "'burgh precinct, (except the northern and middle short lots,) and all the militia in Phelps precinct, (this should have been written : 'Philips precinct,') in the county of Dutchess. Moses Dusen- . . THE OBLONG. 99

berry, Colonel; Henry Luddington, lieut. Col. ; Reuben Ferris, 1st major ; Joshua Nelson, 2d major ; Joshua Myrick, adjutant; -. Solomon Hopkins, quarter-master-"

THE OBLONG-

This is a tract of land one and three-fourths of a mile in width, commencing in the town of Rye, in West- chester county, and running north through it, Putnam, and Dutchess ; the west side of which was, until 1731, the boundary line between New York and Connecti- cut. The east side of it now forms the division line of the above-named States. It contains 60,000 acres, and just before the death of Col. John Montgomery. in 1731, who succeeded William Burnett, in 1728, as Governor of the Province of New York, it was ceded to this State in consideration of another tract near Long Island Sound, surrendered to Connecticut. This State drew a line through its centre, divided it into 500 acre-lots, and sold it to emigrants, who received a guaranty of title from the State. It was this security of title which caused these lots to be eagerly sought after by emigrants from Cape Cod. HISTORY OF PUTNATd 'COUN'XT.

REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

ON the 18th day of April, 1775, a detachment of British troops under Colonel Smith, was sent from Boston by General Gage, to destroy some American stores collected at Concord, then a small village, six miles north-west of Lexington, in Massachusetts. Upon Lexington Common seventy men were drawn up, on whom Major Pitcairn ordered the detachment to fire. The order was promptly obeyed, and seven men were killed and three wounded. There the blood of patriots was first shed; that was to nourish the infant tree of Liberty, during a seven years' struggle* while the ruthless elements of tyranny were warring for its destruction. On the 29th day of the same month and year, and eleven days after the bloody - tragedy at Lexington, the inhabitants of the city of New York called a meeting of all who were opposed to the oppressive acts of the English Parliament, formed a general association, adopted a Pledge, and transmitted a copy to every county in the State for signatures. The storm had burst, and every day was adding fearful intensity to its force. The proud Lion of England had lapped the heart's blood of the descendants of the Plymouth-Rock Pil- grims ; and their brethren of the other colonies saw that, ere long, with a few more bounds, he would REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE. 101 leap among them. Between submission and resistance they were called to choose ; the former they had, yielded to until it had ceased to become a virtue, and the latter was the only alternative left to men who were determined to wear the yoke no longer. The': British Parliament and King had as zealous partisans: and friends among us, as they had at home. It be-' came necessary, in some way, to ascertain who were. the friends of our own, and the mother-countr y... The Pledge was suggested; and, acting on a test of. divine origin, they who refused to sign it were set' down as opposed to their country and the mainten- ance of her rights. In order to secure unanimity of purpose and harmony of action-to ascertain who could be relied on in the different counties, and draw out their political sentiments on the issue joined between the unnatural Mother and her rebelling DaugLe ters-to commit the people to one side or the other, of the question, and by united action among the friends of the cause, to prepare for the approaching. conflict, was the object of the Pledge. If there ever was a time that tried rnens' souls," it was when they grasped the "gray-goose quill" to sign their death- warrant if they failed, or their liberty if successful. At that period, even the most violent patriot must have looked upon- the undertaking as desperate and almost hopeless, with but one chance out of ten in his favor. l3;t they were men of a by-gone and an iron, age, upon whom the world may not look again. They had made up their minds to die rather than submit ; and when men of such indomitable energy of mind once deliberately resolve, their destiny is fixed, New York, it will be seen, moved early to ascertaia; 9* w!2 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. after hostilities had commenced, the sentiments of her citizens on the issue of a nation's freedom. The Pledge was as follows ; '&Persuadedthat the salvation of the rights and liberties of America depend, under God, on the firm union of its inhabitants in a rigorous prosecution of the measures necessary for its safety; and convinced 8f the necessity of preventing anarchy and confnsion, which attend the dissolution of the powers of government, we, the freemen, freeholders; inhabitants of 9 . being greatly alarmed at the avowed design of the Ministry to raise a revenue in America, and shocked by the bloody scene now acting in Massachusetts Bay, do, in the most solemn manner, resolve never to become slaves; and do associate, under all the ties of religion, honor, and love to our country, to adopt and endeavor to carry into execution whatever measures may be recommended by the Continental Congress, or resolved upon by our Provincial Convention for the purpose of preserving our Constitution, and opposing the execution of the several arbitrary Acts of the British Parliament, until a reconciliation between Great Britain and America on constitutional principles (which we most ardently desire) can be obtained ; and that we will in .all things follow the advice of our General Committee respecting the purposes aforesaid, the preservation of peace and good order, and the safety of individuals and property.',

'' DUTCHESS COUNTY," "Agreeable to adjournment to this day, being the 15th of Au- pst, 1775, we met at the house of Jacob GrifEn, in order to make a return of the persons who signed the Association and those who refused, viz : Those who signed- Theods. Van Wyck, Dirck G. Brinckerhoq John Brinckerhoff, Daniel Ter Boss, Zachs. Van Vorhees, Richard Van Wyck, Garret Storm, William Van Wyck, Coinelius Sebring, Joseph Horton, . REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

Johannes MTiltsc, John &leynema, Gores Storm, Abm. Van Voorhis, T. Van Wyck, Jr., Hendk. Mardenburg, Harvey M. Morris, Moses Bedell, Henry Godwin, Peter Ter Bush, Thomas Storm, John Jewel], Jr., John ,4driance, Alexander Turner, Henry Schenck, Jam%s Auning, Jacob S~vartwout, William Ward, Corns. Van Wyck: Jr., Jacob. Du Bois, Jr., Isaac Sebring, Gabriel Hughson, Abm. Brinckerhoff, David Barker, Roelef Schenck, Henry Van Tessel, Abraham Schenck, Claistian Du Bois, Jr., L. E. Van Bunschoten, Ahas. Elsworth, Ieaac Ter Boss, Jacob Br!nckerhoil, Jacob Griffin, William Holms, James Snediker, Thomas Ostrander, Aaron Brown, Godfrey Heyn, John A. Brinckerhoff, N. E. Gabriel, John Wickoff, Abraham Biorrell, James Denton, Geo. J. Brinckerhoff, William Clauker, Christopher Rawn, George Brinckerhoff, James Weekes, Adrian B rinckerhofi; Isaac Van Wyck, Abraham Ter Boss, Cornelius Smith, John H. Sleght, Hugh Conner, Jacobus De Graef, Andw. J. Lawrence, John Meyer, Nathl. Fairchild, John G. Brinckerhoff, hue1Gosline, John Langdon, John Berray, George Adriance, James Cooper, George Elsworth, John Cooper, Hendrick Boerum, Jarneb Barnes, Daniel Schenck, John Ter Bush, Jonathan Langdan, Cornelius Adriance, William Tisdale, Abm. De Foreest, Joseph Griffin, Thomas Simonton, Daniel Johnson, Joseph Me Cord, 104 XIISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

John Cooper, Joseph Balding, Richard King, J. Scouten, son of Jerry, Jacob Van Voorhis, Jr., Jacobus Emans, Jonathan Haight, James Brown, Israel Kniffin, Moses Barber, Daniel Kniffin, . Abm. L. Losee, Jonathan KnSn, Samuel S wartwout, Walter Heyer, . John Swartwout, Adrian Bogert, William Scouten, Jr., Moses Akerly, Daniel Rayner, Luke Ter Boss, Robert Brett, James Miller, John Smith, Cornelius Osborne, Jacob Balding, Nicholas Brower, Caleb Cornell, Matthias Clark, Isaac Storm, Nicholas Brewer, Jr., Henry Rosekrauq John Wright, Benjamin Rosekraus, Charles Brewer, Stephen Osborne, John Ackerman, Simon S. Scouten, John Walters, Daniel G. Wright, Jr., James Pathbun. Joseph Wiltse, Seth Chase, Geo. Van Werkeren, Adolphus Brower, Platt Rogers, David Bro\ver, Theods. Adriance, Cornelius Brower, Micah Rogers, Jacob Brower, John Lawrence, Deriah Hogland, Jeremiah Bedell, William Haskin, Joseph Fowler, Peter Horton, Jacob Swartwout, Jesse Bedell, , Gideon Way, Martin Schenck, Merinus V. Vlaikren, Peter Blonfoort, Henry Ostrander, Matthias IIorton, John Leyster, ~ohans.De Witt, Jr., Timothy Saikryder, Mat. Van Bunschoten, Zachariah Boss, Abm. Van Wyck, John Bush, Jr., Steph. Brinckerhog Josiah Hallstead, Geo. Brinckerhoff, Peter Noorstrant, John Scouten, Jeremiah Martin, Jr, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

Peter Snyder, - Thomas Wright, John Gray, Jr., William Baker, Gershom Martine, -- Daniel Wright, Amos Nettleton, John Watts, John Bennitt, Johans. De Witt, Elihu Emmitt, Albert Carley, Ab. H. Van Amburgh, Henry Van Voorhiq Jesse Baker, Martin Wiltse, James Thurston, H. Rosekraus, Jr., Joseph Parker, James Kilburne, Stephen Thaiker, Dirck Brinckerhoff, Abraham Gray, Zebulon Southard, John Baker, Evert W. Swart, Jeremiah Ranny, John Bloodgood, David Mowry, Walter Moody, Jr., Joseph Lee, John Johnson, Simon Bise, Simon Ter Bush, William Lane, Thorn Pudney, Ezra Mead, Francis Pudney, James Innes, Abraham Ceasa, Isaac Smith, Stephen Peudy, Peter Hulst, . Henry Carpenter, David Bennett, John Ter Bush, -David Horton, Abraham Schultz, -William Wright, Cornelius Sebring, Daniel Canfield, John Pudney, Sabure Main, Cornelius Ter Bush, Johans. Brinckerhoff, David Lyons, Andm. Van Hyning, Edward McKeeby, Abm. Van Amburgh, Theods. Brett, Moses Saikryder, John McBride, James Rosekraus, Obadiah W. Cooper, Stephen Dosey, . Timothy Mount, Dirck Hegerman, Jonas Southard; Jonathan Talmagee, James Reynolds, Solomon Saikryder, George Bump, Joshua Hicks, Tunis Du Bois, Martin Srnith, James Green, ~obertRogers, Obadiah J. Cooper, - 106 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Peter Klump, Teunis Wilsen, Abm. Van Tyne, Isaac Cole, Jacob Van Voorhis, Jr., Peter Stienbergh, Myndert Cooper, Gideon Ver Velon, John Runnels, Moses De Gro& Thomas Bump, Henry Buys, Christopher Schults, Peter Van meek, Jr., Sjlvinus Pine, Jeremiah Mead, Isaa H. Ter Boss, Henry Pelts, William Somerdike, Jacob Backer, Philip Pine, Jacob Coapman, ~atha~iBailey, Barent Dutcher, John Pullick, Boltes B. Van Kleek, Austin Fowler, John Leroy, Jr., David Pellet, Henry Bell, John Southard, Jurrie Hoffman, Duncan Graham, Jacob Niffer, Elesa Du Bois, P. Van Denoort, Jr., James Duncan, Simon Leroy, Jr., Caleb Briggs, John Leroy, James Osburn, Jacob Lane, -Isaac Hegeman, Thomas Yeumaps, Jacobus Degroff, Constine Gulnack, E. E. Van Bunschoten, Johans. Hooghteling John De Groot, Clement Cornwell, Jno. Van Bunschoten, Peter Deets, Robert Jodd, Francis Leroy, Bernd. J. Van Kleek, Abm. Westervelt, Jabobus De Giufi; Jr., Jost. Westervelt, Jacobus Sleght, James Howard, Moses Vanelin, Cornelius Griffin, Adam Dates, William Griffin, William Stanton, James Vandewater, William Teatsort, Dalf Swart wout, Isaac Snider, - Garret Beneway, Thomas Lewis, Jeremiah Var Velen, Jacob Cole,, Thomas Pinkney, Abraham Sleght, Henry Marten, Michal Hoffman, Barthol. Hogeboom, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE. 107

Charreik Van Keuren, John Tirhum, David Dutcher, James Culver, Deminicus Monfoort, Dennis Culver, James Rymden, James Culver, Jr., Andrew Ostram, Peter Van Benschoten, John Ostram, Jacob Van Benschoten, Frederick Rosekraus, Henry T. Wiltsey, Peter Van Dewater, John Tappen, Bareut B. Van Kleek, James Davison, Sevaris Van Kleek, Henry Burhause, Francis Van Dewater, William Hogelandt, John Van Valin, Abijah Pattersan, Peter Polmetier, Daniel Terhum, Lawrence Conklin, Abraham A. Lent, Herman Rynden, Tunis Skeet, John Rosekraus, Cornelius Verwie, Thomas Johnson, Hugh Laughlin, Francis Way, Jr., Francis Hegeman, Joshua Smith, John Culvert, Aaron Brown, Jr., Abraham Cronckheit, Abraham Ladu, John Jewell, Cornelius Swartwout, Isaac Jewell, Jr., Gilbert Lane, Cornelius Wiltse, William Swartwout, Hemming Higby, James Swartwout, Peter Lent, Samuel Roberts, Isaac Adrian ce, Ebenezer Clark, Johannes Boss, William Lane, Richard Griffin, Joseph Totten, Steph. Van Voorhis, Andrew Hill, Jacob Buys, Jr., Johannes Sharrie, John L. Losee, Jeremiah Jones, Jacob Horton, Lawrance Hag Corns. Ostrander, Peter Outwater, Richard Comfort, Daniel Outwater, Abraham Shear, 2 T. Van Benschoten, William Barnes, Samson Smith, Frederick Scutt, Albert Terhum, Jerome Van Voorhis, Abm. Duryee, Jr., Kam Adriance, '- 108 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Ram J. Adriance, Richard Jewell, John Devoe, Jacob Dubois, . Jac7sC: Swartwoudt, Jacob Van Dervoort, Peter Robinson, Peter Meyer, Moses Shaw, John Coffin, Jacobus Van Dewater, Coenradd Appleye, , Zach. Van Voorhis, Jr., Joshua Bishop, William Erock, William Van Tyne, Jacob King, Sylvester Bloom, John Hutchins, John Van Sulen, John Darlon, - John Kipp, ~ames'Wildee, William Brooks, k William Wildee, Jacob Van Tassel], Richard Avery, Stephen Bates, John Rosekians, Daniel David, Isaac Hutchins, Isaac Grifin, John Yurkse, Peter Montross, Abrn. Van NTackere Isaac Holmes, Jacob Hutchins, Aaron Shute, Thomas Way, Richard Jackson, Abrn. De Witt, Dirick Hardenburgh, John Philips, Peter J. Monfoort, Elbert Mumfort, Timothy Talman, Danl. Van Voorhis, Peter Depung, George Jewell, William Cushman, John Noorstrant, Garret Handenburgh, Peter Schoonhove, Tobias Mabie, Joshua Griffin, John Bogardus, Isaiah Wilde, Samuel Somes, Isaac Southard, Nathan Somes, William Winslow, Jonathan Terry, John GriEn, Ralf Phillips, John Vandervoort. Isaac Jewell, Daniel Sha~v, George Bloom, Peter Fitz Simmons, Benjamin Roe, Nathan Burnes, Henry Hains,

John Vermillie, Lawrance Lawrance, , Richard Osborn, Jonas Cauniff, Peter Johnson, Jr., Edward Churchill, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

Samuel Tedd, Francis Way, William Roe, William Fowler, James Miller, Corns. Brinckerhoff, John Phillips, Dennis Mc Shebeey, Daniel Auning, Isaac Veal, Daniel Ward, Robert Mc Cutchin, William Barker, Robert Nichkilson, John Parks, Elias Concklin, Peter Bogardus, Jr, Jesse Purdy, John Davis, Joseph Ogden, William Earls, Andrew Renvells, Peter Bogart, William Ardem.

A list of persons in Dutc.hess County who refused to sign the Association :

Of Captain Heganan's Company : John Tarpanning, Urean Terwilger, John Jast Snider, Jores Middagh, John Crandle, Daniel Cole, James Medagh, Albert Monfoort, Michas Cock, Henry Cailen, Barent A. Van Kleek. Peter Burhans, William Baker, William Rogers.

Captain Stephen BrinkPrhoof's Company: John Holsted, Lieut, Peter Boss,

A Jacob Wright, Richard Yeats, Joseph Morss, Jessey Baker, Jr., Benjamin Snyder. Christopher Winter, Oliver Peck, Benjamin Ellis, William Cure, Joseph Halsted, ~ose~hFerinton, Thomas Martin, Joseph Merritt, John Miller, Lieut., Johannes Devoe, of Captain Lodinton, Joseph Smith, Ezekel Main, Joseph Robison, Levi Winter, Ebenez er Pellit, Joseph Winter, 10 110 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Tunis Kranchite, Philip Roens, William Good fellow, Thomas Baker, -"Isaac Wright, Johannes Storm, Ben jamin Doty, Stephen Stolker, ~onathanLee, Philip Morse, Benjamin Ogden, Daniel Haasbroock, David Roe, Thomas Carman, Joshua Odle, Zebulon Gray, Semeon Losee, Silas Brown.

Captain Southar8s Company : Gerrkt Nostrand, Samuel BIills, Johannes Voorhes, Jesse Purdy, Abraham Philps, Joseph Green, Henry Philps, Francis R. Britt, Peter Philps, Jeremiah Cooper, Jocobus Philps, Jonas Halsted, Elias Van Voorheeq Jacob Rider, Richa.rd Southard, John Covert, Thomas Southard, Leniah Adams, Gilbert Southard, Philip Shoaf, Richard Southard, Jr ., Thomas Gibson, Daniel Southard, Peter Brogardus, Thomas Poyer, Isaac Vealey, Robert Bogardus, Thomas Sprage, Increase Mills, Jeremiah Green, Robert Mills, Benjamin Munger, Henry Mills, Thomas Miller.

Captain John Bedle's Company : John Bedle, Captain, Enoch Purdy, John Schntt, Lieut ., Joseph Burroughs, F. Hasbrook, Lieut ., John S. Langdon, George Van Nostrand, Ensign, Joseph Wood, James F. Way, Joseph Carey, Endrew J. Schouten, Isaac Wood, Ben jamin Gerox, Oliver Larduex, John Linabeck, Thomas Craft, Jacobus Jno. Schutt, Peter Dubois, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE. 111

Nathaniel Laduex, Nath71. Gildersleeve, Johannes Swartwout, John Carey, Sr., Joseph Winn, Abr7m Van Hyning, Gabriel Thomkins, Ambrose Lating, William Winn, Abraham Gerrison, Joseph Laine, Abraham Purdy, Benjamin Lisk, John J. Wood, John Lisk, John J. Schouten, Stephen Weekes, Charles Venson, , Abrdham Maley, Henry Schouten, Matthew Cure, Mar. J. Van Vlaren, Samuel Cure, Reuben Gerroson, Matthew Buis, John Peck, Nicholas Stom Isaac Lecore, Peter Storm, Simeon Mabee, Gessom Bounds, Lawrence Daily, William Goslin, Abraham Travas, Abraham Nefuss, John Caunef, George Nefuss, Sutten Bailey, Ismc Giou, Isaac Wasbourn, John Wood, John Carey, Jr., Abraham Young, Jeremiah Hett, John Aulgelt, Benjamin Hasbrouck, Thomas Swartwout, John Sloot, Marvin Rowland, Ephrairn Scouten, Thomas Wood, Henry Light, Joseph Post, Samuel Brown. Samuel Kichim,

Matthim Lyster7s Company : Mat. Lyster, Captain, Peter Hog A. Herremans, Lieut ., Andr . Herremans, Jt., A. Vanderbilf Ensign, John Herremans, John Cook, Stephen Bancker, John Thorn, John Kennif, .. kndrew Burck, Joshua Besship, Stephen Thorn, Jacob Johan Dubois, Hendrick Van Vleck, Cornelius Nostrand, Adrian Man fort, Abraham Hogelan4 112 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

John Hudson, Samuel Livingston, Dirck Lyster, James Morgan, John Churchill, Thomas Vanbrare, James Hicks, Joseph Theale, Francis Brogardus, Undrel Strong, Albert Monfoort, Gilbert Strong, Cornelius Lyster, Gilbert Barnes, Stephen Duryee, Walter Huson, Abraham Lent, John Buchout, Gideon Tichout, John Ses, Johannes Dubois, John Haboun, John Huff, Peter Van Cramer, John Carnell, Will. H. Harremans, Genet Lyster, John Maufoort, Abraham Duryee, Timothy Sornes. Cornel. Van Sickler, Captain Horton7s Company .- John Brevoort, John Wiltsee, John Van Vlaersn, Peter Delany, Adam Aulgett, Joshua Duly, Joseph Brush, Peter Depue, 5ahn Snedeker, Benjamin Clapp, John Weel, William Juell, Edward Hougen, John Clapp, Isaac Lent, Abraham Depue, Gemrdns Y ermilyer, John Wilddey, David Vermilyer, Jacob Jewiil, Charles McCrade, Abraham Huff, Panle Hog Thomas Clapp. Jacob Lewis,

Captain Grifinls Company : Caleb Bishop, George Nostraind, Matthew Obriant, Henry Underwood, Benjamin Thurston, Henry Van Tessel, Jr., John Churchell, Philip Miller, Thomas Griffin, Joshua Purd y, Daniel Ward, James Ward, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

Joseph Anderson, Benjamin Bloom, Henry C. Philps, Peter Dubois, John Jay, Adrian Covenhoven, Benjamin Ackerly, Joseph Thurston, Solomon Woods, Philip Verplanck, -4ndrew T. Schouten, Jacob Ward. By order of the Committee, DIRCKG. BRINCKERHOFE,Chairman.

Fishkill, August 23, 1776. Sir :-Enclosed is the return of the persons who have signed the A.ssociation, and of those who have refused. In the latter you find many erasures, occasioned by their signing afterwards. This affair has been delayed thus long, on account of pursuing lenient measures. I am, by order of the Committee, your most obedient servant, D~RCKG. BRINCKERHOFF,Chairman.

' Signers in Beekman's Precinct, Dutchess County, July, 1775. William Humfrey, John Forguson, Joshua Carmen, Henry Whikmon, Ebenezer Cary, Nuklus Omey, Charless Platt, Walton Huling, William McNeal, John Huling, *

William Clark, Jacob Miller, .' Thomas Ley, William McDoweH, Samuel Crandel, Thomas Cornell, Maurice Pleas, Isaac Dennis, Thomas Nethaway, James Humfrey, Benoni Sweet, Thomas Spencer, Nathaniel Stevenson, William Bently, Jr., Nathaniel Cary, Fr. West,

Samuel Lewis, John Jenkins, I Zebulon Ross, Aholyab Markeq Samuel Gardiner, Arnold Reynolds, Martin Cornell, Amos Randall, Benjamin Noxon, John Wightman, :., ,.

Elial 170umans, Whiten Parkes, .. . .. lo* 3.14 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Jonathan Dennis, , John Melony, Gideon Hall, John Andrews, Jabez Spencer, Charles Newton, John Eagles, Henry Bailey, John Sweet, Francis Losee, James Wells, Daniel Smith, Job Shearman, William Shear, Jmph Carr, William Champlin, Daniel Uhl, Philip Vincent, William Smith, John Vinton, 8amiel Sweet, Stephen Forgoson, Peter Shear, Jonathan West, Peter Shear, Jr., John Kelly, Roger Mory, Jr., Benjamin Fargason, 1-c Yerrington, Joseph Reynolds, Peter Storm, Maurice Smith, Josiah Ingersol, Joseph Taylor, James Mc Lees, Steven Johnson, Nathaniel Wicks, James McCollom, John Weaver, Edward Weaver, Edward Howard, Gershom Thorn William Hall, Peter Harris, Joseph Carr, William Brewer, Joshua Champlies, Jr., James M. Creedy, . Isaac Vail, Abraham Hyatt, John Arnold, Gilbert Totten, Job Tanner, Edward Tredwell, Johannes Delong, Elias Alley, Hezekiah Rogers, Isaac Calton, Ezekiel Rogers, Peter Harris, GrifEn Reynolds, James Vosburgh, Peter Brill, Jesse Oakley, Samuel CornwelI, Tillinghast Bentley, Josep Lawless;Jr., Peter Noxon, Peter McClus, Thomas Doxsle, John Hopim, Henry Pearsall, Zephaniah Brown, Garret Mill, Cornelius Van Wyck, Johannes Lain, Joshua Carman, Jr., Henry Smith, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

Lodovick Sweet, Casy Ellridge, Jr., George Sweet, Johannes Lossing, David Storm, Samuel Tomson, Salmag. Edwards, Benjamin Hall, Stephen Townsend, Abel Parker, Joshua Burch, James Tanner, David Brill, Joshua C hainplin, Nicholas Koons, Benjamin Force, Benjamin Birdsall, Abraham Denne, Christopher Wait, Joseph Denne, David Sw7ee t , Richard Mackrill, John Moon, Jacob Lain, Nicholas Potter, John Beam,

Judiah Jenkins, Jr., Henry Shear, d Jonathan Jenkins, Theophilus Sweet, Thomas Clark, John l~Tooley, John Hill, William Tanor, Andrew Cockrane, Charles Heayelton, Timothy Force, John Snider, Clear Everit, Seth Smith, Ezekiel Smith, Jacob Esrnor,?, Benjamin J. Rish, John Sweet, Isaac J. Rish, Elisha Champlin, Rowland Stafford, Joseph Hollolvay, William Bentley, Jacob Hutchins, Jr., Tabor Bentley, John Oats, Thomas Baker, James Eastmond, William Spencer, Lewis Shear, John Bentley, Israel Vail, Nial Tripp, David Storm, Daniel Fish, Jonathan Jenkins, Judiah J. Rish, Gideon Hall, Solomon Force, Ezekiel Hubbard, Benjamin Force, Joseph Booler, Seth Sprague, John Sweet, Benjamin Spencer, Joshua Mowry, Samuel Whitman, Stephen Mowry, Matthew Coon, Cornelius Meynard, Nathaniel Sweet, Tobias Clements, 116 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. Nathaniel Rogers, George Croukhill, Andrew Carman, Jonathan Parks, Albert Adriance, John Fish, James Wiltse, Woos Dakin, Samuel Young, Digmus Kimee, Daniel Lawrence, John Comptor, William B. Alger, John Lamb, Job Green, Jacob Rouse, William Humfrey, Jr., Elijah Forgason, Joseph Carman, Elijah Forgason, Jr., John Hegerman, Job Conger, George Losee, David Pamer, Johannes Acker, David Abbet, France Wiltse, Matthew Beckxvith, Henry Cornell, Abraham Mosher, Abel Simson, David Cash, Zachariah Flagler, Amos Crandell, John Reasover, Pardon Fish, John Losee, Sylvanus cash; William Kelley, Thomas Bullock, William Barber, Henry Birdsall, Nathaniel Smith, Nathaniel Sol, Caleb Townsend, Ebenezer Sol, Myndert Harris, David Brown, Obadiah Cooper, Jr., Samuel Euery, John Hicks, Addom Bockus, Peter Leavens, Nehemiah Lester, Joel Edget, Jonathan Alger. Peter Cartwight, The following are the names of those persons who - refuse to sign the Association of Beekman's Precinct, Dutchess County : Arey Delong, Richard Tripp, James Gaslin, Richard Tripp, Jr., Peter Rossell, Israel Tripp, Jacob Sdsver, James Noxon, ~atthiasValentine, Barthol. Noxon, Jr ., Richard Heliker, Michel Woolf, William Harris, Smighting Tripp, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

Peter Hogoboom, Myndert Cole, Daniel Beadle, Josiah Bull, Jr., . John Wilkenson, Charles Thomas, Christopher Moyer, Gilbert Thorn, Myndert Valey, John Akerbry, Henry Gidley, Cornelius Hegeman, John McDonald, Jonathan Atherton, Samuel Smith, William Woolf, Martine Easterly, Aaron Lasey, Daniel Ferris, Crapo Lake, James Burtice, Francis Delong, Nathan Hyatt, John Burnit, Frederick Shapher, Stephen Dean, Thomas Brundage, Samuel Stringham, Peter Levins, Sr., Ichabod Bourman, William Bocker, Sylvester Richmond, Baultis Veily, James Titus, Bartholomew Wood, Ephraim Horton, Abraham Byce, Jr., Edward Adams, Peter Chatterton, Thomas Hutchings, Philip Miller, Robert Moon, Lawrance Lossee, James Striker, Israel Titus, Ebenezer Worden, John Brown, Charles Vincent, Robert Thorn, William Sleeves, Stephen Lockwood, Thomas Langdon, Peter Paley, Peter Buyce, Jr., Jonathan Thorn, Samuel Emory, Peter DOP, Rowland Emory, Peter Johnson, Jacob Brill, Johannes &!Iiller, Jeremiah Haxstum, Jeremiah Leuderbeck Elias Palmer, Philip Flagler, Benjamin Kenyon, William Giles, Nicholas Mosher, Daniel Way, Richard Cornell, John Smith, Peter Deeyo, Garret Burtis, James Pettet, Martine Overaker, William Gifford, Jr ., Cornberry Dayton, Capt Yerry Emigh, 118 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Peter Simson, Lieut. Hey. Collins, Lawrence Emigh Ensign Barnt Veily, Samuel Whipple, Abraham Buyce, Isaac Veal, Causper Overhiaer, Philip Emigh, William .Gifford, Nicholas Emigh, son of Roger Morey, Philip, Samuel Crandle, Hendrick Emigh, Samuel Crandle, Jr., John Ball, Peter Kedney, Hendrick Klyn, Oliver MTaterman, John Dearstine, Jesse Thorn, Abijak Ketcham, Jacob Ferguson, Michal Shearman? Johannes Shear, Amos Pine, Charles Davis, Nathan Hoag, Jasper Fullmore, Peter Emigh, Andrew Skidmore, Richardus Cornell, John Golder, Valentine Stover, Capt . Michael Vincent Richard Vincent, Lieut. Peter Buyce, Preserved Fish, Ensign Steph. Hunt, Joseph Losce, Yerry Lossing. Capt Joseph Harris,

Signers in Poughkeepsie, Dutcliess County, June and July, 1775 : Zepaniah Platt, Ezekial Cooper, Peter Tappen, John Schenck, Jr., Samuel Dodge, Paul Schenck, William Forrnan, Jacobus Freel; John Baily, Jr., John Romyne, Johannes Swartwort, Andrew Wattles, Bicter Van Kleeck, Nathan Tray, John Freer, Barent Lewis, Henry Livingston, Jr., Thomas Holmes, Elias V. Val1 Bunschoten, Jacob Van Bunschoten, Robert North, Abraham Fort, Lewis Dubois, Care1 Hoefman, Andrew ~illin~s, Henry HoK Peter Low, Gorus Storm, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

Thomas Jacockes, Simon Freer, Barnardus Swartwort, John Davis: Francis Jaycock, Robert Noa, M. Van Keuren, Isaah Bartly, Azariah Winchester, John Schenck, Jr., Henry Willsie, Hendrick Pells, John Willsie, Hendrick Pells, Jr., William Sawckes, Johannes Kidney, Thomas Burnet, Jaeobus Schryver, James Brisby Henry Hegeman, Matthew Burnett, George Sands, Gideon Boyse, Hobert Waddel, - Thomas Bont, Myndert Van Kleek, William Lawson, Jr., Henry Ellis, Abr'm Van Keuren, Henry Van Blercome, John Saunders, Simon Leroy, John Briener, Henry Kip, Hans Berner,! Benoni Kip, Benjamin Jaycock, Abraham Banlay, Thomas Rowse, M. Van Denbogart, Isaac Poole, Isaac Kornine, Jr., Jonathan Johnson, Alexander Grigs, Aaron Reed, Simon Bartley, John Pilgrit, Peter Tappen, Peter Lossing, Robert North, Peter Horn, Ezekiel Cooper, William Burnett, William Terry, James Elderkin, Alexander Haire, John Waterman, Thomas Poole, Johannes Fort, Tennis Tappen, Simon W. Lossing, Nathaniel Hemsted, Mat. Van Keuren, Jr., George Brooks, Silvanus Greatwaks, Nathaniel Conklin, Samuel Smith, John Townsend, James Livingston, Andrew Billings, Richard Davis, Samuel Corey Law. Van Kleek, John Tappen, John Mott, Kenry Dodge, Richard V. Denbergh, Jonas Kelly, 120 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. ,

Stephen Hendrickson, John Maxfield, Nathaniel Ashford, L. J. Van Kleeck, Andrew Weeks, Lewis Dubois, John Ter Bush, Jacobus Frear, Cornelius Noble, John Reed, James Brisleen, Jacob Rhoades, John Johnson, William Wilsey, Abraham Pitt, Michel Yerry, Samuel Cooke, Ephraim Adams, James Winans, Tunis Hannes, John Seabury, Matthew Dubois, William Forman, E. Van Bunscoten, Henry Livingston, Martin Bush, S. Van Voorhees, Hendrick Bush, John Conkling, James Luckey, Matthew Conkling, Samuel Luckey, Thomas Travis, Abraham Ferden, Zachariah Bumell, Peter I?. Valleau. Lemuel Howell, Wilhelmus Ploegh, Abraham Swartwout, Geleyn Ackerman, Richard Everitt, Joel Dubois, Matthias Sharp, Peter Mullin, John C. Hill, Simon Leroy, Jr., John T. Van Kleeck, David Dutcher? Dorthir Conner, Jr., Peter Van Dewater, James Read, Edward Symmonds, Richard Warner, Cornelius Viele, William Kelly, Eli Read, James Lewis, Peter Low, George Shannan, Larrine Lossing: Jr., Albo. Watervc!!, John Dubois, William Roach, Casparus Westervelt, Elias Freer, Lodowick Sypher. Leonard Van Kleeck, Christian Bush, Richard Snedeker, Silvanus Beckwith, F. Van Denbogart, Alex. Chaucer: Gemt Van Wagenen, Caleb Carmen, Jr., Jac. Van Kleeck, John Van Kleeck, Henry Eliss, John Seabury, Jr., REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

Joshua Moss, Robert Hoffman, S. Van Denburgh, William Jones, Nathaniel Dubois, Jacob Low, C. R. Westervelt, Bernardus S~varttvout: Cornelius Westervelt: John L. Van Kleeck. En yameii Westervelt, Mii~nard%I-artwout: C. B. Westervet, John SII-art\-out, Peter Aiiiles Lansing, Frederick Tan Vliet, William Annely, John Robinson, 'CVilliam D. Lawson: John Eailep, Jr., John C. Ringland, Jac. Van Denbogart. Gerrit Van Vliet, Calct) Carmen. Jeremiah Dubois. Jacob Fc-rri+ Jacob V. Denbergh, Omar Ferris. Peter Van Vliet, A list of men's names who refused to sign the General Asso- ciation recommended by the Provincial Convention, taken at Poughkeepsie, June and July, 1775 : James Kelly, Flemming Steenbergh. H. Van Denburgh, George Arne, H. Van DenbuTgh: Jonathan Blorey, H. Van Denburgh, Jr.. Samuel Pinckney. Nathaniel Babcock. My ndert, Kidney, Felix Lewis: Jacobus Kidney, Austin Crud, Jeremiah Dubois, Tunis Williamson: Evert Pelts, B. Nosen, Francs Pelts, B. Crannell, blichel Pelts, Melancton Leu-is: Nehemiah Veal, Peter Dubois: Jr., Jacob Polmatier, John Ferdon, Robert Kidney, Zachary Ferdon, Abraham Frair, Jacob Ferdon: Abraham Frair: Jr., Esquire Ferdon, Matthew Kipp, John Miller, Simon Frair, Jr.,

Arie Medlar, i John Boinen, William Lasshg, Michael Wellding, Samuel Hull, John V. D. Bogart, Isaac J. Lassing, Joseph Chaddirdon, 11 122 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

John Hunt, Michael John Rut sen, James Latsing, George Baldwin, Myndert Byndirs, Hendrick Miller, Eli Emons, Henry Barnes, John Emons, Robert Churchell, John De Grag Isaac Baldwin, Baltis Van Bleek, Isaac Baldwin, Jr., Matthew Kip p, Elias Thompson, ~amcsWood, John Van Deburgh, James Douglass, H. J. Van Deburgh, Aaron Olmstead, Peter Van Deburgh? Hen* Beyex, William Barns: Eli Read, Simon Noxen: Ebenezer Badger, John Low, Peter P. Van Kleek. William Low, Gail Yelverton, Thomas Pinknej-, John Palmitear, Ezekiel Pinkney, John Coopman, John Pinkneq-, Thomas Freer, Henry Barns, William Emott, Peter Laroy. North-east Precinct, Dutchess County. Seth Case, Jr., Samuel Nooly, Charles Graham, Simon Dakin, Benaniwell Denel, Ebenezer Hartwell, David Harvey, Josiah Holly, Seth Case, Seth Perry, Thomas Merit, David Lawrence, Icabod Case, Ebenezer King, James Hodges, Abraham Hart\vell, John Bull, Gilbert Clapp, Stephen Trusdell, Joseph Rundel, Ben jamin Egelston, Jeremiah Bromnel, Jonathan Lawrence, Uriah Lawrence, Luther Holly, James Atwater, John Porter, . Philip Spencer, Joshua Hamblin, Joseph Peck, Elisha Colver, Samuel Roe, Archibald Johnston, Stephen Merritt, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE. 123

Alex. Mc&Iullin, Adam Stevens, John Buttolph, Thomas Knapp. .Z true return of the names of those that refused to sign, given by me. URIAHL.J,V~REXCE, PETERKXAPP, DAVIDBOTOLPH, JOIINHALLEY.

Northeast Prec.inct, Dutchess County. Samuel Kie, Joseph Palmer, Jr., Hugh Rea, Johnynal Meton, Elisha Mead, James Headding, Robert Orr, Silence Jackson, John Orr, Seth Fish, . .rehiel Mead, Isaac Winans, Joscph Loggan, Jeremiah Giffers, William Smile, James Wilson, Sen., John Crandle, Frederick Stiekels, Hugh Orr7 John Link, Daniel Wilson, fohn Fulton, Samuel Mott, John Rouse, Ebenezer Young, Edward Edsed, David Love, Ben jamin Soule, Daniel Parks, John &lay, David Hamblen, 3. Salisbury, Sen., Peter Knickehackel; Sen., David Bostw-ick, L. Knickerbacker, William Parks,

P. Knickerbacker, Jr '7 John Bortell, J. Knickerbacker, Stephen Edgaat, Robert Wilson, John Avcry, James Wilson, Jr., George Edgeet, Jr,, John Wilson, Jonathan Smith, John Cares, John Horn, Gulman Alitzer, Samuel Crandell, Matthew Orr, William Robbins, William Rea, Peleg Horten, Joseph Foster, Michal Masfield, Jesse Ferris, Moses Fish, Wintrip Norton, John Carpenter, 124 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Asahel Otvemer, Oliver Evans, Elijah Lake, Joseph Palmer. Barnt Van Kleek,

A list of the persons that refused to sign this hociation: William Clum, Jacob Killmore, Philip Clum, Ivynat Weever, Jonathan Batreck, Honthise Couse, William Eatreck, ~oh'nlioughtaling, Jacob Louclis,. Jr., Jacob Ijover, Peter Allen, Andrew Collson, 1saic Allen, John White, Jacob Drum, Joseyh AIott, Zechri Tetr, TYilliam Green, Nicholas Eon-, Kehemiah Arery, John Hipman, Amos Aver>-, John Drum, Jr, B!Iichsl Coloney, John Houk, Daniel &lead, John Row, Elieha Davis, John Rev-, lLTilliam Davis, Peter Row? William Davis, John Kristr, - Peter Couse, George Miner, Jacob Houghtaling, John Drum, Zost Hcndrick, Zechri Philips, Wise Row, John Backes, Derick Fendick, Yerre Keffr, Frederick Horn, Martis Kreepr, Elijah Forgason,; Frederick Destr, Jeremiah Forgason, Jacob Row, Ruban Crandell, Peter Bitchr, John Philips, Adam Bitchr, Gerret Holsop, Andres Houk, Frederick Stickle, Peter Bosson, John Link, Honesfelt Shaw, Jacob Shaver. Simon Killmore, Sen ., - Dutchess County, Northeast Precinct, July 5, 1775. The foregoing is a true return of the names of the Inhabi- REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE. 125 tants and Freeholders in the District allotted to us, that signed this Associa.tion, and thc names of those that refused to sign this Association. P. KNICKERERBACKER~ DAXIELi$T~~A~~~l HUGHORR, J. REISENBERGER,JR.

Dutchess County, Northeast Precinct. Ebenezer Bishop, - Ebenezer Crane, Jr., Levi Stalker, Philip Lott, Cornelius Fuller, Charles Tru pell, David Bulkley, Wheaton Robinson, Thomas Crosb y, Ebenezer blerrit, Joseph Jackson, George Rlorhouse, David St. John, Levi Ra\\-lee, Thomas Crosby, Jr., James Winchell, Renel Seton, Jol~athanGreneli, Willard Seton, Joseph Stalker, Benjamin Crosby, Ebe~lezcrCrane, John Seton, Thomas TOT\-nsend? Comfort Stalker, Benjamin Covey, Vincent Foster? James COT-nl, John MTilkie, Calcb 'CVoodard. Dutchess County, Nine Partners, Northeast Pr-2cinc.t:July 5? 1775. The above and foregoing is a true return of the names that were milling to sign this Association ; a11d the names of those in the District that rcfused are on the other side of this Association paper. GEO.NIORIIOUSE, per Sub-committee.

The list of Perso~lsnot signers :; John RlcAlpine, Daniel McAlpine, Walter &1:cAlpine, McQuin, a young man lately Darb y Lindsey, from Scotland, Lewis Bryan, James Bryan. Dutchess County, Northeast Precinct. Silas Husted, Henry Wiltse, Morris Graham, Henry Sherburne, 3 1' 126 HISTORY OF PUTWIIM COUNTY.

Gideon Sal sbury, Smith Simmons, Augustin Graham, Robert Enery, John Fhirar, Corllelius TVels, John Colvin, Casper Rou-e, Daviil Orr, Simon Gifford, John Colupland, Nathaniel Mead, John Hayes: Jonathan Mead, Asa Bullock, Kemuel Leed, William Orr, Simon G. byer, Daniel Palmer, Lemuel Williams, Samuel Crandell, John Crandell, Samuel Crandell, Benjamin Congar, John Row, Corne!ius IIcDanniel, John Brow-n, John Crandell, Israel Thompson7 Jose1)h Crandell, Richard Estes: Phineas Rice, John Bul.net, James Stephens, John Pa, James Kc\\-comb, Samuel Couger, Ado11 i jah Xeu-comb, Orra Fo~.goson, John Lcnnon, John Catten, Samuel illillel., William Stev-art, James Winchel, James Ralstan, AnJrew Quick, John Head, Aaron Darling, Edward Senary, Isaac Lamb, Lemuel Winchel, Bostion Row, George Head, Wm. H. C. Derry, Bernard Ostrim, Clauclius Delis, James Alit, George Robertso~l. John T:Ielham: Caleb Norton, Benjamin Southard, Asa Bishop: Benjnmin CuthFert, Ensley c'L- inlino~~s. 3. Si~nmons~ Garner Stuart, George Schneyder, John JVilliams? Cornem Dekrnettac, John Hoff. REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE. 127

Northeast Precinct, Dutchess County, July 5, 1775. d true return of the names of the Inhabitants of the several Districts allotted to us to hand about this Association. ~VILLIAMSTCXI~T, &~XTTIIE\V MEAD, J. SIAIMOSS~ FREDERICHAM.

List of persons who refused to sign ; Nicholas Silvernail, John Merrehe\~,? George Hookingham, Robert Embray, Oliver Asten, Philip Easter, Elisa Colvin, John Pitchor, Kathaniel Niles, George &Tartin, Abraham Osstrander, George Shoemaker, John Van Ramp, Aaron Shaw, Jacob Brinstool, Daniel North, Thomas Gray, Casper Bell, Henry Teets, IVIatthcn- Winter, -4sa Brown, John TViIde7 Jacob Donehen, Richard JVilde, Tenes Teelen, TiTilliam Wihs: Abraham Scouten, Obaciiah Gcfforit, Coonrad Ilfelham, William Stuart; Jacob \'an Bramer, J. Simmons, Joh~lSmith,_ Natha nicl Meade. Christopher Teal:

Dutchcss Cou~lty,Eortheast Precinct. Joseph Ketchurn, Ephraim Jones: Joseph Ketchuin, Jr., Seth Calkin, Jonathan llapes, Hezekiah Ketchum, .& Alden Ael~ley, Bloses C:~lkin, Benjamin Perry: Joshua Hamblin: Josiah Perry, Joshua Dakin, TVilliam Hager, Jonathan Do1yh, Richard Denton, Josias Denton, Samuel Egelston, Sr.: Arsthoe Vancry, Samuel Denton, Elijah Calkin, Samuel Egelston, Jr., Jared Carter, 123 IIISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Nathan iltt~vood, David Calkin, Isaac Rogers, Charles Haw, Joseph Iteynolds, Jr., Josiah JVilcos, Jonathan Close, Lebbens How, / Joseph Roger:.: Daniel Baker, Abner IVilcos, Nathaniel Lothrop. Ebenezer Beatch,

Northeast Prccinet, Dutchess County, July 5; 1776. A true return of the names of the Inhabitants and the Frce- holders in the Districts appointed for me to hand aboni this As- sociation.

Dutchess County, A rnenia Precinct, June and July, 1775. Fimeo~lCoo!;, Dnviil Rundel, Ichabod I'aine, Thorn Putney, William Barker, Solomon Wheeler, Job Mead7 Thomas Morey, Jonathan Sllcphcrd, James Palmer, Elija.11 Holmes, E!ijah Smith, Israel Shepher:l, Nehe~niallDunllam, ,4bner Gillet, Gardner Gillet, Jacob Power, Earnabas Yaine, Barnabas Paine, Jr., Joseph Backus, Noah Hopliinr-, Elnathan Spalding. EIias Bessc, Levi Atsvater, Ichabod Pzine, Jr., Benjamin Doty, Sin~eonCook, Jr., Benjamin Atwater, Jarnes 13ebbari1, EIijah Porter, Samuel Shepherd, Jr., John Atwater, David Bruster, Ezra Thurston, Elihu Painr, Archibald Farr, Asailel Sl~er~vood, King Mead, - John Brusan, Jr., Seth '1Vhceler, Elijah Daily, Robert Wood, Thomas Corntvell. Zadock Buck, David Gillet, Timothy Tilson, Ebenezer Mays, Jacob Spuer, REVOLUTIOKARY PLEDGE.

John Osborne, Benjamin Crofoot, John Mead, - Benjamin Denton, Jr., Crover Buel, Jr., Joel Denton, Barnabas Cole, Benjamin Denton, Jonathan Allerton, Jacob Reynolds, James Barker, James Beadle, Noah VSTheeler, Benjamin Fo\vler, Daniel Garnsey, UTilliam Knapp, Samuel King; Jr., Abner Holmes, Benjamin Bran-n, Nathan Herrick, Matthen- Stevens, Isaiah Mead, William Finch, Theoph. Lockwood, Joseph Smith, Levi Mayhew, Thomas Lawrence, John Hou-arit, Ebenezer Carter, '5.Villiam Ford, James Alsl-vorth, Jr., Jesse Kinne, Barzaleel Rudd, Daniel Shepherd, Rufus Herrick, Rosn-ell Hopkins, Brinton Paine, Samuel King, Judah Burton, Abraham Paine, James Betts, John Brunson, Beniamin holmes, Jonathan Buck, John McNeil, David Collin, Samuel Herrick, Zebulon Rudd, Benjamin Herrick, Jr., Peter Rforse, William Herrick, Paul Johnson, John Curry, Nathan Spuer, Shubal Tyler, Israel Buck, Samuel Dodge, John Thayer, Thomas Welch, Joseph De Lavergue, Stephen Herrick, Jr., Even Jones, Squire Davis: Joab Cook, Abel Hebbard, Jesse Smith, Jr., Elisha Adams, Enock Crosby, Ebenezer Latimore, John iklordach, Ichabod Holmes, Ebenezer park, Samuel Waters, William King, Justus Wilson, Grover Bull, Wm. Wynants, Jr. Jsaac Parks, 130 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Parrock Sherwood, Ezra Cleavland, William Cornwell, Samuel Thompson, Samuel Cornwell, John COY, Letvis De Lavergue, Stephen Herrick, Thomas Smith, James Smith, Jr., Gabriel Dickson, Beriah Thomas, Timothy Green, Isaac Burton, Jr., John Holms, Mayhew Dogget, Jr., Ezekiel Johnson, Nathaniel Foster, William A ls\vorth, John Drake, John Denney, Jr., David Brown, William Wilsey: William &9oulton, John Bartow, Ezra Bryan, Elijah Roe, James Allen, Isaac Marks, - Eli Burton, James Barnct, SadThompson, Jr., Gideon Castte, John Ford, Nathaniel Cook, John Thurston, Benjamin Vaun, William 1LIcCollough7 Samuel Holmes, Jonathan Fish, Stephen Hinne, John Farr, Jabez Crippin, John Douglass, Lawrence Wiltse, Joest Power, Joseph Fowler, Elijah Wood, John Denton, Reuben Wilson, Abraham Adams, Daniel May, Isaac Burton, Moses Harris, Jr., Daniel Blaksly, William Reynolds, Robert MTilson, John Barnet, Jr, Joel Ketchum, James Ford, Ebenezer Kinne, John Jones, Richard Brush, William Adams, Ben jamin Herrick, Ephraim Ford, Edmond Perlee, Abraham Adams, Jr., William Blunt, Weight Milleman, Monmouth Purdy, Daniel Davison, Jacob Elliot, James Dickson, Stephen Reynolds, Elisha Latimore, Joshua Talcut, John Collins, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

John Benedict, David Waters, Versa1 Dickinson, Lemuel Brush, William Brush, Jason Hammond, Platt Smith, David Trusdel, Josiah Webb, Job Milk, Sylvester Handley, Adin Tubbs, Elijah Kinne, Jared Rundel, Samuel Benedict, Joel H. Thurston. John Barnet,

I do agree to the above Association, so far that it doth not interfere with the oath of my office: nor my allegiance to the King. ISAACSMITH.

Kot to infringe on my oaths. ABRAHAMBECKER.

June 8, 1775. This may certify, to all people whom it may concern, that I, the subscriber, am willing to do what is just and right to secure the privileges of America, both civil and sacred, and to follow hz advice of our reverend Congress, so far as they do the word of God and the example of Jesus Christ ;and I hope in the grace of God, no more will be required. As witness my hand : JOHN GARNSEY.

The following persons (three Tories) have neglected to sign the h.sociation : Joel Harvey, Jttn., PILilip Rowe ; John Garnsey has ~ignedthe paper annexed. ROSWELLHOPKINS, Amenia, July 12, 1775.

Gentlemen : Agreeable to your request, I have procured the persons within mentioned to subscribe the Associatiolt, together with Mr. Samuel King and Mr. Silas Marsh, all in Amenia Pre- ci.rtct, in Dutchess County. The two lists of Mr. Marsh and this have four hundred and twenty signers, and six have delayed or refused. I am, Gentlemen, yours, &c., ROSWELLHOPKINS. Dutchess County, Amenia Precinct. 132 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Abraham Slocum, Samuel West, -. John Mead, John Cline, John Freeman, Jehea Rogers, Joel Washburn, Robert Freeman, Nathan Gates, Joseph Penoy er, Thomas Thornas: Samuel Johnson, John Seymour, .' Jeduthan Gray, Stephen NTarren, Johabod Rogers, Jr.: Eleazer Gilson, Elijah Freeman, James Mead, Peter Shavelean, Alexander He\vson: Joseph noty, Jared race: Richard Shavelean, Eliakim Reed, Jr., Solomo~lShnvelean, Samuel Dunham, Bcnjamin Crippin, John Torner, David Paync, Martin De Lemetter, Heth Kellv, Joseph Doty, Nathaniel Pinnev.". Samuel Sniter, Ebenczer Boase, Samuel Jarvis, 4 Joseph Gray, Lot Levitt, Josiah Marsh, John Boyd, Samuel Palmer, .. Matthew Vandeusen: Obacliall Nlatthews, Nathaniel S~vift, Daniel Sagc, Eleaz er Mort on: James Chapman, Isaac Osburn, Daniel Harvey, Jonathan Hunter, Thad. Mailing, Samuel Swift, dmos Penoyer: Ashbel Winegar! Joseph Gillet, Reuben Doty, James B. Ro~ve, WTilliam Hunt, Abner Shabalier: Nicholas Row, Jonas Adams, Samuel Gray, Thomas Aily, Simeon Reed, David Randle, Samuel Southsvorth, Benjamin Sage, Elisha Hollifler, Moses Brown: Benjamin &laxam: John Scott? Moses Gillett, Gerardus Gates, Lemuel Shirtliff, Elkanah Stephens, Abial Mott, John blears, REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE.

Andrew Stephens, Gershom Reed, Josiah Cleavland, Moses Barlow, John Connor, Solomon Armstrong, 4 Richard Larrabe, Thomas Ganong, Zedekiah Brown, Elihu Beard, Jr., Henry Barnes, Nathan Palmer, Jonah Barnes, John De Lemetter, Benjamin Johns, William Chamberlain, Ebenezer Larrabe, Nathan Barlow, Ezra St. John, Simcon Hellsy, Obed Harvey, Zadock Knapp, Robert Patrick, Benjamin Hollister, Jsaac Dc Lemetter, John Sackett, Jr., Thiel Lamb, Robert Hebard, Benjamin Delano, Joshua Losel, Daniel IVebster, John &Jarchant, Samuel Judson, Daniel Castle, William Mitchell, Abraham French, Henry Winegar, Seelye Trowbridge. William Young, Asa Foot, John Barry, Barnabas Gillet, James Reed, Elijah Smith, John Chamberlain, John Lloyd, Colbc Chamberlain, Epraim Besse, Ezra Reed, Robert Johnson, Dan. Barry, Jonathan Pike, David Doty, Gilbert Willett, John Sackett, Thomas Mygatt, Garret Winegar, Obed Harvey, Jr., Walter Lothrop, Silas Roe, Ezekiel Sackett, Nathaniel Gates, Increase Child, Seth Dunham, Elisha Barlow: Caleb Dakin, Corns. Atherton, George Sornburgh, Reuben Doty, Frederick Sornburgh, Sylvanus N y e, Isaac Darrow, Edmund Bramhall, Joseph Adams, Elijah Reed, Conrad Winegar, Stephen Delano, Levi Orten, 134 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

William Hall, Isaac Lamb, Robert Freehart, Elias Shavilier, Peter Klyn, Silas Marsh, Ledyard J. Charts, Bou-er Slason. Sir :-In pursuance of your order, I have procured the above subscribers (true Whigs), and am, Sir, with great respect, your very humble servant, SIL~SMARSH.

Joseph Green, John Dunham, Simon Whitcomb, Richard Sackett, William Roberts, Stephen Gates, Albert Finch, Daniel Washburn, Joseph Benson, Jacob Dorinan, Garret Rotv, Seth Swift, Nathan Barlo\v, Ellis Briggs, Abell &Iarchant, Samuel Heart, RuEus Seeton, Eliaha Blaps, Henry Winegar, Joseph Williams, Dier Wood~t-orth, Silas Reed, John Benson, Richard Hamilton, Samuel Winegar, Judah Swift, Daniel Lamb, Samuel DunBarn, Sr.? John Gates, Peter S1ason. Edtt-ard Bump,

The black roll of Tories. Though ogt of my limits, I am compelled to remind yon, Gentlemen, of Jarnc,s Smith, Esq., XV~O is notoriously wickcd.

Signers in Rhil>eb.cl; Precinct, Dutchess County. Petrus Ten Broeck, David Van Ness, P. G. Livingston, Egbert Bcnson, George Sheldon, Jacob Hermanse, William Beam, Andrias Hermanse, John Van Ness, Peter Hermanse, Herrnan Hoffman, Zach. Hoffman, Jr., Anmias Cooper, Martine Hoffman, REVOLl?f"I'ONARE' PLEDGE.

Zacharias Hoban, Philip Bonasteal, Abraham Cole, Simon S. Cole, James Everett, Andres Michel, William Bitcher, Jr., John Lewis, Jacob More? Jr., Christenun Miller, Christian bIohr: William Klum, Lodoll-ick Ensell, Johanrles Miller, IsaacWall-ork, Thomas Lewis, Samuel Green, Hendrick Livey, Peter Traver, Everhart Rj-dders: Andrew Simon, Henry Kuneke, Jacob Fisher, George Sperling, Samuel Elmendorph, Elias IIinneon, Zacharias Backer, Samuel Haines, Johannes Hannule, Peter Ledewj-ck, Johannes Richter, Jacob Elemendorph, Levi Jones, Jan Elemendorph, Isaac Cole: Patt. Hogan: Hendrick Miller, Evert Hernlanse, Sinon Cool, Jr., John Cole, Frederic Weir, Petrus Bitcher, John Banks, Zacharias Roob, H. I. Knickerbacker, John Balist, William Tuttle, Helmes Heermanse, Stephen Sears, Cornelius Elmendorph, Joseph Houlsworth, Philip Staats, Jacob Thomas, John Staats, Philip Feller, Peter Stasts, Harmen Whitbeck, Isaac Beringer, Jr., Evert Vosburgh, 'CfTilliamWaldorn, John Moore, Frederick Benner, Philip J. Moore, John Hermanse, Nicholas Hoffman, Stoffle Waldorn, John lCTilliams, Johannes Benner, Joseph Lenercree, George Sharpe, Jacob Vosburg, Christeaun Backer, James-Doglas, Petnzs Backer, John Garrison, Johannes Backer, Nicholas Hermanse, Coenradt Lescher, 136 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUKTY.

Michael Sheffel, Tobyes Van Keuren: Goetlieb Mardin, John Klum, Hendrick Mardin, Godfrey Hcndrick, David Martin, Jacob Beringer, Cornelius Swart: Joseph Younck, James Adams, Christian Fero, Daniel Oeden, Reper Schermerliorn: Jacob Schermerhorn, Wilhelmus Smith, Cornelius Schermorn, Frederick Rf oul, Reyer Heerrnans, George Reystorf, Jacob Heer~nans, William Harrison, William Bitcher, Christoff Schneyd, Wilhclmus Eitcllcr: Christopher Fitch, John Ilermanse, John Schermerhorn, Godire y Gay, Henry \Iraterlnan, Jr., Hendrick Teter, Jr., Jacob Waterman, Abraham Teter, Henry Litmer, Johannes Smith, John Mares, Jacob Bfepcr, Isaac Mares, Edward JV heeler: James Ostrander, Peter Woffmzn, Christopher Tirevel;. William Beringel-. Peter MTestfall, Jr., Conrad Beringer: Henry Gisselberght, Henry Klum, Jr., John Bender, C. Oosterhoudt, Zacharias Whiteman, Ben janlin XIyers, Joseph Hobart, John Oosterhoudt, William Schult zs, Peter Cole, John Blair, Simon Kool, Thomas Greves, Jacob Maul, Michal SchatzeI, Everardus Booardee, Joseph Rogers, Simon West fall, Benjamin Bogardus, Jacob Tremper, Hans Kierstead, William Radclift, Isaac Kipp, H. Nraldorph, Jr., Jacob J. Kipp, Henrich Benner, Henry Beekman, Jacob Moul, Sen., Evert V. UTagenen, Benj. Van Steenburgh. Art. V. Wagenen, Johannes Van Keuren, Philip Hennanse, REVOLUTIOPU'ARY PLEDGE.

W . Van J7redenburgh, William Powell5 Jacob Kip, Ca spar Haberlen, Jacob A. Kip, Thomas Umphry, John Tremper, Abraham Scott Henry Shop, William Troophape, Peter Shoyf, Alexander Campbell, Hendrick BIoon. Abraham Kip: Herick Berrger, Peter Brown, Johannes Turck, Jacob Schultz, John White, Jr.. John IIufman, John Cov-les, Henry Freligh, Jr .! Hernlan Duncan, R. T-hoel-anburgh, John Dcnneas: l'eter Eadciif, 'C%'illiam Waldrom, Sillloll Sihoot: Jr.: Cornelirrs Dcmonit, William Schoot, Jr., S. V. Bunscoten, Jacob Lev,-is, B. Pan Vredenbugil, Jncobus Kip, Peter Scoot: TVillialn Skepmus, Jonathan Scoot. Johannes P. V. ILood, John 3Iitchel1, William Dillman, Davit! 31111ford, Cornelius Miller? Lemne! >lnlford, Simon 3IiIi ham, Janws Leu-is: Lan-rcnce JIiliham, Peter D. 'iVitt, Jacob 7dil!lam1 John Pa\\-ling, Sinloll Mil ham, Olbartu.;: Sickner, Jolirl Ilrcaver: Jr., Andi-eu- 2011-an: Benj. Oosterhoudt, Mar!ine; Buger, Christ. Deninarh, Johanncs Scott, Abraham JV estfall, Jacob Sickner, Jr., John JIcFort, Barellt V. IV genen, ?iTillialn Carney, Jacct! Sickner, Philip Feller, jr.: J. Van Aken, Kicholas Binestale, Peter Tan Sauker, Philip Binestale: Jr., Jacob S. Schriver, C. Wcnnebeger, Paul Grubcr, Johanncs Eenner, Solomon Poxvell, Jacob Benller, Henry Bull, Jacob Folant, George Bull, John Rogers, 12" 138 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Nicholas Stickle, , Henry Burges, Jr., Jacob Tell, Ulriah Bates, John Satcr, William ~ctlure, John Haass, Joshua Chember, William V. Prudenburgh. Zach. Xeer, Rurif J. Kip, Nicholas Stickle, Jr.,.

. . P. Van Pradenburgh: Dutchcss County, Rhinebeck Precinct. A return of the names of such persons as have refused to sign the gcnenl Association. EGBERTBEXSOK Chairman of the Precinct Committee Mordecai Lester: Christian Brucc, Peter Prosses, Peter Frusam, Timothy Doughty, Hcndk. A. Schrj~er, Adam Tibblc, Marthen Schryvdr, Jacob -Tibble, Marthynes Schryver, Lodowick Streght, T. Van Benschoten, Peter Em. Schryver, 33- Van Benschoten, Peter Freligh, Egbert Bunchoten, Steophanus Freligh. Harmanus Bunchoten, Adam Eclicr, John Carnell,

Peter Ecker, John Sickner, e Johannes Ecker, 3. V. Vradenburgh? Jr., Adam Jury Ecker, Henry Pawling: J. Van Vradenburgh, John Schryver; Jacob Van Estcn, David Schryver. Zebulon EIallick, John Brown, Adam Burgh, Hendk. Ecker, Jr., Michael Bruce, Jacob Chafer, George Stover; John Holmes, George Anderson, Philip Pinek, Zacharias Cramer, John Pinek, Johannes Cramer: Philip Pinek, JraJ Johan. Van Esten, Jr., Jacob Elen; Stephanus Euger, Henry Wederwaks, Christian Bargh, Abraham Wederwaks, Christian Bargh, Jr., Philip Loune, John Hallock, Bashan Loune, REVOLUTTOW ARY PLEDGE.

Anderis Loune, Johannes Fraver, George Lament, Peter Fndenburgh, Jacob Loune, Hans Zipy erly, John Nrels, Jr., Jose Neer, Benjamin Westfall, David Lawn: Benjamin W els. Johanncs Lo~vn:Jr., John Dericks, Jacob Seeman, Jacob Hcndericks, Jr., John Seeman, John Bander, Jr., Jacob Seeman, Jr., John Tile, David Seeman, Jr., Joest Schever, Jeremiah Saeman, Jr., Frederick Schever. Petrus Fero, Henry Schever, Martin Threecarter: Anthony Strant, Bastian UTitterwax, Benj. Stienburgh, Jr.. Henilrick Shook, Hendrick Illeyer, Christian Shook, Tunis Boutcher, Cobus Shook, Conradt Polver, George Shook: Casper Boutcher, Peter Frel igh, Jacob Yager, Michael Seeman, Juery Hoffman, Abraham Seeman, Nicholas Hoffman, Jacob Cole, Johan. Righpenbergh, Jacob Miller, Petms Righpenbergh, John J. Cole, Andris Luych, Jacob Shomaker, Zacharias Drom, George Bennet, Hendrick Heermans, Jollannes Sager, Jacobus Kip, Christian Dederick, Johan Van Wagoner, Michael Puls, Barent Van Wagoner, David Puls, Matthew Van Etter, Christucal Puls, Cobus Van Etter, Daniel Pnls, Isaac Van Etter, George Puls, Hendrick Pelts, Michael Puls, Lodowick Elshaver, Bashan iTTagor, Peter Nile, Powlis Wagor, Coenradt Barnmas, John Marguet, Martha Teel, Johannes Barker, Lawrence Teel, Jr., Martner Barker, 140 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Lawrence Barker, William WTallace, George Xfarguet, Henry JVallace, Peter Prough, Francis Nchiu, Powlis Prough? Charles Nchis, Adam &her, Francis Xehis, Jr., John Asher, Peter H. Traver, Gerrit Dedrick, John 13. Traver, Jacob Iiisel Bargh, Frederick Traver, John Kip, Jacob Traver, Benj. Van Etten, Abraham Kip: Jacol~usB. TTanEtten: Peter Scriver, ~acoiusVan Etten, Peter Kip, Jacobus J. Tan Etten, . Henry Lewis: Abiaham Van Etten, Jacob I

Petrus Shetvfelt, Frederick Slays, Adam Shewfelt, P. Van Benthuysen, Sr., John Allemten, J. Van Benthuysen, John F. Allemten, Phil. S. Livingston.

Dutclless County, June and July, 1775. B. Knickerbacker, Jr., Jonathan Le\vis, Peter Van Leuven, John Hibbird, Caleb Reynolds, Theophilus 15'adleigI:l1, David Fisk, Timothy Soaper, Obadiah Holrnes, Samuel Smith, John Knickerbacker, Daniel Soule, Petrus IIommel, Jacob Lesh, Benj. Knickerbacker, Benjamin Atwater. Caleb Force, Titus Mead, Richard Gray, David llobbins, Eliphalet Platt, John Robbins, Isaac MTood, Peter Smith, Phineas Rice, Jr., Jesse Cornell, Isaac Young, Absolom Trowbridge, James Young: Jeremiah Shaw: Jacob Werner, Stephen Atwater, Samuel Mabbitt, Joseph Crary, Israel Green, Jr., Isaac Smith, Benjamin Terbush, Thomas Hill, Gabriel Dowzenber y , Peter Van Deursen, Wilhelm Finche, Moses Golph, Benjamin Crandle: Ezekiel Kie, IVillirtm Smith, Ira Winans, Motise Wilse, Lambert Morey, John Stuart, Peter Smith, Jr., Adam Snider, Nathan Lounsbury, William Mansfield, Epentus Lounsbury, Michael Row, Jr., Andus Stickel, Philip Smith, Christian Cambel, John Parkinson, Cornelius Viller, . James Neeson. John Schermerhorn, 142 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

July 5, 1775. We, the subscribers, being duly chosen as a SzrbCornmittee, to return tlie names of all persons 117110 havc signed the above Association ; ai~dlikelvise llle persons mlro did not sign, on the back. CI-IIRLESGRAHAM, Hmnr SIIERB~TRNE. A list of the Persons not signers. John Geo. Kerrick, John Stickcl, Hontice Smith, Sr.. John Bearry, Hontice Smith, Jr.. Mica1 Simons, Nicholas Smith, Jacob Luke, Leonard Smith, Cornelius Clark: Jonathan Griffin, Vandil P~zlvin, Jonathan Devsll, John Pulvin: Tice Wisey, Hendrick Cufin, Benjamin IVillbor, Peter Pulvin, William Merrifielil, Hendrick I-Ioofman, Jacob hR.lclione, Jr., Philip Snider, Motise Rowe, Benj. I;tnleuran, Daniel McConalep, Isaac Vanleuvan, William Melions: John Weaver, Lockland McIntosh, Harry Mreaver: Alexander fifcIntosh: Hendrick Row, William McIntosh, Giles Weaver, I Andrus Pulvin, Michael Smith, William Rector, Mica1 Row, Sr., Valentine Emert, John Peter ROT, Hendk. Younklion, Tuce Smith. We, the subscribers, inhabitants of the Colony of hrew Ymk, do' most solemnly declare, that the claims of the British Parlia- ment to bind, at their discretion, the people of the United Colo- nies in America in all cases whatsoever are, in our opinions, absurd, unjust, and tyrannical ; and that the hostile attempts of their fleets and armies to enforce submission to those wicked and ridiculous claims ought to be resisted by arms. And therefore we do engage and associate, under all the ties which we respee- tively hold sacred, to defend by arms these United Colonies againit the said hostile attempts, agreeable to all such laws or REVOLUTIONARY PLEDGE. regulations as our representatives in the Congress, or future General Assemblies of this Colony, have or shall, for the pnr- pose, make and establisli. SABIUELWHITTEN. The nzmes of those who refuse to ~ignthe Association in Charlotte Prccilzct, are : Peter Haffiekl, Eliphax Fish, Jabez Fineh, Joseph Husted, Edward U~zdrel, Richard Simmo.ils, Daniel Sales, Jolmt has Laplt mx , Stephen Hix, Barnard I., Henry TVecl~s, Samuel Tit?(-s, Hendrick Bur, Richard Bnrtlett, John TVatson, Samuel Mosh cr, Zdward Mosher, Ichabod White, Matthias B~ogtce, Uriuh Hall. PHILIPSTOWN.

Tan town by the Act of March 'ith, 1788, entitled L4 an Act for dividing the c~untiesof this State into To~ins,"is described as follo~rs: "And all that part of the county of Dutclless, bounded southerly by the county of Westchester, westerly by Hudson's River, northerly by the north bounds of the Lands granted to Adolph Philipse, Esq., and easterly by the Long-Lot, number four, formerly belonging to Beverly Robison, shall be, and hereby is erected into a to~vn, by the name of Philipstown." Originally it embraced more than one-third of the county, but has since been diminished by the erection of the town of Putnam Valley in 1839. Its central distance from the city of New York, is about fifty-six miles, and from Albany, ninety-four miles. Its present boundaries are as follows : On the north, by the south line of Dutchess county ; on the east, by the west and north lines of Kent and Putna,m valley; on the south, by the north line of Westchester ; and on the west, extending the whole length of Putnam, by the Hudson river. Its face is broken by hills and mountains, presenting a rough, rugged, and forbidding aspect. Not more than one-fifth of it is under cultivation, and not more than one-third could be made productive, bv the most Y lavish expenditure, of moneys, to the agriculturist. Let it not be supposed by the reader that it is, PH~LIPSTOWN. 245 therefore, altogether valueless, although the plough of the husbandman would in vain, and to little profit, be held in its bosom. It contains those materials that are worth more to its owners, than if it was suscep tible of the highest agricultural improvement. It is covered with timber, valuable for ship building and other purposes ; and, perbaps, from no other township between Albany and New TTork,for its size, is so great a quantity of wood and timber carried to market. The stone quarries and mineral productions scattered in every direction over its surface, yield a large profit, without any expenditure to the owners of those locations. The burning of charcoal is a profitable pursuit to those engaged in it. The writer has been informed by a farmer owning about 200 acres of land in this town, one-half of which is unfit for cultivation, that during the last year he has realized, from the burning and sale of charcoal alone, $1000 over and above all expenses attending the same. Although the mountainous and rocky surface of this town will always present an impediment to an extended culture, yet its slopes and valleys in the western part, near the Hudson, are in a good state of CUE tivation ; and the agriculturist, although he has to labor hard, receives a good return. There are but few men of wealth here, but the inhabitants seem to be in possession of the necessities, if not the comforts of life." This town, with those now forming the county, as we have before stated, was comprised in the patent ganted to Adolph Philipse, by the King of England, and the land let out to those who would come and settle on it, paying no rent for a few years, except the 13 346 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. taxes. The tenants, according to the custom of early times, came under the operation of the feudal system, . modified, as it had been, by time and that peculiar state of things incident to the settlement of a new and distant country. In most instances they were tenants-at-will ; in others for life, or for a certain term of years. This system has exerted its legitimate influence in this town in retarding its agricultural development. Improvement, at first, proceeded very sloyly. No thing short of actual ownership of land, requiring such large outlays of labor and expense, would stimu-

late the early settlers to an energetic- and extended culture. The tenure by which they held was too un- certain to beget that desire for permanent improvement which stimulates the husbandinan when he is sure that the profits of his labor and toil are secure to himself and family. This state of things no longer exists ; and nearly all of the land fit for cultivation is now owned . by industrious, enterprising men, who have purchased it from the original proprietor, or his descendants. The best farms are found in Pleasant Valley ; a vale extending from the Westchester line on the south, to Dutchess on the north, having an average breadth of one mile. It skirts the Hudson until it reaches the village of Cold Spring, then devi- , ates a little to the east, between Bull hill, Breakneck, St. Anthony's Face peaks, on the west, and the cen- the east. .tral . Highlands on PHILIPSTOWN. 147

EARLY SETTLEMENT OF PHILIPSTOWN AND PUTNAM VALLEY. We shall treat of the early settlement of these towns together,%asthey were originally one ; the latter being erected from the former, March 14, 1839. To us such a course seems not only necessary but proper, as the latter has no early history, independent of the former. With regard to the early settlement of the towns, we have met with more difficulty than with any other article contailled in our paper. The aged people are few, whose memories enable them to give dates, with any degree of accuracy, except in a very few instances. A generation has passed away, who, twenty-five years ago, could have furnished exact chronological information of a very valuable character ; but the golde~lperiod for collecting it has passed, and we must be content with the imperfect sources that are still left. The Old Ilighland Church and Vicinity.-The first settlement in this part of Philipstown, was made by David Hustis, who came from England and settled about half a mile north of the Highland Church- on the road from Cold Spring to Fishkill, and where David Hustis, Esq., now living, resides-in 1730. He settled down with the Indians around him, and procured the corn, which he first planted, from them.. They had about the fourth of an acre under cultivation, the year before, on the east side of the road, a few rods south of the house where the present David now lives. He was the first of the name, and the an- cester of the Hustis family, in this town. He became- I48 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. a tenant-at-will, of the patentee, and rented 310 acres of land, for which he paid a yearly rent of five pounds, or $24, 10. He afterwards occupied 90 acres . more wesl of the kst tract, all of which he afterwards purchased. His nearest neighbor was three miles distant, to whom he was compelled to go, a few days after his arrival, to procure fire ; his own, from neg- lect, having gone out. A short time afterwards, the Haigh ts, Bloomers, and Wilgons, came and settled in the vicinity. At the Highland Church, one Anderson built a house on the site now occupied by the house of S. Birdsall, in which Thomas Davenport, Esq., now resides. A man of the name of Lamoreaux settled there about the same time, Anderson was of Dutch descent, and Lamoreaux, French. Both removed before the Revolution. Ben- jamin Bloomer was the next settler, who, xith one Bush, made a large purchase in the water lot of Roger Morris, between the Church and the I-Iudson. David Hustis died in the early part of the Revolu- tion, leaving four sons, Joseph, Caleb, Solomon, and Jonathan. Joseph had three sons, Robert, Joseph, David; and six daughters, Sarah, Abbey, Mary, Charity, Phoebe, Hannah? and died in 1805. All are now deceased, except David and Phoebe. Caleb had two sons, William and Jonathan ; and six daughters, viz. : Elizabeth, Esther, Anna, Rachel, Mary, and Phoebe. William had four sons, Samuel, Caleb, Isaac, and Josiah, all of whom are now living. David Hustis was one of the commissioners, who laid out the first roads in the south part of Dutchess County, now Putnarn, in 1744. PHILIPSTOWN. 149 Cold Spring Village.-Thomas Davenport, great- grandfather to William Davenport, Esq., of Nelson- ville, came from England about 17 15, and built the first house at Cold Spring. It was burnt down while his son William was living in it. After his father's decease, William, grandfather to the present William, about 1760, built a small house a few rods distant fkom where it stood. Isaac Daven- port, cousin of William, then built a house on the foundation of the house burned down, which had been built by Thomas, his uncle, and moved the one built by William to it. They now form the old low house on the hill, a few rods distant from the residence of Marvin Wilson, Esq., on the north side of Main Street. Thomas Davenport had two wives. By the first he had two sons, William and Thomas; and one daughter. By his second he had two sons, and two daughters. William, grandfather of Willliam now kvhg, was by the first wife, and had one son, named Thomas, who was the father of the present William of Nelson- ville, and two danghters, Marybee and Elizabeth. Marybee married Thomas Sutton, Elizabeth married Solomon Cornell, who emigrated to Kentucky. Thomas had one son, William, and two daughters, Sarah and Elizabeth. Sarah married John Snouck, and is dea.d ; Elizabeth married Jonathan Hustis, and is still living. Thomas the great ancestor of the family in this town, died the 30th of December, 1759, aged 77 years. His graildson Thomas, and father of the present William, was born April 1 1 t h, 1750, and died - Thomas, the brother of the grandfather of the 13* 150 HISTORY OF PUTRAM COUNTY. present William, built a house which stood in the .garden just north of the farm-house of Henry De Rharns, on the road leading from Cold Spring to John Garrison's, Esg. Oliver Davenport built the old house7 still standing in NelsonviHe, opposite to the residence of William Davenport, Esq. Isaac Davenport, the grandfather of Capt. Cornelius and Sylvenus Davenport of Cold Spring, was the son of Thomas Davenport, and born in the old house at H. De Rahams. The next house was erected by Elijah Davenport the son of Isaac, and father of Capt. Cornelius and Sylvenus Davenport, and forms the rear of the house now occupied by Asa Truesdell, Esq., on the south side of Main Street. It was built about 1795. Elijah Davenport kept store in it ; and in 1817 it was occupied by the Hon. Gav. Kemble, President of the West Point Foundry, as an ofice. The third house erected in the village, now forms the rear part of the building occupied by Thomas Rogers, at the north end of found^). Street. The next house built, in the vicinity of the village, was the old house now standing near Clark's brick- yard, at present unoccupied. It was built shortly after the Revolution by Peter Lindsey, who subsequently sold it to Samuel W. Baird, a cooper by trade, who kept a grocery in it. An ojd log-house stood opposite to where William Davenport now resides in Nelsonville, and on the site of the old, low, frame-house now standing. It was occupied by Stephen, brother of the first Thomas Daven- port mentioned above. Thomas Davenport was one of the commissioners for laving out roads in that part of Dutchess County, which is now Putnarn, from 1745 to 1755. PHILIPSTOWN. 151 Nelson's Highlands and vicinity.-John Rogers made a settlement about 1730, where Cornelius Haight now lives on the old post-road, a few miles north of Continental Village. At that time there was only a path used by the Indians, leading from Westchester through the Highlands, to Fishkill. Having built a log house sufficiently large for a country tavern, he was always sure to have a traveler for his guest during the night, if he reached the house in the middle of the afternoon ; as none ever departed on their journey after that tiine, owing to the danger of traveling through the Highlands after night, and the difficulty of threading such a wild, mountainous, and solitary path. I-Ie continued to keep tavern there during the \ French and Indian war; a short time previous to which, the old post-road was cut through the High- lands by Lord Louden, for, conveying his baggage, stores, and troops to the North, to attack the French out-posts. The road followed the Indian path, and is vervu little altered from the original line. Rogers' was the first house built along the path. The next house on this road was built by James Stanley, where Samuel Jeffords, deceased, lived about 1750. Thomas Sarles built the nexton the east side of the road, between Samuel Jefford's, Esq., and Justus Nelson's, at the foot of the hill, about 1756. The next northward, was built by Elijah Budd, where Joseph Wiltsie now lives, called the Andrew Hill-farm. Gilbert Budd about the same time, built a house where John Griffin, Esq., now resides. Gilbert lived there in the Revolution, and his brother Elijah on the Hill- farm, a quarter of a mile south. At the south end of Peekskill Hollow, in the now 152 HISTORY. OF PUTNAY COUNTY. town of Putnam Valley, a family of the name of Ilu- senbery and Adams, made a settlement, but at what period of time, we have not been able to ascertain. On the road leading to Peekskill, where Abijah Knapp now lives, George Lane made an early settlement, about fourteen miles east of Continental Village. Nathan Lane settled alittle below, where the Hon. A. and S. Smith reside. John Hyatt, who was commissioned a Colonel in the militia in the Revolution, settled between the Lanes. In Peekskill Hollow, a little south of where Dr. John Tompkins resides, the Post family settled. At what is now ealled Tompkins Corners, was formerly called the Wickopee and Peeksltill Hollow Corners, those roads intersecting each other at that point. Wickopee was the name of aneIndian tribe, that lived at Shenandoah, in Dutchess County ; and another tribe called Canopus, lived in Westcheste~*,near the line of Putnam, and extellding into the hollow which bears their name. Up and down Peekskill Hollow these tribes used to pass, when visiting each other. The lower tribe, when asked by their white neighbors where they were going, when settingIout to make one of their visits, 1.i-ould reply, We're going to see old Wichopee." The name, 1%-e believe, is ilom spelled Wickapee, but u-e have bee11 informed by old people, that it was formerly spelled as above. The Lanes, Posts, Dusenberys, Smiths, and Adams, were original settlers in this town. About two miles south-east of Tompkins' Corners, Abraham Smith, grandfather to the Hon. A. and S. Smith, made a settlement, and purchased a large tract of land from Col. Beverly Rob- inson, about 1760, where his grandchildren, above- named, now reside. PHILIPSTOWN. 153 He emigrated with two of his brothers from Eng- land, about 1720, and settled at Smithtown, on Long Island, where they purchased a very large tract. In 1700, he removed to Putnam Valley, and died in 1763. He had one son named Abraham, the father of the Hon. Abraham and Saxton Smith, who reside on the paternal estate. After haring surveyed out the tract, he gave the farm, where John and Reuben Barger now live, to one of his chain-bearers for his services. An early settlement was made by the Ferris family, from New Rochelle, Westchester County. The ancestor of the family came from Rochelle in France, on the repeal of the edict of Nantz, by Louis XIV., in 1685. The family before the Revolution, moved to the vicinity in which Joseph Ferris, now living, resides.

Estract from Town Records. LLAta town meeting in Philipses Precinct in Dutchess county on dav of Apr. 1772 the following ofticers were Chosen John Crumpton Clark Beverly Robinson Supervisor Joseph Lane & Assessors Caleb Nelson I William Dusenberry Collector Israel Taylor & Constables Isaac Devenport Justus Nelson Poormasters Cor7s Tompkins ] Cor7sTornpkins, Poundmaster for Peekskill Hollow John Likely Poundmaster for Canopus Hollow Elijah Budd Poundmaster on the Post Road Caleb Nelson Poundmaster on the Rivet 154 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Isaac Rhodes & Moses Dusenberry fence Viewers Ismc Horton & John Jones do do Joseph Haight 8i James Lamoreaus do do Jacob Mandevill & Tho's Devenport do do Isaac Rhodes Highwaymaster, for ye Road from Frediraksburg Precinct to the Bridge over Peekskill River near Lewis Jones - -illiam White Highwaymaster for the Roade from William Dusenberrys ~?pPeekskill Hollow to the Bridge near Lewis Jpnes which bridge he is to make with his hands 8r to con tinue up the Hollow to the Line of Fred'sburgh Precinct- The remainder of the entry of this Road District, with the next one, of which Robert Oakley was chosen Highway Master, has been nibbled away by mice. The next in order is as follows : John Winn Highwaymaster for the Road from the Cold Spring Along ~vycopyRoad to the Line of Rumbout's Precinct all the people living north of sd Spring to belong to his Com- pany Reuben Drake Highrvayiiaster from Drakels Mills up Canopus Hollow to the Post Road- John Meeks Highwaymaster on the Post Road from Westchester line to Joseph Bards.- Elijah Budd Highwaymaster on ye Post Road from Thos Sarles to Rumbout's Precinct Jacob Mandivell Highwaymaster from the Post Road near Widow Areles through the Highlands to sd Mandivell's House from thence to Caleb Nelson's & from thence to Christopher Fowler's and from thence to the first mentioned Road John Nelson Highwaymaster from Mr robin son?^ Mills to his fathers from thence to Tho's Williamsoll & from thence to mr Robinson's house PHILIPSTOWN. 155

Thomas Devenport Highwaymaster from Caleb Nelsons to his own house & from thence thro the woods to the post Road near Elijah Euds- Here, again, the mice have destroyed the entry of the remaining road district. After which, is the following entry of a challenge by Uriali Drake, question- ing the election of Cornelius Tompkins to the office of Poormaster, and the result on a second ballot. N. B. all the foregoing persons was chosen Unanimousley Except Cor's Tompkins Poormaster who was opposed by Uriah Drake who demanded a pole at the Close of which Cor's Tompkins had 47 Votes Uriah Drake 35 do -. 12 Defference upon which Car's Tompkins was Declared poormaster April the 25 John Armstrong his mark a Crop of the Right ear May the 11 1772 John Cavery Desires his mark to Bee En- terd In this Book Which I have Which is a Crop of the neer ear and a Slit in the same and the off car A Hol and a half Pen- ny and the Half Penny on the under side \ May 11 1772 Sibit Cronkit Juneer De Sires his mark to Bee Enterd in this Book Which I have Which is two niks in the neer ear one on Each Side and the off Ear a Slit and a Half Penny upon the under side. There were thirteen road-districts in this town, then including the town of Putnam Valley, in 1772, and sixteen in 1773. Commissioners for laying out highways were not elected previous to 1773. At the town meeting held in the spring of that year, Joshua Nelson, Moses Dusenberry, and Isaac Rhodes were elected. The record does not contain the names of persons assessed on the different road districts, but only the names of the path masters. The whole num- 156 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. ber of days a,ssessed on each district were put down on the record against its overseer or master. There is an exception to this, however, in 1783 ; and it is the only one that we have been able to find upon the earliest record. The entry is as follows : list of amos odellls Company to work the Highway for the present year 1783 no of Days for Eech man to work Amas ode11 8 Days John Armstrong to work 8 Jacob armstrong to work 4 fiTilliam Cristion To work 5 Richard Criston Jun To work 7 Henry E-ouman To work 4 Oliver ode11 To work 8 Aaron ode11 to work ,: 4 The first road laid out by the Commissioners of this town was in 1784.; and the description thereof is characterized by more than Spartan brevity. It is as follows :

" May the 10 in the year of 1784 Then we the Comishnen Laid out a Road from Calip Nelsons to his Landon Beginin at his house Ceepin as near the South of the Brook as near the Brook as Connevent as Can for us E LIJAHBUDD HENDRICK POAST ISAACROIIES The following is a list of the names which appear on the town record, including Putnam Valley, from 1772 to 1782 : Beverly Robinson, Israel Taylor, John Crumpton, Isaac Devenport, Joseph Lane, Justus Nelson, Caleb Nelson, Cornelius Tompkins, William Dusenberry, John Likely, PHILIPSTOWN.

Elijah Budd, Daniel W illsie, Isaac Rhodes, John Sherwood, Isaac Horton, Reuben Tompkins, Joseph Haight, Stephen Devenport, Jacob Mandevill, John Van Amburgh, Thomas Devenport, Ezekiel Gee, John Jones, Samuel Jenkinq James Lamoreaux, Jacob Reade, Moses Dusenberry, Isaac Odell, William White, Capt. Israel1 Knapp, John W inn, John Haight, Reuben Drake, Hendric Riers, John Meeks, Amos Odell, Samuel Warren, Jacob Armstrong, John Nelson, William Cristian, Uriah Drake, Oliver Odell, John Armstrong, Aaron Odell, John Cavery, Henry Eltonon, Sibit Cronkit, Robert Oakley, Edward Meeks, Thomas Smith, Anthony Field, Joseph Arpels, Cornelius Gea, William Wright, Joseph Nap, Cresterfer Fowller, Peter Bell, Jonathan Ones, Murt y Heayerty, Gabriel Archer, Nathaniel Jager, Sylvenus Lockwood, Stephen Lawrance, Abraham Garrison, Jedediah Frost, Joshua Mead, Peter Dubois, ~endriclr'Post, Joshua Nelson, Absalom Nelson, Justus Ones, Peter Ryall, Peter Snorck, William White, Joseph Husted, Capt. George Lane, John Avery, Peter Likekey, Thomas Bassford, Gilburt Budd, Sylvenus Haight, James Jahcocks, Benjamin Rogers, Gabriel Archer, Stephen Conklin, Henry Wiltsee, Daniel Bugbee, Petor Drak, 14 158 HISTORY OF PUTNSM-COUNTY. matheuw mcCabe, Philip Steenburk, Cornelius Tompkins Junior, John Knapp, Dane1 Buckbee, Isaac Jacocks, Comfort Chaddick, Richard Denny, Thomas Lewes, Isaac Garrison, Nathan Lane, David Henyon, Moses Dusenberry Junior, Isaac Danford, Joseph Garrison, Thomas MTilliams, Peter Warren, John Christian, Peter Kelep, Jessee Owen, John Yeouman, William Deausenberry, ~irahamCroft, Solomon Smith, Abraham Marling, thomes Brient, Joseph Bare, Joshua Tompkins, Elisha Budd, Charles Cristian, Titus Travis, Jonathan Miller, Gilbert Oakley, James peney, John Drake, Nathaniel Tomkings, John Edgar, Col . Samuel Drakes.?' Cold Spring Village.-This is the largest village in the town or county, and the only incorporated one in it. The Act, incorporating it, was passed by the Legislature, April 22, 1846. Vide chap. 102, Session Laws of 1846. It is twenty miles from Carmel, and one and a half from West Point. It covers a large extent of ground, embracing what is called the Foun- dry district. The west end of the village, from the store of Lewis Birdsall, to the present steam-boat landing, and some portion of it, north and south of Birdsall's store, on Foundry Street, is made ground, and was formerly a bay; and by filling up, the docks have been extended into the river to their present location. It takes its name from a spring of water which is unusually cold, located on the line of the low and high grounds of the village, at the north-west corner of the door-yard of Henry Haldane, Esq. PHILIPSTOIVN. 159

It contains 4 churches, 4 clergymen, 2 attornies, 4 physicians, 10 stores, and 4 taverns. If we may be allowed the expression, it is the commercial metropolis of the county, and is the principal freighting de- pot, on the east side of the river, between the Dutchess and Westchester line. It is the birth place of Lieut* Col. Duncan, of the United States Army, who has rendered his country signal service on the bloody battle fields of Mexico. The old house in which this gallant officer was born, is no longer standing, having been accidentally burned down in 1841. It stood, at the time of his birth, in nearly the centre of Main Street, opposite to the new, large frame building, lately erected by Oliver Elwell, %sq. ; the road or street, at that time, running south of Blain Street, as it now is. The house, some years since, was moved to the position it occupied when burned down, and was used as a paint shop. The true name of the Col. is Duncanson ; and, as his father alleges, when he entered the army, by an oversight, or mistake of the recording clerk in the War Department, at Washington, his name was written Duncan. The mistake not being corrected, the Department, as a lawyer would say, "stuck to the record;" and the Col., since then, in all his communications to Government, and others, has written his surname, Duncan. Within the last few years the village has grown rapidly, and is still increasing as fast, perhaps, as any other on the East Bank of the Hudson. The West Point Foundry, located here, has been the main cause of its flourishing condition ; and within the last five years its buiiding lots have doubled in value. 160 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTI. Nelsonville.-This village is only a continuation of Cold Spring, and is built on the reverse slope of the hill, on which a part of the former is built. There are a few rods of ground intervening upon the top of the hill, but they will soon be covered with houses. The plot, originally made, embraces both villages. The turnpike leading fi-om Cold Spring to Carmel runs through it. Like Cold Spring, it has greatly increased in population, buildings, and business, within the last few years. It is named after the family of Nelsons, which are numerous in this town, to which is added uille, from the Latin iLvilZu,"signifying a uiIInge. Davenport's Corners.-A small collection of houscs, about four miles north of Cold Spring, on the road bading to Fishkill. John Davenport, deceased, kept a store and tavern there, after whom it is named. It is sometimes called cc The Old Highland Church," which is located there ; but it is more generally called b4 Davenport's Corners." John Davenport was the father of Elijah J. Davenport, Esq., of Cold Spring. Grifln's Corners.-A few houses, at the intersec- tion of the Cold Spring turnpike with the old post road, three miles east of Cold Spring. John Griffin resides there, in the old house, built by Gilbert Budd, before the Revolution. It has undergone some repairs, and additions have been made to it, but the old part is still standing. Break Neck.-A small collection of houses on the east bank of the Hudson, about two miles north of Cold Spring, through which the River-road runs to Fishkill Landing. Many of the best stone-quarries in this town are located here; also the brick-yard of -Clark, Esq., and a short distance south of it, the . PHILIPSTOWN. 16 1 brick-yard belonging to the estate of Daniel Fowler, deceased. These are the only places where brick is manufactured in this town. It takes its name from Break Neck Hill, at the southern base of which it lies ; the etymology of the name will be given in the description of the cc Hill." I-Iere is a dock, erected by the Harlem High Bridge Company, who rented from Messrs. Howard & Haldane, a few years since, their stone-quarries and the adjacent land, from which a greater part of the stone at this place is shipped. Denngtown.-A settlement of French people in the central part of the town, about one mile west of Justis Nelson's mill. It was settled by a family of the name of Denny, whose descendants are numerous in this town, and who own a large tract of land in that region. Town is derived from the Saxon word tun, and signifying a zualled or fortzpd place ; a collection of houses inclosed with walls; in popular usage it means a township. It takes its name, therefore, from this family of early settlers. Hortontown.-A small settlement and district of country in the northern part of t.he town, about one mile north of the second gate on the turnpike leading to Carmel, and so called from an old and numerous family by the name of Horton, who resided there, many of whose descendants still live there and in the vicinity. - Eel Point.-A small narrow point of land, jutting into the Hudson a few rods above Cold Spring. There is a small bay on the north side of it, a part of which is uncovered at low water, revealing a sandy bottom. In 1810, Henry Haldane, Esq., built the house now standing there, occupied by James War- 14* 162 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. ren, Esq., as a docli and storehouse. The storehouse was taken down in 1845. The Hudson River Rail- road passes over the west encl of it. It was called

46 EelPoint, near Sandy La?zrZi?zg." Eels congregated there, and its proximity to the sandy shoal just above it, accounts for its name. Co~ttine~ztnlVillqge.--A few houses in the southeast part of the town, one mile from the Westcllester line. In the revolution it was the inaiil entrance to the Highlands in this town, and was guarded by a detachment of American trcops. Two small forts u7ere erected for its defence, one at the north end of the village on the high ground, the remains of which are still to be seen; and one about a quarter of a -mile north-west of it, on thc road leading to the Hud- son, the foundation of which is also standing. It was burnt by a detachment of British troops in the earlv part of October, 1777, after forts Clinton and ~on; gornery had been taken by Sir Henry Clinton. John Meelis was the first settler at this place. The first grist-mill in Philipstown was built at this place by - Col. Beverly Robinson, about 1762, and stood a few rods east of where the paper-mill now stands, on the same stream. He also erected a saw-mill and fulling- mill there. Gallows Hill lies to the socth of it, in full riew, just across the Weschester line, on the east side of which the British troops advanced to the south entrance of the village. In the Revolutios a man by the name of John Strang was caught in the act of elllisting men for the British army, with a commission in his pocket signed by one of the generals. He was tried, condemned to the gallows, and hung upon this hill ; hence the name. PIIILIPSTOWN. 163 Warren's Landing-The house at this landing was built in 1804 by John Warren, father of the Hon. Cornelius and Sylvenus Warren, of Cold Spring. It is opposite West Point, a little to the west of Consti- tution Island. About 1798 George Jefford built the dock and a house, which was subsequently torn down. Mend's Dock.-This place is now called Garrison's Landing. It was built about the year 1814 by Joseph Mead. A store was formerly kept there. It is nearly opposite West Point. Bross's Landing.-A dock a few rods south of Mead's, built before the last war by a man of the name of Hoyt, a cooper bvd trade, who built a. house, shop, and constructed the dock for the accomnlodation of freighters in that vicinity and to increase the facilities of his own business. Hog-back Hill.-A steep eminence at the south- west corner of the flat on which the West Point Foundry is built. It takes its name from its fancied resemblance to the back of that animal. Vinegar Hill and iyfount Rascal.-Two elevated ridges, l yjng parallel with each other ; the former on the east side, and the latter on the west side of the West Point Foundry. They form the sides of the Foundry brook where it empties into the Hudson. It is said they were ilamed by William Youngs, Esquire, who formerly was a manager in the Foundry, after two places bearing those names in Ireland. BUZZ Hill.-A lofty peak of the Highlands just above Cold Spring, and separated from Breakneck peak by a narrow depression, or slope of land. Al- though termed a hill, it, with Breakneck north of it, is more properly a mountain. But not so thought a 164 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. son of Erin, who, being met on the road fl0om Cold Spring to Breakneck by a traveller, was asked, " What mountain is that, my friend Y" To which he replied,

6c Sure, sir, an devil a bit of a moui~tainis it a-taZ, sit* -its Bull Hill." According to tradition, a bull had made it his mountain home, from which, at night, he would descend to the low grounds in its vicinity, and commit suildry depredations in corn fields, meadows, and grain fields. The neighbors formed an " alliance," offensive and defensive, against this bold and ruthless mountain robber, determined to pursue him to his strongholds, and effect his capture or destruction. They chased him from this HiM to the one immediately north of it, where, being hard pressed by dogs and armed men: Iie was impelled and propelled down a precipice and through the chaparal," by which Sam Patch-like leap, he broke his neck; whereupon his pursuers immediately christened the hill from which they started him ci BUZZ Hill," and the one where they captured this midnight guerilla chief, ci Breakneck." The word hillis from the Saxon hyl, and ineans a natural elevation of land, or a mass of earth rising above the common level of the surrouilding land." Breali Nech-.-Another lofty peak of the Highlands, just north of Bull Hill, the name of w-hich has been explained in the description of that locality, above. A tunnel is now being cut through the western flank of this peak, for the Hudson River Railroad. The western flank protrudes itself almost into the river, through the centre of which runs the dividing line of Dutchess and Putnam Counties. On the south side of this peak, and within Putnam, within a few feet of

its apex, cc St. Anthony's Face," so celebrated in the PHILIPSTOWN. 165 history of the Hudson's scenery, once peered out and over the rocky battlements below, gazing, as it were, at the eternal ebb and $ood of the mighty current that breaks with unceasing fury against the lofty parapet that supported it. Thousands OF the travel- ling community on board of steamboats, with glass in hand, have turned their eyes on passing Break Neck, to gaze upon the stern 'nd rugged features of St. An- thony's Face ; but the venerable patriarch, destined like everything of earth, has passed away, and is numbered among the things that were. In the summer of 1846, Capt. Deering Ayers, who was engaged in the service of the Harlem High Bridge Company, by one fell blast, detached an immense block of granite weighing nearly two thousaild tons, and shivered in atoms the majestic brow and weather- beaten features, of the venerable mountain hermit. Nero, the last Roman emperor of the family of the Caesars, set fire to Rome, merely, as it is reported, that he might have a real representation of the conflagra- tion of Troy, and.fiddZed while it was burning. We are not informed whether Ayers, like Caius Marius amid the ruins of Carthage, smiled over the wreck that lay shattered around him, or evinced sorrow at his wanton demolition of nature's sculpture ; but the act was vandalic, in the extreme, to the true lover of Nature's works ; and the more so, as the stone was utterly useless to those who sought it in its mountain- home.

6L From his eyrie, that beaconed the darkness of heaven:" and for ages, he had looked abroad upon the restless and ever-agitated world, defying the warring elements 166 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. of nature and the tooth of time-majestic in the solitude of his mountain-home, he stood an admired specimen of nature's mechanism,

" A man without a model, and without a shadow."

" 0, woe to Mammon's desolating reign, We ne'er shall see his like on earth again." The tragedy was not ended with the destruction of St. Anthony's Face, for with the same terrible and de- structive agent with which the venerable saint was hurled from his airy pedestal, the poor unfortunate Ayers met with an untimely death. Some months after the scene at Break Neck, Ayers was engaged on Staten Island, blasting rocks. Having set fire to the fusee, he retired, but the blast not going off within the usual time, he returned to it, and having commenced working with it, it exploded, blowing the celebrated blaster of St. Anthony's Face into an hundred fragments. The greedy, sordid, and avaricious spirit of man is making sad havoc among the beautiful mountain scenery of the Hudson. Where it will stop, is more than we can tell. The sound of th6 ax and the railroad excavator's pick, with the steady click of the quarryman's hammer, is daily sounding in our ears, and slowly, though steadily, performing the work of demolition.

LL Rock and tree, and flowing water,:' are alike the subjects of this railroad tariff-a sort of steam custom-house tax ; and with the stereotyped plea of utility in one hand, the utilitarian of the nineteenth century, with the other, grasps without remorse the PHI LIPS^ OWN. 167 beauty of the richest landscape, and all that is noble and sublime in the scenery of the natural world. This chiseling of the &eat Architect, bearing such a striking resemblance to the human face, was named in honor of '' St. Anthony the Great; first institutor of monastic life ; born A.D. 251, at Coma, in Heraclea, a town in Upper Egypt." At the ba.se of this mountain peak, on the eastern shore of the Hudson, be- girned with smoke, dust, and powder, the mutilated features of the celebrated Face of St. Anthony now lie, '' And none so poor to do them reverence." " Sic transit gloria mundi.17

Cat Hill.-A large rocky hill, about two miles east of Cold Spring, near Justus Nelson's mill. In the earliest settlement of this town, it was the resort of wild cats. As the country became more thickly settled and cleared up, those animals were entirely exter- minated ; and dropping the word wild, the people named it as above. Its wild, rugged aspect, would have justified the inhabitants in retaining the first word, as the name would not have belied its appearance. Sugar Loaf Mountain.-A lofty peak of the High- lands about two miles southeast of West Point, near the ccRobinson House." Its altitude, as taken by Lieut. Arden, late of the U. S. Army, is 800 feet above the level of the Hudson. Its shape is conical, ' resembling a loaf of sugar, and hence its name. Anthony's Nose Mountain.-This is the highest peak of the Highlands, on the east side of the Hudson, in this town. It is situated at the entrance of the 168 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. Highlands, and is about 1100 feet in height. It is in the south-west part of the town, near the line of Westchester and Putnam, and opposite Fort Montgo- mery, on the west bank of the Hudson. From the base of this peak, a large boom and chain extended, in 1776, to Fort Montgomery. This was the second obstruction attempted ill the Hudson, to prevent the British from ascending it. The first was at Fort Washington, below the Highlands in Westchester County ; the third at West Point and Constitution Is- land ; and the fourth at Pallopel's Island, at the south entrance of Newburg Bay, extending to Plum Point, on the west bank of the river. From the Journal of the Committee of Safety, we extract the following, respecting the chain at Antho- ny's Nose and Fort Montgomery : Nov. 30th.: 1776. In perfecting the obstruction between St. Anthony's Nose on the eastern shore and Fort Montgomery, we endeavored to avail ourselves of the model of that which had proved effectual in the river Delaware, and were assisted by the advice and experience of Capt. Hazelwood, but the great length of the chain (being up~rardsof 1800 feet), the bulk of the logs which were necessary to support it? the immense weight of water which it accumulated, and the rapidity of the tide, have baf- fled all our efforts ; it separated twice after holding a few hours. LL Mr. Machen, the Engineer at Fort Montgomery, is of opinion, that with proper alterations it may still be of service in another part of the river, and we have, with Gen. Heath?s concurrence, directed him to make the trial.--But we have too much reason to despair of its ever fully answering the important purpose for which it was intended. A like disappointment we are informed happened at Portsmouth. Gen. Heath, on a conference with Gen. Clinton, has been pleased to recommend the obstruction of the navigation in this part of the river by cass~ons,~~&c. Gordon, in his Gazetteer, states, that the cost of this PIXILIPSTOWN. 169 chain at S50,000, continental money ; that it was made of iron 2 or 2 1-2 inches thick, was 1,800 feet in length, and weighed 50 tons. From a fancied resemblance of this peak to the human nose, and in honor of St. Anthony, it received the above appellation before the Revolution. There were two redoubts on this mountain, a short distance apart. They were intended to guard the entrance of the Hudson into the Highlands, and as an additional security to the chain. It is said that the rnai~ufactureof this chain, with the cost of placing it across the river, exhausted the Continental treasury ; and so far as any aoood was effected by it, Coilgress might about as well have caused a roll of twine to be stretched in its stead. Its on7n weight parted it twice, a,nd when the leading English ship struck it, it broke with the facility of a pipe-stern. Pine Hill.-An en~inencenear the i\!Iansion House of Mrs. Mary Gouverneul; so called. fro111 pine timber growing upon it. Philips' Quai-ries are located there. Stony Point.-A rocky peninsula, nearly half a mile north-west of the village of Cold Spring, and stretching into the I-Iudsoa about one fourth of a mile. The west end is an entire mass of granite rock, and has been quarried successfully by Alex. Anderson & Co., to whom it now belongs. It is steep at the west end, with a sufficient depth of water to float vessels of the largest class navigating the Hudson. Whiskey Hill.--4 small emineuce on the old road leading from Continental village to Garrison's Land- ing. During the Revolutionary war, some soldiers were carting a hogshead of whiskey from Continental 15 170 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. village to West-Point, for the use of the garrison at that post. On reaching nearly the top of this hill, the blocks in the hind part of the cart slid from their positions, and the hogshead, smashing the tail-board into pieces, rolled to the foot of the hill, where coming in contact with alarge stone, it bursted to the deep cha- grin of the soldiers, who were anticipating a hearty dram of it on their arrival at the post. They immediately christened it Whiskey Hill," which name it has ev'er since retained. Fort Hill.-A lofty eminence, the timber of which has been cut off, a few hundred rods east of the mansion-house of Judge Garrison. Two redoubts were erected oil it in the Revolution, one at the North end called "North Redoubt," and the other at the south end called '; South Redoubt." This redoubt may have been the one spoken of in Gen. Heath's order of- Dec. 3d, 1780, as the 4c Middle Redoubt." There ware works thrown up on Sugar Loaf Mountain; and by way of distinguishing the two, the one on the South end of this hill may have been called the Middle

Redoubt." I

Extract frorn Revolutionary Orders.?' ': GEX. HEATH'SORDERS. "Head Quarters, West Point, Decem. 3d, 1780. ':Brig. Gen'l Huntingdon 1%-illplease to assign one Regiment of the Conn. Line to the defence of the North Redout, one to the Middle Redout, and one to the works on Constitution Island, which works are to be considered as the posts of those three Regiments in case of alarm ithe other Regiments of the Line, in such case, are to be held in readiness to act as circumstances may require. Lb The 4th Mass'ts Brigade is assigned to the defence of Fort PHILIPSTOWN. 171

Clinton and its dependencies ; the 2nd Brigade to the defence of Forts Putnsm, Willis, itad Webb ; Col. Shepard7sand Col. Bige- low's to the former, Col. Vose's to Fort \Villis, and Lt. Col. Commandant Smith's to Fort MTebb: the 1st and 3cl to act as circumstances may require, and, on all alarms, to form on their Brigade Paradcs, ready to receive orders. The Connecticut Line is to mount a Captain% Guard at the Continental Village for the security of the public stores, and guarding that avenue into the Highlands.:'% The Sunk Lot.-This name is given to a tract of land in the east part of the town: containing about 1300 acres, belonging to Joel Hamilton. Its northern termination is near the Cold Spring turnpike, about one and a half miles south west of Griffin's Gate, and extends south nearly to the former residence of Joel Bunnell, Esq. Its location is low, apparently sunk down ; and hence the name. Co?zstitution island.-This island, projecting half way across the I-Iudson, forms its elbow nearly opposite West Point. Its western side is formed by steep and inaccessible precipices ; on the east, between it and the main land, is a large marshy, flaggy meadow, which, within a few years past, has been partly drained by ditches cut through it. This island is, probably, about two miles in circumference, and half a mile wide from north to south. It is covered with timber of an inferior kind, and uncultivated except on the southern and eastern edges. The entire marsh meadow contains about 300 acres, and the island about 250. This island, previous to, and at the commencement * This extract is given to show the Military localities of West Point at that early day. 172 HISTORY OF PUTNABS COUNTY.

of, the Revolution, was called c:jlfurtelaer's Rock Is- land ;" but after a fort was ereEted here in 17'75, it was rnore often called Coilstitution island, by which name it is now.. known. The fort was called Fort Constitution:' In the correspondence between the officers of the army and the New York Committee of Safety, and also wit11 the Continental and Provincial Congress, it is sometimes written Martles' Rock," and also '; Martyr's Beach." Froh the most accurate inforn~ationthat we have been able to obtain, this island was called after a Frenchman by the name of Martelail; and who, probably, resided on it with his family. A family, bearing that name, were early settlers at Murderer's Creek, in the town of Netv Windsor in Orange co.; and were mnrdered by the Iildians about tho year 1'720. It may hare been the same family who previously resided on this island, or tt brauch of it. The

Provincial, as well as Continent a1 Congress,- early saw the necessity of fortifying the Hudson river to preveiit its ascent by the enemy, and thus keep open the comlnunication between the eastern and middle States. The Continental Coilgress moved first in the matter, but the published record of its proceedings does not disclose the date. On the 18th of August, 1775, the Provincial Con- gress of Kew York passed the following resolution : L:Resolved and Ordered, That the Fortifications formerly ordered by the Continental Congress, and reported by a Commit- tee of this Congress, as proper to be built on the banks of Hud- son's River, in the Highlands, be immediately erected. Mr. Walton dissents. And that Mr. Isaac Sears, Mr. John Berrien, Col. Edward Flemming, Mi. Anthony Rutgers, and hIr. Christ* PHILIPSTOWN. 173 pher Miller, be Commissioners to manage the erecting and finishing the Fortifications. That any three or more of them be empowered to act, manage, and direct the bcilding and finishing thereof ." The Fortifications in the Highlands" embraced, not only those to be erected on Constitution Island, but also those afterwards erected on the north and south sides of Poplopen's Kill, called Forts Montgo- mery and Clinton. These were the main works, while redoubts were built on the neighboring eminences, on the east side of the Hudson; two on Redoubt Hill, called North and Soutli Redoubt, just east of Judge Garrison's residence, two on Sugar Loaf Mountain ; and one on Anthony's Nose Moun- tain. Col. Ed~va~-dFlernlning and Capt. Anthony Rutgers, notified the Provincial Congress that they could not attend to the duties of Commissioners ; on the 22nd of August, in the same year, Capt. Samuel Bayard and Capt. William Bedlow, were appointed in their stead. The Provincial Congress employed Bernard Ro- mans, who held a corninission as Engineer in the British Army, to construct the ('Fortifications in the Highlands." By order of the Committee of Safety, he commenced operations on the 29th of August, on Constitution Island ; and on the 12th October, 1775, he applied to the former body for a. commission, with the rank and pay of Colonel.

" Fort Constitution, October 12, 1775. " Honourable Gentlelncn : LLByorder from the Committee of Safety, I am up here for the purpose of constructing this fort; said gentlemen gave me their words that I should be appointed principal En- 15' 174 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUKTY. gineer for this Province, with the rank and pay of Colonel. A3 I have been now actually engaged in this work since the 29th of A.ugust last, I should be glad to know the certainty of my appointment, and therefore humbly pray that my commission may be made out and sent. I have left the pursuit of my own business: 1%-hichwas very considerable, and endangered my pension from the Crown, by engaging in our great and common cause. These matters considered, I hope my request will be thought reasonable, and therefore complied IT-ith. I remain, with the utmost respect. honourable Gentlemen, your most ebedient humble servant, LL B. ROBI-ANS.:; Romans and the Commissioners sooil became in- volved in an unplea,sant dispute about the construe- tion of the works on this island. Romans claimed the rjqht,C by virtue of his office, to build the works according to his own furnished plan ; and pointedly told the Cm~missionersthat they had no right to interfere with his operations; that their business was to furnish him with men and money, reserving their condemnation or approval until the Fortifications were finished. The Commissioners, on the other hand, chinled the right, as superintendents, to approve or reject his plans, and direct the mode of operations, contending, that his duty was to work according to their directions. They objected to his plans, as ii~volvingtoo much expense to the State. A long epistolary correspondence followed, with drafts, reports, and estimates, for which we have not room to gratify the reader, as our work is limited to a given number of pages. A condensed view of the " Reports" and 6cPlans"of the Fortifications to be erected on this Island, made by Romans to the Commissioners, and through them to the two Congresses, is as follows: On the south side of the Island, he proposed to erect five block houses ; barracks, 80 by 20 feet ; store- houses and guard-1*oom,60 by 20 feet ; '; 2,400 perches of stone wall, each perch containing 16: feet in length, 18 inches high, by 12 wide ;" five batteries, n~ouilting 61 guns and 20 swivels ; a fort, with bastions, and a curtain, 200 feet in length; a magazine ; and estimated the entire costs, materials of every description, with " labour of, and provisions for, 150 men for four months, 26 days to the month, at an average of 3s. per day, at ~~4,6454s. 4d." The cost of ordnance was not included in the above sum. In the Revolution, this Island belonged to Mrs. Ogilvie and her children. She was the widow of Capt. Ogilvie, a British officer in the French and In- dian war; and grandmother, as we hare been informed, of Mrs. R1ai-y Gouverneur. The Committee of Safety, when about to fortify it, applied to Beverly Robinson, offering to purchase it. The following is the correspoi~dei~cebetween them respecting the purchase of sufficient ground to erect the works on :

:' In Committee of Safety. tL Ncv- ITrk, Sept. 19th: 1775. c; Sir-By order of the Continental Congress, founded on the necessities of the present times, the Prorincial Congress of this Colony has undertaken to erect a fortification on your land, opposite to the west Point, in the IIighlande. As the Provincial Congress by no means intend to invade private property, this Committee, in their recess: have thought proper to request you to put a reasonable price upon the whole point oi dry land; or- ~sland,called Martelair's Rock island ; which price, if they approve of it, they are ready to pzy- you for it. ': We are, sir, your humble sen-ants. To Beverly Robinson, Esqr., at his seat in the Highlands." 176 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

In Provincial Congress, New Pork, 6th October, 1775. cL A letter from Beverly Robinson, Esq., was read and filed, and is in the following words, to wit : Highlands, October Znd, 1575. " Sir-Your letter of the nineteenth of September, I received a few days ago, in answer to which, I must inform you that the point of land on which the fort is erecting, does not belong to me, but is the property of Mrs. Ogilvie aud her children. Was it mine, the public should be extremely welcome to it. The building a fort there call be no disadvantage to the small quantity of arable land on the island. I hace ouly a proportion of the meadow land, that lays on the east side of the island. ': I am, sir, your most humble servant, '; BEV.ROBIKSOX. To John Haring, Esqr., Chairman of the Committee of Safety, at New York."

The Hudson River Railroad crosses the east end of this island, and on the south-east part of it, is cut through a gravel hill, on which was erected a bumbert battery in the Revolution. Opposite to West Point, einbowered among trees and shrubbery, and surrounded by the eminences on which the " fortifications" were built, stands the sequestered and rural country seat of Henry W. Warner, Esq., Counsellor, &c., called "Wood Crag." The kitchen part of this mansion is a fragment of the old barrack erected in 1775. The remains of Fort Constitution at the water's edge, are still to be seen. This island, with the marsh meadow east of it, belongs to H. W. Warner, Esq. Ardenia-This beautiful country seat is the residence of Richard D. Arden, Esq., and is situated on the east bank of the Hudson, about one fourth of a mile north of the cc Robinson House." PHILIPSTOWN. 177 Highland Grange is the name of the mansion house built by Capt. Frederick Philips, deceased. It is acharm- ing spot, located on the immediate bank of the Hudson, opposite to West Point. About half a mile north of Highland Grange, is the summer residence of Henry De Rhams. It is a lovely spot, with an extensive view north, south, and west. We do not know that it has been christened by any rural name. Under Clzff.-This is the romantic and beautiful country seat of the great lyric poet of our country, Gen. George P. Rlorris. There is a romantic truth in the name, for it is well-nigh under one of the bold, rugged, and frowning cliffs of Bull Hill, at its south- west side. Here, the lover of the grand and sublime -the amateur of the mystic science of nature's works-may scan, on a most stupendous scale, those immoveable bulwarks, against which cc the artillery of a thousand armies might roar out their inefEectuaL vengeance," while cc the parapet would laugh in scorn at the power of battle." From no residence in the Highlands, perhaps, can such an extended view be had, as at Under Cliff. cc To the right, to the left, in every direction, tower the rocky pinnacles of the Highlands, whose giant forms seem separated by the hand of Omnipotence, to make way for the quiet Hudson, as she hastens to pay her tribute to her monarch, the ocean." To the right and north, Bull Hill and Break Neck stand, like weather-beaten sentinels, to guard the further en- croachment of the mighty current on the east, as it surges from the broad and ample bay above, through the Highland pass. To the west Iooms up Butter Hill and Crow's Nest, casting their sombre shadows 178 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. far into the Hudson ; while to the south, Fort Putnam, at an elevation of 500 feet above the river, with its massive walls, still venerable in its ruin, stands c4 to give an ocular demonstration of the untiring industry and hardy enterprise of the heroes of '76." The scenery of the Hudson, in this vicinity, is unequalled, and " bears nature's grandest imprint." The Rhine, in Germany, is said to resemble it more than any other, but does not equal it. This mansion is a few hundred rods north of Cold Spring. Here, beside this mighty river in its hour of glory, at sunset-tinging with Eden dies the most gorgeous scenery the eye ever rested upon-" where the rock throws back the billow, brighter than snowu-is the spot most fitting for the ~vraptmouutain-bard to tune his lyre, and chant an anthem to the sylvan deity of the place. Round Pond.-A small body of water located on the land of Daniel Smith, Esq., in the south part of the town; and covers about three acres, containing perch and trout. It is circular or round, and hence its name. Cat Pond.-A small sheet of water at the base of Cat Hill, on the land of Mrs. Mary Gouverneur, cornring about two acres, on the west side of the Old Post-Road," near Justus Nelson's mill. It takes its name from its contiguity to Cat Kill. The Robinson House.-This mansion, around which the stirring incidents of the rev01ution have flung such an interesting and melancholy interest, is situated in the south-west corner of this town, upon the water lot formerly owned by Col. Beverly Robinson, about 400 yards from the Hudson, in a straight line, and at the base of Sugar Loaf mountain. It is about two PHILIPSTOWN. 179 miles south-east of West Point, ar,~2 lourI miles south of the village of Cold Spring. We gazed long and intensely at this memorable building ere we entered within its walls, on our first beholding it. Its grounds and halls have been hallowed by the tread and presence of the "Father of his Country," by Knor, Greene, Putnam, Steuben, Kosciusko, Heath, Parson, McDougal, and many others, in 'Benedict Arnold. It was here, in the upper back room of the main building, where Arnold began and completed those sketches and drawings of the fortifications and works at West Point, which subsequently cost the youthful and accomplished Andre his life. Here he perfected and finished the requisite evidence of his allegiance to the British King, blackening the page of our country's history by a perfidy that is without a parallel, and unlike Judas, .he refused to weep, but singing the song of his own infamy, he sank like mad Ophelia on the wave, singing as he sank." The confidence that Washiilgtoi~ reposed in his . confidence was unbounded, or he would hardly have entrusted him with so important a post as West Point, which was the key that would unlock the southern door of the northern department. And how could it be otherwise? Who could doubt the fidelity and patriotism of the leader of that Spartan band of heroks who marched in the depth of a rigorous winter from the cold, bleak, and barren frontiers of Maine to the rock-bound citadel of Quebec ? Who could enter- 180 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. tain a suspicion of the man, who, after marching the foremost of his little band two hundred miles through the snow-clad forests of Maine, over rocks and precipices, and the inhospitable deserts of Lower Canada, where the foot of the white man had never passed, had sat down to satisfy the cravings of hunger on the body of a dead camp dog on the banks of the Chau- diere ? He who headed the forlorn hope at the storm- ing of Quebec, where his leg was shattered by a musket ball ; who had poured out his life-blood like , water on the plains of Saratoga and Stillwater for his country; who had fronted the cannon's mouth, charging up to their very muzzles amid the storm of iron hail that so dreadfully wasted his followers ; could such a man be trusted? Washington felt that it was wickediless to doubt, and he gave to Arnold the command of West Point and its out-posts. But when the dreadful truth was disclosed, it wrung his great spirit with an anguish that his officers had never before witnessed : and the question he asked of Cafayette, Who can we trust now," shows the extent of confidence reposed by Washington in the patriotism of that fallen hero of our early struggle-Benedict Arnold. The following acrostic is about as severe and sar- castic as it is possible to express in the English Ian- guage :

"Born for a curse to virtue and mankind, Earth's broadest realms can't show so black a mind ; Night's sable veil your crimes it cannot hide, Each are so great, they glut the historic page ; Defamld your memory shall for ever live, In all the glare that infamy can give; PHILIPSTOWN.

Curses of all ages shall attend your name, Traitors alone shall glory in your shame.

Almighty vengeance sternly waits to roll Rivers of brimstone on your treacherous soul : Nature looks back, with conscious sorrow sad, On such a tarnish'd blot as she has made- Let hell receive you riveted with chains, Doom'd to the hottest focus of its flames." Three buildings joined to one another compose the mansion. Nearest to the river is the farm-house, one story high, and coi~nectedto it, on the east, are the two main buildings, two stories high, with a piazza extending along the north, east, and southerly sides of the building nearest the Sugar Loaf Peak, and on the south side of the centre building. The house and lands attached now belong to Richard D. Arden, Esq., and are occupied by his son, Lieut. Thomas Arden, late of the U. S. Army, and an officer in the Florida war. cc The same low ceiling, large and uncovered joists, the same polished tiles around the fire-places, and the absence of all ornament which marks the progress of modern architecture, preserve complete the interest which the stirring incidents of that period have flung around the Robinson Ii€ouse." In the centre building is the large dining-room, where the traitor, with his wife, and two of Wash- ington's aids-de-camp, wore at breakfast, when a messenger dashed up to the door and handed him a letter, which the stupid Jamieson had forwarded by express to Arnold, informing him of the arrest, and discovery of the papers. We have stood within this room, we have planted our feet upon the broad stair- 16 182 HISTORY OF PUTNARI COUNTY. case that the avaricious traitor mounted " in hot haste," after reading Jamieson's letter, as he flew to the chamber of his wife in the second story of the eastern n~aillbuilding fronting to the north, w-here he ct disclosed to her his dreadful position," urging her to burn all his papers, and informed her " that they must part for ever." This house has been kept from dilapidation and decay by repairs, when needed, but in no way has it been changed from its original appearance. It has been roofed froin time to time, as often as the wear and tear of the elements have rendered it ilecessary ; a new piazza has been added in the place of the former one, but no alterations have been permitted, either inside or out, that has changed, in the least, its original shape and appearance. Beverly Robinsoil, who built it about 1750, was a Najor in the British Army, under the gallant Gen. Wolfe, in the battle upon the Plains of Abraham. The lands, originally attached to the mansion, are of an excellent quality, and numbered one thousand acres, under a good state of cultivation. He married a beautiful, amiable, and accomplished lady, a descendant of the original patentee of Putilam County, by whom he acquired large tracts of land, and then retired from the army to the enjoyment of that domestic happiness upon his estates, which a rural life and such a partner are so well calculated to secure. He was for several years Supervisor of this town, and took an active part in everything that concerned its interests. The lands he acquired by his marriage with Miss Philips, was the water-lot, four miles square, and on which the " Robinson House" stands ; the first long- PHILIPSTOWN. 183 lot adjoining the water-lots on the east ; and the short- lot in the north-east part of the county. The reader, by turning to the diagram in the previous part of this work, will see the form of the partition made to the three heirs to ~vhomit was devised, and those lots or divisions which Col. Robinson acquired with his wife. While residing at Beaerly," in this quiet and secluded retreat, where nought is heard but the sighing - of the breeze, the murmurs of the rolling Hudson, the song of the robin, and the whoop of the whippo-will -surrounded by every comfort that the heart can - desire, and dispensing a generous hospitality-the storm that had been long gathering between the Mother- Country and her Colonies burst forth, and he was summoned to the field, by virtue of the right- of Eng-- land's King, to demand the services of his native-born subjects in time of need. He obeyed the call with great reluctance, and it is said, pled hard to be allowed to remain in the bosom of his family, and in the quiet enjoyment of his rural pursuits. But the con- stant and unceasing solicitations of his influential and English friends, reminding him of his oath of allegiance to his King and country-that he was a native-born subject, and when his country had called him in days gone by, his soldier-like heart faltered not on the Heights of Abraham, where he became ena- mored of her glory-at last prevailed under a sense of that stern system of teaching, which impresses on the soldier, as the first duty, obedience to superior authority. Having removed his family to New Y~rk,he departed from his long loved " Vallambrosa," to the 1 84 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. British army, in which he received a Brigadier-Gene- ral's commission. His family never returned to

4t Beverly," where they had spent so many years of unalloyed happiness; but when the British army under Gen. Clinton moved up the Hudson after the battle of Fort Montgomery, it is said, he visited, and for the last time, his house, to which he was destined never more to return. Such men at this day a.re sometimes called " Tories." it is the charge just or true ? With a solemn regard for truth, we think not. When the reader shall have patientlv .d examined all the facts up to the corn- mencement of the Revolution in the life of Beverly - Robinson, we think he will concur with us, that 113 was not a tory, nor can he be brought within the meaning of the word, as understood by the native- born patriots of the Revolution. Webster says that the word " tory7' is " said to be an Irish word, denot- ing a robber." That cc in America, during the Revo- lution, those who opposed the war, and favored the clairns of Great Britain, were called tories." But this latter meaning and understanding of the word, as given by Webster, was, and could only be applied to native-born citizens of this country, and not to those borri and brought up in the Mother-Country, who had passed more than half their lives in her standing armies. The latter class of persons, at the breaking out of the war, were just as much Englishmen, and subject to the laws and government of that country, although they had resided a few years in the colonies, as if they had always remained in England. How stands the case with respect to Col. Robinson ? He was not a native-born citizen of this country, and at PHILIPSTOWN. 185 the time he returned to the British army, we had not 8 national existence. To whom then did he owe alliegance ? not to us, for we did not exist at that time as an independent nation ; not to the country, for he was not born here ; not to the land, for that he only held in right of his wife, in whom the tiile was vested; and when it was confiscated by an act of the legislature, the reversionnry interest was not affected, for c6 in 1809, John Jacob Astor bought the reversionary interest of the lands acquired by Beverly Robin- son bv his inarriage with Miss l'hilipse, and also those of ~BjorRoger Morris, who married Miss Mary Philipse, sister to Col. Itobinson's wife, off the heirs of both for $1OO,COO." For this Mr. Astor received from the State, 10 years after, the small sun2 of $500,- 000 ! Besides, after the battle of Quebec, in 1759, and the Treaty of Peace in 1763, whereby England became possessed of Canada, he had only retired, temporarily, as an officer, from the army, but was liable to be called on at ally time by the British government, in case of mar, to resume his rank therein. He had been educated to the profession of arms, and 6L two generations of the Itobinson family" had held cornrnissions in the service of their countl0y, and bore arms in wars waged by English kings. All offices, civil and military, that he had occupied, he had held under the government and laws of Great Britain. Had he been found at the head of an American regiment at the com~nencementof the war, by its r,ules and regulations, had he beel- taken, his government would have caused him to be shot. But the case is very different when applied to a native-born citizen. 16* 186 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. If an officer of his rank had left our army and resided a few years in Mexico, and during the present war with that nation should be captured in time of battle fighting at the head of his regiment, his chance for life would be feeble before a court martial ordered by Scott or 'c Old Rough and Ready." The law 04' nations does not permit a man to change his allegiance while his country is at war with another. The law rn-akes it his duty in such an event to return, if it be possible, and offer his assistance in the hour of her need. It matters not whether the war be just or unjust on the part of his country, his inability to change his allegiance still continues. " It is the doctrine of the English law, that natural-born subjects owe an allegiance which is i~ltriilsicand perpetual, and which cannot be divested by any act of their own." The fact also, that some native-born citizens of Great Britain, who had been officers in her armies, assisted in achieving the liberties of our country, alters not the case. Had they fought for their own country instead of ours, they would not, by so doing, have been tories. In no view of the case, therefore, can we regard Beverly Robinson as one. The following extract is from the pen of the late Dr. Timothy Dwight, who, in 1788, was Chaplain of the army, and stationed at West Point, but resided with Gen. Putnam, who held his head-quarters at the Robinson House :> 7 " A part of this time I resided at the head-quarters of General Putnam, then commanding at this post ; and afterward of Gene- ral Parsons, who succeeded him in the command. These gentlemen lodged in the house of Col. Beverly Robinson ; a respectable native of Scotland, who married a lady of the Phillip PHILIPSTOWN. 187 family, one of the wealthiest and most respectable of the province of New York. With this lady Col. Robinson acquired a large landed estate lying in Philipstown, Fredericktown, and Franklin, as they are now called ; and for the more convenient management of it planted himself in this spot. Here he had a spacious and convenient niansion, surrounded by valuable gardens, fields, and orchards; yielding everything which will grow in this climate. The rents of his estate were sufficient to make life as agreeable as from this source it can be. Mrs. Rob- illson was a fine woman ; and their children promised erery thing which can he expected from a very hopeful fanlily. His immediate friends IT-ere, at the same time, person:: of the first consequence- in the province. ': When the revolutionary war broke out, Col. Robinson was induced, contrary as I have been informed to his own judgment and inclination, by the importunity of some of his connections, to take the British side of the question. To him it appeared wiser and safer to act a neutral part, and remain quietly on his estate. The pressure, however, from various sources was so strong against him, that he finally yielded, and carried his family with him to New Tork, and thence to Great Britain. His property was confiscated by the legislature of New York, and his family banished from their native countl-y. It \:-as impossible for any person, 11-ho finds an interest in the affairs of his fcllo~v-men, and particularlr while residing in the very mansion where they had so lately enjoyed all which this world can give, not to feel deeply the misfortunes of this family. Few events in human life strike the mind more painfully than hauishment ; a calamity sufficiently disastrons in the most ordinary circumstances, but peculiarly affecting when the banished are brought before us in the narrow circle of a family ; a circle! the whole of which the eye can sce, and whose sufferings the heart can perfectly realize. Yeculiarly is this true, \%-hen the family in question is enlightened, polished, amply possessed of enjoyments, tasting them with moderation, and sharing them cheerfully with their friends and neighbors, the stranger and the poor.:' The circumstances attending the flight of Arnold from this house, and the arrival of Washington soon 188 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. after, is described by one who Gsited it in 1840, and is extracted from the Knickerbocker for Sept. of that year :

'(The Commander-in-chief; at the time of the capture, mas on his way from Hartford, and changing the route which he had first proposed, came by the way of West Point. At Fishkill he met the French minister: M. de la Luzerne, who had heen to visit Count Rochambeau at Ne~vport,and he remzined that night with the minister. Very early nest morning he sent oiF his luggage, with orders to the men to go with it as quickly as possible to ' Beverly,, and give Mrs. Amold notice that he would be there at breakfast. l$Thei~the General and his suite arrived opposite West Point, he was observed to turn his horse into a narrow road that led to the river. Lafayette remarl;eil, : General, you are going in a \~-rongdirection you linow Mrs. Arnold is waiting brealifast for us.: J\Tashington good-naturedly remarlied : Ah, I know you young men are all in love with Mrs. Arnold, and wish to get where she is as soon RS possible. 1-ou may go and take your breakfast \vith her, and tell her not to wait for me : 1 must ride dov-n and examine the redoubts on this side of the river.; The officers, however, with the exception of two of the aids, remained. When the aids arrived at Beverly,' they found the family waiting and having communicated the message of General Washington, Arnold, 11-ith his f~rnilvand the two aids, sat down to breakfast. Before they had finished, a messenger arrived in great haste, aizd hancied Gcncl-a1 Arnold a letter, which he read xith deep and evident emotion. &'Theself-control of the soldier enabled -4rnold to suppress the agony he endured after reading this letter. He arose hastily from the table ; told the aids that his immediate presence was required at Firest Point j and desired them so to inform General Washington, when he arrived. Having first ordered a horse to be ready: he hastened to Xlrs Arnold's chamber, and there, with a bursting heart disclosed to her his dreadful position, and that they must part, perhaps for ever." Struck with horror at the

% %We also visited this chamber, which remains unaltered. Over the mantel is carved in wood-work : &&G.Wallis, Lieut, VI. Mass. Regt." PHILIPSTOWN. 189 painful intelligence, this fond and devoted wife swooned, and fell senseless at his feet. In this state he left her, hurried down stairs, and mounting his horse, rode with all possible speed to the river. In doing so, Arnold did not keep the main road, but passed do\\-n the mountain, pursuing a by-path through the woods, which Lieutenant Arden pointed out, and which is now called Ari+zokd7sPath.' Near the foot of the mountan, where the path approaches the main road, a weeping willo\v, planted there no doubt by some patriot hand, stands, in marked contrast with the forest trees which encircle and surround it: to point out to the inquiring tourist the very pathway of the traitor. LL In our interesting visit, u-e were accompanied by the Super- intendent, Major Delafield, and in the barges kindly ordered for our accommodation, nrc .it-ere rowed to Beverly Dock,' and landed at the spot \\-here Arnold took boat to aid his escape. He was rowed to the Vulture,: and using s white handkerchief, created the impression that it was a flag-boat : it was therefore suffered to pass. He made himself known to Captain Sutherland, oI the TTulture, and then calling on board tlre leader of the boatmen who had rowed hinl off, informed him that he and his crew were all prisoners of war. This disgraceful and most unmanly appendix to his treason: was considered so contemptible by the Captain, that he permitted the man to go on shore, on his parole of honor, to procure clothes for himself and comrades. This he did and returned the same day. When they arrived in New York, Sir Henry Clinton, holding in just contempt such a wanton act of meanness: set them all at liberty. When General Washington reached Beverly, and was informed that Arnold had departed for West Point, he crossed directly over, expecting to find him. Surprised to learn that he had not been there, after esamining the works he returned. General Hamilton had remained at Beverly, and as Washing- ton and his suite were walking up the mountain road, from ' Beverly Dock,' they met General Hamilton, with anxious face and hurried step, comiilg towards them. A brief and suppressed conversation took place between Washington and himself, and they passed on rapidly to the house, where the papers that Washington's change of route had prevented his receiving, had been delivered that morning ; and being represented to Hamilton 190 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUN7Y.

as of great and pressing importance, were by him opened, and the dreadful secret disclosed. Instant measures were adopted to intercept Arnold, and prevent his escape, hut in vain. General Washington then communicated the facts to Lafaj-ette and Knos, and said to the former, more in sorrow than in anger, 'Whom can we trust now 2: He also went up to see Mrs. Ar- nold ; but even U'ashington could carry to her no consolation. Her grief was almost frenzied ; and in its mildest moods, she spoke of General Washington as the murderer of her child. It seemed that she had not the remotest idea of her husband.^ treason ; and she had even schooled her heart to feel more for the calise of America, from her regard for those doprofessed to love it. Her husband's glory was her dream of bliss--the re- quiem chant for her infanf s repose and she was found, alas ! as many a confiding heart has oft been found,

( TOcling like ivy round a TI-orthless thing.? The following extract, concerning the traitor's career subsequent to his treason, is taken from a writer to the New Haven Palladium. The great moral lesson which his life affords, cannot be im- pressed too deeply upon the minds of the young and rising generation of our country :

(: The close of Arnold's ignominious career was characterized by the loss of easte and the respect of everybody. A succession of personal insults and pecuniary misfortunes followed his treason, and deep abiding retribution was fully meted out to the degraded culprit long before he died. "An elderly lady of cultivated mind resides in &Iassachusetta, whose early social intimacy with Arnold and his family at St. John's, New Brunswick, gave her peculiar opportunities for knowing many details concerning the close of his miserable career. Subsequently to the termination of the Revolutionary war, and after the perpetration of various atrocities against his countrymen, Arnold went to England and received a commission in the British army. He was frowned upon by the officers, and everywhere received with contempt, if not indignation. Various public insults were offered to him, and in private life he was the object of perpetual scorn. PHILIPSTOWN. 191

cL Soon after Arnold threw up his commission in disgust, and removed to St. John's. He there engaged in the West India trade, becoming as notorious for his depravity in business as he had been false to his country; his integrity was suspected at various times, and on one occasion, during his sudden absence, his store was consumed, upon which an enormous insurance had been effec.ted. The company suspected foul play, and a legal contest was the result. During this painful scene his family were greatly distressed, and the lady to whom allusion has been made, and who resided near Arnold's house, mas requested to go and pass that trying season with them. That request, i11 the fair hand-writing of Mrs. Ar~iold,until recently, was in my possession, as \$-ell as a copy of a satirical hand- bill, describing Arnold's life, hundreds of which were circulated among the populace during his trial. Mrs. Arnold, in her note, says, the General is himself to-day,? nleani~lgthat he bore the - insults 11-ith his usual firm~iess;but she wvas alarmed herself, and wished for the presence of some female friend during the painful scene that followed. ';The roof was not enough to condemn Arnold, but there was enough detected of foul play to vitiate his policy. From that time the situation of Alsnold at St. John7sbecame even more un- comfortable, and that of his family more distressing. Mrs. Ar- nold was treated with great kindness, but he \\-as' both shunned and despised. She was a lady of great cklicacy and refinement, with a mind cultivated with more than ordinary care; and, of course, her sufferings were rendered acute by the imputa~ions against her hushanas integrity, aside from his treason. They shortly left St. John's and went to England, \\-here Arnold became lost to the public eye, and died in degradation and obscur- ity in London, June 14th, 1801, sisty-one years of age." Connected with the history of this house, we give the following extract from the pen of a writer in the New Jersey Teleg-7 aph." Whether cc Miss Mary Phillipse " was the first love of 'Washington, we know

3:- We hove recently been informed that it is from the accomplished pen of Gen. George P. Morris. 192 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. not ; nor have we ever before seen it stated by any writer. The historical events related are true, and the filling up, if from the writer's fancy, is interesting as connected with Revolutionary scenes :

" wASHIPU'GTON IN LOVE. ':In 1756-twenty years before the brilliant era. which shines like a rich gem in the pages of the w-or1d.s history-a gentleman named Beverly Robinson occupied a dwelling (situate ihNew York), which, at that time, was considered a model of elegance and comfort, although, according to the prevailing taste of the 'present day, it was nothing of the kind. It was standing, very little altered from its original condition, six years ago, on this side of the I'Eildson river, within two or three miles of West Point. Mr. Robinson enjoyed all the luxuries known to the colony, and some beside, which the other colo~~istsdid not 1-inow -for instance, a rich and massive silver tea urn, said, by the gentleman's descendants, to be the first article of this kind, and for a long time the only one, used in this country. In this dwelling, so much admired, the space between the floors and ceiling was exceedingly lolv, and in many of the rooms (set off, about the fire-places, by polished tiles) the rafters Irere massive and uncovered; and all things else in the structure were exceedingly primitive. In this house were born or reared a brood of the most prominent and imeterate foes to the patriots of the Ameri- can Revolution, and the object of that struggle, that history mentions. Two generations of the Robinson family bore arms and held offices in the armies of the English King, and fought determinedly against our sires and grandsires. LL Well, in this house-which will have alrendy attached itself to the interest of the reader-the only victory that was ever gained over George Washington took place. LLIn1756, Colo~elGeorge Washington of Virginia, a large stalwart, well-proportioned gentleman, of the most finished deportment and careful exterior ; a handsome, imposing ceremo. niouq and grave personage-visited his firm and much-esteemed friend, Beverly Robinson, and announced his inteqtion of remaining his guest for many weeks. A grinning negro attend- PHILIPSTOWN. 193 ant, called Zeph, was ordered to bring in his master's portman- teau, additional fuel was cast into the broad and cheerful fire- place, an extra bottle of prime old Madeira was placed upon the table, whose griffin feet seemed almost twice the original size at the prospect of an increase of social hilarity, and Colonel Wash- ington was duly installed as a choice claimant of old-fashioned and unrestrained hospitality. Seated with Mr. and Mrs. Robin- son, overwhelmed mith attention, and in possession of every comfort, the visitor evinced unquiet and dissatisfaction. Every sound of an opening or closing door aroused him from apathy, into which he relapsed when it was ascertained that no one was about to enter the apartment. His uneasiness was so apparent that his host at last endeavored to rally him, but without effect. Mrs. Robinson finally came to the rescue, and addressed tlie Colonel in direct terms. LL Pray, friend Washington, may we be made acquainted mith the c,ause of your dullness ?-There is some reason for it, and that reason lies with US. Tell it.' '&Invain the Colonel argned that nothing had occurred to vex him-that he mas not in want of any farther inducement to present or future happiness. His entertainers would not reprd his words, but continued their pertinacious endeavors to solve his mystery. At length, wearied by importunity, Washington- then twenty years before his greatness-leaned over the table, played with his glass, attempted to look unconcerned, and whispered to 'Mr. Robinson the single word, Mary.' " ' Yes l7responded Mr. R. interrogatingly, as if unable to comprehend Washington's meaning. IS she well 'l Does she still abide with you ?: " l She does,' replied the lady of the mansion.

LL Washington again became apathetic and contemplative, while several significant glances passed between the gentleman and his wife. Some five minutes were spent in perfect silence, which was only interrupted by the exit of Mrs. R. from the apartment ; she speedily returned, accompanied by a beautiful young lady, whom Washington, with a countenance beaming joy-fully, arose to greet with becoming respect. 'LThe young lady was Mary Phillipse, sister of Mrs. Robinson, and daughter of the owner of the Phillipse' estate. 17 194 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

It was, perhaps, singular ; but the time of her appearance and the period of the return of Washington's cordiality, was inci- dental. Strange as it was, too, midnight found this young lady and Virginian Colonel alone, and in deep conversation. The conjugal twain who had kept them company in the early part of the evening, had retired to their bed-chamber. More remarkable than all, day-light found this company still together. The candles were burned down to the sockets of the sticks, and the fire-place, instead of exhibiting a cheerful blaze, harbored only a gigantic heap of ashes and a few embers. What could have prolonged that interview ! Not mutual love ; for the parties preserved a ceremonious distance, and the young lady evinced a hauteur that could be matched only by her companion in after years. And yet, the truth must%e told. There was love on one side ; the Colonel, smitten by the graces and rare accomplish- ments of a lady as beautiful as nature's rarest works, was endeavoring to win her heart, in exchange for his own. He made his confession just as the cold grey of the dawn of the morning broke up the dark clouds in the east. He confessed, in cautious and measured terms, it is true, the extent of his passion, and avowed what it was his earnest hope would be the result ; that it was the gain of her heart. The lady hesitated. Was it the modesty of the maiden who dares not trust her lips with the confession of affection it is her heart'sedesire to make ? She respected, although she did not love her interlocutor, and she felt diflident in making known to him the true state d her feelings. At last, candor triumphed over delicacy she informed Washing- ton, in set terms, that she loved another ! She refused him! The greatest of modern men was vanquished, and by a woman ! He was speechless and powerless. '(Trembling with compressed lips, and a countenance ashy pale, he crept from the place just as the old negress of the house- hold entered to make preparation for the breakfast. He sought his room, threw himself upon his couch, dressed as he was, and lapsed into a troubled sleep. The only victory ever won at his expense penetrated him to the soul. He was unhappy-sn- premely wretched ! The future conqueror of thousands of brave men suffered because he had been rejected by a female. This was his first but not his last wooing. PHILIPSI OWN. 195

"Years rolled on upon the mighty tide of time. George Washington was commander-in-chief of the American forces opposed to the royal government. The friend of his early man- hood, Beverly Robinson, was the Colonel of the Loyal American regiment raised in this State, and his son was the Lieutenant Colonel. The house we have spoken of was in possession of the 'rebels,' and was occupied by Arnold, the traitor. It was afterwards the temporary residence of Washington.* At the same time the husband of Miss Mary Phillipse, Roger Morris, was a prominent tory, and a member of the council of the colony. Few of the parties were occupied by any reflections of an amor- ous nature. Time, in its progress, had worked mutations which had severed the closest ties, both of friendship and consanguin- ity. Those who were most intimate previous to the commencement of the war, were studied strangers, wlth dlsawn swords at each others' breasts. Even sons and fathers were estranged and arrayed in oplosite ranks-even the child of that illustrious statesman, Dr. Franklin, was a bitter and uncompromising tory. It must not be supposed that the loyalist friends of Colonel George Washington shared any better fate, so far as the acquaintance- ship of the Father of his Country was concerned, than others. His old Hudson River friends he had not seen for years. The husband of Mary Phillipse was personally unknown to him. Beverly Robinson, grown grey and care-worn, would scarcely have been recognized. - '' Andre was taken and condemned to death, and while under General Woodhull7scharge, was visited by Mr. Robinson in the capacity of a species of a commissioner, which protected his person. What was the surprise of Washington, a few days before the time of the execution, to receive a letter from his old friend and entertainer, referring to past events, and claiming on a score of reminiscence, a secret or private interview. The claim was acknowledged, and late at night Mr. Robinson, accompanied by a figure closely muffled in a cloak, was admitted to the General's * Before Sir Henry Clinton, or any other person knew of Arnold's defection and Andre's projects, Beverly Robinson was in possession of all the facts. A great grandson of his now practices law, or did, not long ago, in this city. 196 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

apartment. For a moment these two men, their position so widely different, gazed at each other in silence. " Recollections of days gone by, of happy days unco~oded by cankering care, prevailed, and they abruptly embraced. Washington was the first to recover his self-possession. Sud- denly disengaging himself, he stood erect and clothed in that unequalled dignity which was his attribute, and said : 'l Now, sir, your business.' L"Is7' replied Robinson, in a choking voice, 'to plead for Andre .' '' YOUhave already been advised of my final determination,' ieplied U'ashington, sternly. " 'Will nothing avail ?: asked Robinson, in smothered ac- cents. '9 1' 1' Nothing ! Were he my own son he should pay the penalty due his offence. I know all you will say : you will speak of his virtues ; his sisters ; his rank, and of extenuating circumstances; perhaps endeavor to convince me of his innocence.' Robinsoil struggled with his emotions a few seconds, Eat unable to repress his feelings, he spoke but a single word, with such a thrilling accent that he started at the sound of his own voice. That word was George ! " ' General Washington, Colonel Robinson,? responded the great patriot, laying great stress on each military title. " Enough,' said the other. ' I have one more argument ; if that fails me I have done. Behold my friend !, . 'L 'Your friend ! Who is he ? What is his name 'L7 &'Oneother single word was spoken as the heavy cloak, in which the mysterious friend was clothed, fell to the floor and exposed the mature figure of Mrs. Morris, and that word, utter- ed with a start by Washington, was Mary! The suspense was painful but brief. LL ' Sir: said Washington, instantly recovering, ' this trifling is beneath your station and my dignity. I regret that you must go back to Sir Henry Clinton with the intelligence that your best intercession has failed. See that these persons are conducted beyond the lines in safety,' continued he, throwing open the door of the apartment, and addressing one of his aids. 4' Abashed and mortified, Mr. Robinson and his sister-in-law* wok their leave. The woman had gained a conquest once, but her second assault was aimed at a breast invulnerable." The following is an extract of a letter from a gentleman, dated Tappan, October 2, 1780, and published in the Boston Gazette under date of October 16, of that year, 44 detailing the villany of Arnold and the capture of the unfortunate Andre. It furnishes a good and interesting account of that remarkable and critical incident in the scenes of the war of the Reva- lution."

4L You will have heard before you can receive this, of the in- fwd villamy of Arnold. It is not possible for human nature to receive a greater quantity of guilt than he possesses : perhaps there is not a single obligation, moral or divine, but that he-has broken through. It is discovered now, that in his most early infancy, hell marked him for her own, and infused into him a full proportion of her diabolical malice. Lb His late apostacy is the summit of his character. He began his negotiations with the enemy, to deliver up West Point to thm, long before he was invested with the command of it, and whilst he was still ill Philadelphia ; after which he solicited the command of that post, for the ostensible reason, that the wound in his leg incapacitated him from an active command in the field. It was granted to him on the 6th of August last. Since which he has been as assiduous as possible in ripen- ing his plans, but the various positions the army assumed, prevented their being put into execution. tL On the night of the 21st ultimo, he had an interview with Major Andre, the Adjutant-General of the British Army. This gentleman eame on shore from the Vulture man-of-war, which lay not far from Teller7sPoint, to a place on the banks of the river, near to the Haverstraw mountain, where he met md,

* ~6Herhusband had been an aid of Braddock, and had been the companion in arms of General Washington? 17* 198 HISTORY OF PUTRAM COUNTY.

who conducted him to the house of Joshua Smith (the white house), within our lines, and only two miles from Stony Point. They arrived in the house just before day, and stayed there until the next evening, when Major Andre became extremely solicit- ous to return by the way he came, but that was impossible, for the two men whom Arnold and Smith had seduced to bring on shore, refused to bring him back. It then was absolutely neces~ryhe should return to New York by land. He changed his dress and name, and thus disguised, passed our post of Stony and Verplank7sPoints, on the evening of the 22nd ult ., in cow pany with the said Joshua Smith, brother to William Smith, Esq., Chief Justice within the British lines ; he lodged that night at Crom Pond, with Smith, and in the morning left Smith, and took the road to Tarry Town, where he was taken by some militia lads about 15 miles from King's bridge. He offered them any sum of money, 2nd goods, if they would permit him to escape, but they readily declared and inflexibly adhered to it, that 10,000 guineas, or any other sum, would be :lo temptation to them. It was by this virtue, as glorious to Arne rica as Arnold's apostacy is disgraceful, that his abominable crimes were discovered. l1The lads in searching him, found concealed under his stockings, in his boots, papers of the highest importance, viz. :- 1. Returns of the ordnance and its distributions at West Point and its dependencies. 2. Artillery orders, in case of an alarm. '' 3. Returns of the number of men necessary to man the works at West Point, and its dependencic s. "4. Remarks on the works at West Point, with the strength and working of each: 'l 5. Returns on the troops at West Point, and their distributions. 1L 6. State of our army, &c., transmitted by General Washing- ton'to Arnold, for his opinion, which state had been submitted to all the general ofticers in the camp, for their opinions. "Besides which it appears, that Arnold had carried with him to the interview, a general plan of West Point and its vicinity, and all the works, and also particular plans of each work on a large scale, all elegantly drawn by the engineer at that post. PHILIPSTOWN. 199

But these were not delivered to Major Andre, and from their requiring much time to copy, it is supposed they were not to be delivered until some future period. L'Fr~msome circumstances, it appears that it was not Ar- nold's intention to have deserted, but that he meant to be taken at his post, which, from his distribution of the troops, it was very easy to have seized.

bL His Excellency, the General, on his return to camp, determined to visit West Point, and in pursuance of that plan, was viewing some redoubts which lay in his way to Arnold's quarters. He had sent out servants there, and Major Shaw and Dr. McHenry had arrived, and were at breakfast with the traitor when he received intelligence by letter of Andre's being taken. His confusion was visible, but no person could divine the cause. He hurried to his barge with the utmost precipitation, after having left word that ' he was going over to West Point and shoulf be back immediately? This was about ten in the morning of the 25th ultimo. LL The General proceeded to view the works, wondering where Arnold should be ; but about 4 o'clock in the afternoon he was undeceived, by an express with the papers taken on Andre. The apostate at this time was on board the Vulture, which ley about five or six miles below Stony and Verplank's Points. Major Andre was brought to the General at West Point, and from thence he was brought to this camp. A board of general officers have examined into his case, and upon his own most candid confession, were of opinion that he was a spy, and according to the custom and usages of nations, he aught to suffer death ; 2nd about two hours ago he was executed. 6: This gentleman was in the highest degree of reputation in the British army, of the most polite and accomplibhed manners, extremely beloved by Sir Henry Clinton. His deportment while a prisoner was candid and dignified. He requested no favor, but to die the death of a soldier, and not on a gibbet. Rigorous policy forbade granting a favor which at first flash seems immaterial. Our amy sympathizes in the misfortunes of the Chesterfield of the day. But if he possessed a portion of the blood 01 all the &gs on earth, justice and policy would have dictated his death. 200 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

LL The enemy, from hints that some of the officers dropped, ap. peared to be inclined to deliver Arnold into our hands for Major Andre. But they since declared it was impossible. If it could have been effected, our desire to get Arnold would have rendered the exchange easy on our part. LL The British army are in the utmost affliction on the account of Major Andre, and have sent repeated flags on the subject. Yesterday they sent General Robertson, Andrew Elliot, and Wil- liam Smith, Esqrs.--the two latter were not permitted to land. General Green met General Robertson ; he had nothing materid to urge-' but that Andre had come on shore under the sanction

'of a flag, and therefore could not be considered as a spy ;) but this is not true, for he came at night, had no flag, and on business totally incompatible with the nature of a flag. He also said they should retaliate on some people at New York and Charlestown ; but he was told that such conversation could - neither be heard nor understood. After which, he urged the release of Andre on motives of humanity, and because Sir Henry Clinton was much attached to him ; and reasons equally absurd. LL I have been particular in this narration, well knowing what strange stories you will have on the subject." The following is a copy of a letter from Major Andre to His Excellency Gen. Washington :

Sir,-Buoyed above the fear of death, by the consciousness of a lifc spent in the pursuit of honor, and fully sensible that it , I has at no time been stained by any action, which at this serious I moment could give me remorse-I have to solicit your Escellen- cy, if there is anything in my character which excites your esteem ; if aught in my circumstances can impress you with I compassion ; that I may be permitted to die the death of a sol- I dier.-It is my last request, and I hope it will be granted. I have the honor to be;' &c. " MUORANDRE'S DEFENCE. correspondent of the New York Daily Advertiser, who mrns to be fortunately in the possession of sundry curious old papers and other memorials of the past, as well as of correspond- 1 PHILIPSTOWN. 201 ing knowledge and memory, has furnished for the columns of that paper a document which we do not remember to have ever seen before-the defence read by Major Andre before the Court which condemned him to death as a spy. We have no doubt that it will be read with lively interest by many : I came,, he said, to hold a commu~~icationwith a general officer of the American army, by the order of my own cornman- der. I entered the American lines by an unquestionable authority-when I passed from them it was by the same authority. I used no deception. I had heard that a provincial officer had re- pented of the course he had taken, and that he avowed that he never meant to go as far as he had gone, in resisting the authority of his king. Lb ' The British commander was willing to extend to him the King's clemency-yea, his bounty-in hopes to allure others to do the same. I made no plans. I examined no works. I only received his communications, and was on my way to return to the army, and to make known all that I had learned from a general officer in your camp. Is this the office of a spy'! I never should have acted in that light, and what I have done is not in the nature of a spy. I have noted neither your strength nor weakness. If there be wrong in the transaction, it is mine 2 The office of a spy a soldier has the right to refuse; but, to carry and fetch communications with another army, I never heard mas criminal. The circumstances which followed after my interview with General Arnold, were not in my power to control. He alone had the management of them. '' ':It is said that I rode in disguise. I rode for security incog., as far as I was able, but other than criminal deeds induced me to do this. I was not bound to wear my uniform any longer than it was expedient or politic. I scmn the name of a spy; brand my offence with some other title, if it change not my punishment, I beseech you. It is not death I fear. I am buoyed above it by a consciousness of having intended to discharge my duty in an honorable manner. tL Plans, it is said, were found with me. This is true ; but they were not mine. Pet I must tell you honestly that they would have been communicated if I had not been taken. They 202 HISTORY OF PUTNdM COUNTY. were sent by General Arnold to the British Commander, and I should have delivered them. From the bottom of my heart I spurn the thought of attempting to screen myself by criminating another; but so far as I am concerned, the truth shall be told, whoever suffers. It was the allegiance of General Arnold I came out to secure. It was fair to presume that many a brave officer would be glad at this time to be able to retrace his steps ; at least, we have been so informed. Shall I, who came out to negotiate this allegiance only, be treated as one who came to spy out the wealiness of a camp 2 If these actions are alike, I have to learn my moral code anew. ' Gentlemen, officers, be it understood that I am no suppliant for mercy; tlut I ask only from Omnipotence-not from human beings. Justice is all I claim-that justice which is neither swayed by prejudice, nor distorted by passion, but that which flows from honorable minds: directed by virtuous determinations. I hear, gentlemen, that my case is likened to that of Capt. Hale, 1775. I have heard of him and his misfortunes. I wish that in all that dignifies men, that adorns and elevates human nature, I ccruld be named with that accomplished but unfortunate officer. His fate was wayward, and untimely \ras he cut off.yet younger than I now am. He went out, knowing that he was assuming the character of a spy. He took all its liabilities int~his hand, at the request of his great commander. He mas ready to meet what he assumed, and all its consequences. His death the law of nations sanctioned. It may be complimentary to compare me with him, still it would be unjust. He took his life in his hand when he assumed the character and the disguise. I assumed no disguise, nor took upon myself any other character than that of a British officer who had business to transact with an American oficer . " ' In fine, I ask not even for justice ; if you want a victim to the manes of those fallen untimely, I may as ~vellbe that victim as another. I have, in the most undisguised manner, given you every fact in the case. I only rely on the proper construc- tion of those facts. Let me be called anything but a spy. I am not a spy. I have examined nothing, learned nothing, communicated nothing, but my detention, to Arnold, that be might PHILIPSTOWN. 203 escape if he thought proper so to do. This was, as I conceived, my duty. I hope the gallant officer, who was then unsuspicious of his general, will not be condemned for the military error he committed. cL ' I farther state that Smith, who was the medium of communication, did not know any part of our conference, except that there was necessity for secrecy. He was counsel in various matters for General Arnold, and from all the interviews I had with him ; and it was Smith who lent me this dress-coat of crim- mn, on being told that I did not wish to be known by English or Americans. I do not believe that he had even a suspicion of my errand. On me your wrath should fall, if on any one. I know your afiiirs look gloomy ; but that is no reason why I should be sacrificed. My death can do your cause no good. Mil- lions of friends to your struggle in England, you will lose, if you condemn me. I say not this by way of threat ; for I know brave men are not awed by them-nor will brave men be vin- dictive became they are desponding. I should not have said a word had it not been for the opinion of others, which I: am bound to respect. cL The sentence yol; this day pronounce will go down to posterity with exceeding great distinctness on the page of history ; and if humanity and honor mark this day's decision, your names, each and all of you, m-ill be remembered by both nations when they have grown greater and more powerful than they now are. But, if misfortune befals me: I shall in time have all due honors paid to my memory. The martyr is kept in remembrance when the tribunal that condemned him is forgotten. I trust this h~n- orable Court believes me, when I say that what I have spoken was from no idle fears of a coward. I have done.' 77 The following recapitulation of the judgment of the Court Martial before whom Major Andre was tried, the order by Washington approving the same, and directing its execution, is taken fiom the Revo- lutionary Orders " of the Commander-in-Chief, edited by Henry Whiting, Lieut. Col. U. S. Army, from the manuscripts of his father, John Whiting, Lieut. and Adjutant of the 2d Regt. Mass. Line : 204 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. '' No 80. Head Quarters, Orange Town, October Ist, 1780. . '(The Board of General Officers* appointed to examine into the case of Major Andre, have reported-lst, That he came on shore from the Vulture Sloop of War in the night of the 21st of September last, on an interview with General Arnold, in a private and secret manner; Bndly, That he changed his dress within our lines, and under a feigned name and disguis'd habit, pass7d our works at Stoney and TTerplank's Points the evening of the 22nd of September last, and was taken the 23rd of Sep- tember last, at Tarrytown, in a disguis'd habit, being then on his way to N. York, and dentaken, he had in his possession several papers which contained intelligence for the Enemy. Lb The Board having maturely consider'd those facts, do also report to his Excellency, General Washington, that Major Andre, Adjutant-General of the British Army, ought to be considered as a Spy from the Enemy, and tha,t, agreeably to the law and usage of Nations, it is their opinion that he ought to suffer death. The Commander-in-Chief directs the execution of the above sentence, in the usual way, this afternoon, at 5 07clock.~~ Beverly Dock.-This dock was built by Beverly Robinson, whose Christian name it bears, soon after erecting his mansion. Originally it was about twenty feet long from east to west, and ten feet wide from north to south. It is built against the base of a snlall rocky promontory projecting in a southerly direction into the Hudson, between which and the high-grounds on the east, is a small, narrow swale, covered with long, rank water-grass. The mountain-road leading

* LL The Board referred to consisted of Major-Gen. Greene, as President, and Major-Generals Marquis La Faj-ette and Baron Steuben."

-f LL In the After General Orders,' it was announced that 'the execution of Major Andre is postponed till to-morrow.' In the ' Evening Orders,' of the same date, it was announced, ' Major Andre is to be executed to-morrow at 12 o'clock precisely. A battalion of eighty files from each wing to attend the execution.' " PHILIPSTOWN. 205 to this dock, alluded to by different writers, com- mences about fifty rods north of the c'Robinsoi~House," on the west side of the road, and runs in a south- westerly direction, crossing the high and rocky grounds near the river, and descending into t'le north end of the swale, winds along the eastern base of the rocky barrier, separating it from the river, to the :cDock." A section of the Hudson River Railroad is now being cut through this rocky barrier, nearly grazing the eastern side of the " Dock." This is ct the mountain road Gen. Washington and his suite were walking up from Beverly Dock," when General Hamilton met him, and taking him to one side, briefly informed him of Arnold's treason, the undoubted evidence of which, in his own handwriting, had reached ct Beverly," that morning, after Washington's departure to West Point to see the Traitor. We have followed the.track he is said to have taken on his departure for the "Dock." About two rods south of the new corn-house built by Lieut. Arden, the accomplished and gentlemanly occupant of the premises, c'whence no visiter departs, who can ever forget the generous Highland welcome," was a gate leading into the cleared field ; through this Ari~old dashed, and crossing the field in the direction of the river, he passed through a second gate on its western side, entering the woods on the brow of a very steep acd abrupt descent, and plunging down it on a gallop, he came into the mountain-road, a few rods north of the (6 Dock." His horse must have been as sure- footed as that of Putnam's, when he descended the steep hill at Horse Neck, to have carried him safely to the bottom. 18 P 206 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. From this c'Dock" Arnold entered his barge and departed from the Highlands never more to return. Standing upon the deck of some of the Hudson Rirer steamers, we have often passed this little spot of revolutionary ground, and witnessed groups of travellers surveying the eastern shore of the Hudson with the Traveller's Guide Book in hand, eagerly inquiring,

" Which is the 'Beverly Dock ?' " " Where is the spot where the Traitor took boat for the Vulture?" In a' Plymouth paper, in July, 1825, appeared the following notice of an application for a pension by one of Arnold's bargemen, detailing the manner of his departure from the '' Beverly Dock," and copied by the Kon. S. W. Eager, in his History of Orange County, from which we extract it :

cLApplicationwas made this week in this town for assistance in making out the necessary documents for a pension by one of the bargemen in the barge that conveyed Gen. Arnold to the sloop of war Vulture. He was bow-oarsman in the boat, next in rank to the cosswain, whose name was James Larvey. His memory is remarkably accurate, and his veracity is unquestionable. He is a brother to Mr. James Collins of this town. The day before the flight of Arnold, he brought him with Major An- dre, from Lawyer Smith's, below Stony Point, to the General's head qnarters. They conversed very little during the passage. The General told his aid, who mas at the landing when they arrived, that he had brought up a relation of his wife. Arnold kept one of his horses constantly caparisoned at the door of his quarters, and the next morning soon after breakfast he rode down in great haste with the coxswain just behind him on foot. The coxswain cried out to the bargemen to come out from their quarters, which were hard-by, and the General dashed down the foot- path, instead of taking a circuit, the usual one for those who were mounted. The barge was soon made ready, though the General, in his impatience, repeatedly ordered the bow-man to a PHILIPSTOWN. - push 04 before all the men had mustered. The saddle and hol- sters were taken on board the barge, and Arnold, immediately after they had pushed off, wiped the priming from the pistols, and primed anew, cocked and half-cocked them repeatedly. He inquired of Collins if the men had their arms, and was told that the men came in such haste, that there were but two swords belonging to himself and the coxswain. They ought to have brought their arms, he said. He tied a white handkerchief to the end of his cane for a flag in passing the forts. On arriving alongside of the Vulture he took it off and wiped his face. The General had been down in the cabin about an hour when the coxswain was sent for, and by the significant look and laughing of the officers, the men in the barge began to be veiy ayyrehen- sive that all was not right. He very soon returned, and told them that they were all prisoners of war. The bargemen were un- moved and submitted, as to the fortune of war, except two Eng- lishmen, who had deserted, and who were much terrified, and wept. ('The bargemen were promised good fare if they mould enter on board the Vulture, but they declined and were handcuffed, and so remained for four days. Gen. Arnold then sent for them at New York. In passing from the wharf to his headquarters, the two Englishmen slipped aboard a letter of marque, then nearly ready to sail. The others, five in number, waited on Arnold, who told them they had always been attentive and faithful, and he expected they would stay with him. He had, he said, command of a regiment of horse, and Larvey, you and Collins may have commissions, and the rest shall be non-commissioned officers. Larvey answered that he could not be contented-he would rather be a soldier where he was contented, than an officer where he was not. The others expressed or manifested their concurrence in Larvey:s opinion. He then gave the coxswain a guinea, and told them they should be sent back. At midnight they were conveyed to the Vulture, and nest day sent on shore. This worthy and intelligent applicant perfectly remembers Major Andre's dress, when they took him up in the barge, from Smith's house to Arnold's quarters-blue homespun stockings-a pair of wrinkled boots, not lately brushed-blue cloth breeches, tied' at * 208 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

. the knee with strings--waistcoat of the same-blue surtout, but- toned by a single button--black silk handkerchief once round the neck and tied in front, with the ends under the waistcoat, and a flapped hat.!? It was in the beginning of August, 1780, that Arnold arrived at West Point, and established his head-quarters at the Robinson House." Washington arrived there about the middle of September, 'nd tar- ried a few days inspecting the posts, while the Vulture lay at anchor in the river below. In crossing one of the ferries with Washington and his Staff, the ves-

sel was seen at a distance, having on board, as dr- ' nold well knew, Colonel Robinson, sent by Sir Henry I Clinton to meet him. Washington watched the vessel t with his glass, whilst Lafayette jocularly remarked, , that Arnold ought to find out what had become of the ; expected naval reinforcements from France, as he had convenient modes of intercourse with the enemy. For i a moment Arnold lost his presence of mind, and made a reply, the intemperance of which might have roused suspicions of any other man. But Washington entertained none, and the matter dropped. The next day (19th September) Washington continued his journey m to Hartford, and Arnold was left to his unimpeded work of villany. His first step was to advise Sir Henry Clinton that he would be in attendance under due precautions, the next day, near Dobb's Ferry, ready to meet his messenger. The following hurried letter to a forage agent in the neighborhood, has never before been published, and bears date the day that Washington and Arnold parted. The autograph in&- cates hurry and agitation : PHILIPSTOWN. 209

;i To Mr. Jefferson, Fredericksburg, N. Y. ': Headquarters, Rob. House, September 19th, 1780. Sir-You will ?lease to pick out of the horses you have now in your custody, or whic'il you may hereafter receive, a pair of the-best wagon horses, as also two of the mybest saddle ho~ses you can find for my use. You'll send them to me as soon as possible. " I am, Sir, your most obedient servant, LL B . ARKOLD,M. Genei.s11.::*

REVOLUTIONARY HOUSES STILL STANDING.

1. The a Robinson House" built by Col. Beverly Robinson, now owned by Richard 33. Arden, Esq. In the Revolution, it was the Head Quarters of Arnold, Gen. Heath, and others who had charge of West Point and its out-posts. 2. The old house now occupied by George Haight, about one mile south-east of Philips' paper-mill, on the road leading from John Garrison's to the Peekskill turnpike, near Henry Croft's. It was built by Daniel Haight, father of the present occupant. 3. The old house where Cornelius Haight now lives, on the old post-road, about a mile south of Nelson's mill. It was built by John Rogers, and occupied by him during the French and Revolutionary war. 4. The house where James Croft now lives. It was occupied in the Revolution by James Croft, father of Henry Croft, Esq. 5. The old house now occupied by Edward Hop-

-per. It was built in 17'7'2, by Richard, father to the present Edward Hoppel; and occupied by him during the Revolution. * The original of this letter is in possession of Edward D. In- graham, Esq., of Philadelphia. 18* 21 0 HISTORY- OF PUTNAM COUNTY. 6. The old house now occupied by John Mills Brown, on the old road leading from Continental Vil- lage to Bross's Landing, about one fourth of a mile below the mansion house of the Hon. John Garrison. 7. The old house now occupied by John Hopper, on the old post-road, on the hill south of Nelson's mill. It was occupied during the Revolution, by Samuel Warren, grandfather of the Hon. Cornelius and Sylvanus Warren. 8. The old house now occupied and owned by John Griffin, Esq., about three miles from Cold Spring, on the turnpike leading to Rljll Town. It was built by Gilbert Budd, who lived there in 1750, and during the Revolution. 9. The old house where Thomas Jaycox recently lived, on the turnpike about two miles east of John Griffin's tavern. It was owned by James Jaycox. 10. The house now occupied by the widow Miller. In the Revolution, it was occupied by lsaac Garrison. 11. The old house where Jacob Denike lives. It was then occupied by Jacob Denike, deceased.

SILVER AND LEAD MINES. By the mouth of tradition, it is asserted that a silver rnine mas discovered in this town, as far back as 1763. A man by the name of Jubar, coined money ; and it began to be rumored, that he obtained the ore in this town. An examination was set on foot by the King's government and the fact established, that the money coined by Jubar contained silver, mixed with other metals, but not in sufficient quantity to deceive a practised eye. If he had discovered a mine in this town, in which silver was mixed with other metals, its PHILIPSTOWN. 21 1 location was never known, but tradition places it in the neighborhood of the Sunk Lot. He was arrested by order of the Colonial Government, tried at Pough- keepsie, found guihy, and hung about the year 1765. A man by the name of Samuel Taylor, was associated with him ; and on the arrest of Jubar, left this part of the country. He returned in the Revolution, or shortly after its close, became poor, and died on the town." He always said that Jubar melted an ore, from which he extracted silver. According to tradition, the next discovery of a silver mine in this town, was made three or four years before the Revolution, by one Eleazer Gray, a sil- versmith by trade, who lived in the middle of the Sunk Lot. His father, John Gray, had a grist- -mill in the Revolution, a short distance above Bun- ell's forge on the Sunk Lot. Eleazer put up a log shop to work the ore in. Squire Peterson and Bev- erly Robinson, hearing that the younger Gray had discovered a silver mine and was melting- ore, went to his house for the purpose of ascertaining the truth of the reports. Robinson, who was somewhat inclined to believe that he had discovered a mine, said to him, c6 Gray put up a shop by your house, and not work underhanded in the swamps, and you may have all the p-6fits of it." But no bribe could tempt him to reveal what he professed to know respecting the mine. .. In 1780, Edward Hopper, now living. went to John Gray's mill to get some grain ground. Gray told him that the water was low, and if he could wait till near night, he would then be able to grind his grain. Gray had a younger son than Eleazer, by the name of John, 212 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. who proposed to Hopper to go, in the meantime, to the brook above and catch a mess of trout. The water being low, they could catch them with their hands. They left the mill and went a mile, and when near a swamp, young Gray said to Hopper,

" Did you ever hear anything of Eleazer's mine ?" Yes," replied Hopper. " We are close to it now," continued Gray. They came to a spot where a considerable quantity of rocks had been blow11 out. Mr. Hopper, now a very old man, says that there was a ledge of rocks a little west of the place, and a spring of water a few rods south of it. While loitering there, young Gray said to Hopper, cc This is the best ore Eleazer ever found." Eight or nine years afterwards Mr. Hopper visited the satne spot, and found that the blasted rocks had been removed, and the evidence thereof carefully covered up. Towards the latter part of the Revolutio~l the Grays, in consequence of a, parcel of horse-thieves having been seen at their residence, became suspected, and it was thought they were leagued with those midnight desperadoes. Their counterfeiting. operations had leaked out and gave them an unenvia- ble notoriety. Their neighbors burnt their house, shop, and barn down with the view of inducing them to quit that part of the country. They then moved down to where James Croft now lives. Shortly afterwards the whole family moved down to Sugar Loaf, in Orange county, where the elder Gray, and his son Eleazer, died. About the year 1800, a man by the name of Henry Holmes was arrested for counterfeiting metal money PHILIPSTOWN. 213 in this town. It is said that he carried on his operations in a cave or hole in the rocks near, or in the vicinity of the residence of Richard Denny. Holmes was from Westchester county, and is supposed to have had an accomplice who assisted him. His money contained so little of the precious metals, that the counterfeit was apparent to the most ordinary business rnan ; and when it was thrown against a hard body would break with the facility of a pipe-stem. Holmes was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to the State Prison for seven years. His supposed accomplice, who made his moulds, was acquitted in consequence of an informality in the indictment. In 1812, Joseph Parks, Pelick Wixon, and Nathan- iel Tompkins, it is said, while engaged in making the Cold Spring turnpike discovered a lead mine, along the route of the road. They all went before Doctor Baily, a magistrate, by previous agreement, and made oath that neither of them would reveal the location of the mine while two of the three should be living. Parks, at that time, was overseer of the road. After the road was built he went to New Orleans, built a turnpike there, and returned to the city of New York, where he died. Tompkins and Parks then sent John Baily, a son of the Doctor, and the Magistrate before whom they mutually made oath, to buy the land. The price was agreed upon between the owner and young Baily; but when the deed was made out, it contained a reservation of all mines and minerals on the land to be conveyed, and the deed was refused. 214 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

THE TRIAL OF GEORGE DENNY, Convicted of the murder of Abraham Wanzer, at the May term of the Putnam Oyer and Terminer in 1844 ; and his confession made to Benjamin Raily, Esq., his counsel.

" At the October Term of 1843, George Denny, whom it was said was nearly eighteen years of age, but whose appearance denoted him to be much younger, was placed on his trial, charged with the murder of Abraham Wanzer, an old man, nearly eighty years-of age, to which he pleaded not guilty. The evidence, which was similar to that given on the recent trial, it appears was not satisfactory to the jury, who were discharged, being unable to agree. He was remanded to prison, and at the May Term of said court in 1844, was again put on his trial for the same charge-the Hon. Amassa J. Parker, Judge of the Third Circuit, presiding. "It was shown on the part of the people by the widow of Mr. Wanzer, that the deceased lived in a retired part of Philips- town, in said county, in a small log-house, on a little spot of ground, which he cultivated-that about a year before the death of deceased, the prisoner returned a key which he acknowledged he had stolen from him-that deceased advised him to be a good boy, and never again be guilty of such a foolish transaction-that on the evening of the ninth of October, 1843, about eleven o'clock, some one raised the latch of their door ; she enquired who was there ? and was answered a friend; she wished to know what a friend wanted at that time of night, and was replied to that he wished to stay all night ; that from the sound of his voice he appeared to be receding from their door during the conversation -that on the next morning, the loth, she discovered that some one had laid in their barn the night previous-that she thought at the time, and also remarked to her husband, it was the prisoner-that at intervals during the day, she heard the report of guns in the neighborhood of their house-that about seven o'clock the same evening, something like the gnawing of a dog, was heard at their door-the 'deceased opened the door, and called his little grand-daughter to know if it was not a neigh- PHILIPSTOWN. 215 bor7s dog-she replied no, it was a black-back dog with short legs-that some one whistled, the dog left, and the deceased re- sumed his seat-that shortly after, something struck the end of their house, as if a stone had been thrown-that her husband went to ascertain the cause. In a few moments she heard the report of a gun ; and on going into their yard found deceased lying on his back dead, and that immediately, with her two little grand- daughters, she proceeded to the nearest neighbor, and gave the alarm. &'The eldest of the two grand-daughters corroborated the testimony of Mrs. Wanzer in the main ; and on producing the dog of the prisoner in court, she said that it mas the same she saw in front of their door on the evening of the death of her grandfather. LL Wm. W. Johnson testified that he was a surgeon, that he examined the body of the deceased-that he found a wound in the left side, near the heart-that there were twenty-seven shot holes, and one bullet hole within a space of two inches diameter -that he extracted from the body two sizes of shot and one ball, corresponding in size and weight with balls handed to him by Francis Booth, which witness produced in court. 'L Abraham Knapp testified that he was a brother-in-law of the prisoner ; that on the morning of the ninth of October, 1843, the prisoner loaned his two-barrel gun, the dog produced in court, together with a shot bag and powder-horn, for the purpose, as prisoner said, of hunting-that he, witness, cast some balls the spring previous, in a mould which witness got of his father -that some of the balls were in his house a short time before the murder, that prisoner was in the habit of staying at witness's house, and had access to the balls-and that he lived about nine miles from the residence of deceased. " Lemuel Wixon testified that he, in company with Francis Booth, on the 1lth of October, 1843, arrested the prisoner near Abraham Knapp7s house, that they found with him the dog in court, a two-barrel gun, and a shot bag. but no powder-horn or balls-that there were three kinds of shot in his possession, and that the prisoner did not manifest any fears, and made no resistance. ,216 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

tL Francis Booth corroborated Wixon, and further testified that he loaned the bullet moulds produced in court, of Abraham Knappls father, and that he cast the balls he gave to Dr. Johnson in said moulds. bL Thomas Davenport testified that he accompanied the prisoner after his examination to the County jail, that on their way prisoner pointed out a stump about three miles from deceased's, and said that he shot at it on the day that Wanzer was killed in the evening-that he, witness, afterwards found three kinds of shot in said stump, but no ball. 6b Marvin Wilson testified that in searching in an oat field on the east and adjoining the premises of deceased, about a week after his death, he discovered tracks made as if by some person in the act of running from deceased's house, that he took measures to preserve them-that within five or six days he visited the jail and found the prisoner's boots and compared them mith the tracks-that the boots mere rights and lefts-that the heel of the left one was worn off on the inside-that he compared them with the tracks and they precisely fitted, and that the tracks led in the direction of a crossing place over the creek in a path leading from the deceased's to the Turnpike. LL John Garrison testified that on the day of deceased's death, he saw a person about three miles east of his house, near the Turnpike, going into the woods, dressed as the witnesses described the prisoner to have been at the time of his arrest, and having mith him a double barrel gun and a little dog. LL Mary Denny testified that on the evening of deceased's death she heard the report of a gun ; she lived about half a mile east from his residence ; that after she had retired to rest, her dog barked, and on looking out of the window. she saw a person passiiig east on the Turnpike with something like a staff or gun, and as she also thought a dog, and dressed similar to the pri- sober at the time of his arrest. cL Paulina Conklin testified that on the day prisoner was arrested she saw him pass her house in the afternoon, going easterly. Witness lived a little over three miles east from the deceased's. "Joseph Derbyshire testified that three years before the prig PHILIPSTOWN. 217

goner told him there were three or four he wanted to shoot, and if Mr. Wanzer did not hush up about the key he mould be the first. Witness admitted he had had a difference with prisoner. cL Peter Vantassel heard prisoner say he ~~oulilhave a drop of Wanzer's heart7s-blood?but could not tell when he heard it. " John A. Miller heard prisoner say the spring before, when asked if he had returced the key, that he would fix llTanzeryet. Richard Laforce testified that about a month before the death of deceased he was confined with prisoner in Poughkeepsie jail-that prisoner said they had put him there for no good-that he mas studying deviltry, and that when he got out there mere three or four he meant to shoot. Witness claimed that he was confined for stealing honey in connection with pris~ner,but that he was innocent. "Here the testimony on the part of the people closed. For the follo~vingremarks as to the defence, the summing up of Counsel, the charge of the Court, and sentence of the prisoner, the writer is indebted to a friend, as he was not in a situation to report proceedings. LL The prisoner proved in his defence that a person having a beun and small black dog, and dressed similar to himself, but being a somewhat larger person, \as seen on Tuesday morning 10th October, a little distance east of Cold Spring, going easterly towards Wanzer's. cL He also showed that a neighbor mas at 'CVanzer's house about sunset on that evening with a gun.

L: He proved also: that he stated to a person, before he mas arrested, he had been lost in the vrocds two or three days, without anything but chestnuts or grapes to eat, that he was not afraid, and that he was going to take the gun to Abraham Knapp's. He also proved that he was in the habit of going frequently t~voor three days without eating much of anything. He also showed by the witnesses for the prosecution that he made no attempt to escape or resist when he was arrested ; and on this defence rested his case. LL The evidence was conducted on both sides throughout the whole examination with the greatest perseverance and faithfulness. 19 218 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUXTY.

'' The summing up was commenced by Benjamin Baily, counsel for the prisoner, who in a clear and masterly speech of an hour and three-q~iartera,discharged his duty in behalf of the prisoner, in a most able. affecting, and faithful manner. ': Frederick Stone, District Attorney, spoke on the part of the prosecution about an l~our,briefly illustrating and presenting to the Jury the most material points of evidence against the prisoner. He mas follon-ed by Thomas R. Lee, counsel for the pri- lsoner? who, in an able and indefatigable speech of three hours7 length, reviewed all the evidence and showed with much clear- ness the great hazard of relying upon circumstantial evidence, which is generally more or less casual and perfidious. " William Nelson, Counsel on the part of the People, then closed the summing up of the cause, in a forcible and ingenious speech of two hours' and three-quarters length. '' His Honor, Judge Parker charged the jury in a very able and eloquent manner: clearly- presenting to their view all the most prominent and material points of the evidence given on the trial, which were calculated: either to criminate or to show the nnocence of the prisoner. " After receiving their charge, which occupied about an hour, the jury retired to their room, and in about four hours returned with a verdict of guilty. On the last day of term the prisoner was brought in Court to hear his sentence. The Court ordered him to stand up, and asked him if he hall anything to say why sentence should not he passed upon him. "He replied that he had nothing to say. The Court then anid to him, they must proceed to perform the most painful duty required by lam-that he had had a fair and impartial trial-that the counsel who were engaged for him, had defended his cause with the greatest care and faithfulness, which was creditable to themselves and honorable to their profession-that there was no doubt of his guilt-that the evidence clearly established it, and that a jury had pronounced him guilty -that Abraham Wanzer, a peaceable citizen, living with his family in a retired spot, without a known enemy, respected by all who knew him, and advanced in old age, was called from his PHILIPSTOWN. 219 dwelling and shot without the least provocation-that such an act was sufficient to bring down the just indignation of every citizen upon the perpetrator of the deed-that it mas their duty to search out the offender and inflict the full penalty of the law upon the wretch who could thus deliberately take the life of an inoffensive fellow-being-that it was extremely painful and grievous to see the great indifference and unconcern which he had manifested throughout the whole course of his imprisonment and trials-that owing to his age and condition the Court would give him the longest time before his execution, that the law would allow in his sentence-that he ouglit to take the vihole time to reflect, and prepare himself for the judgment of another world-that there was an All-Seeing eye who saw him commit the deed-that he must not entertain any hopes of a pardon- that he ought to inake s full confession of his guilt, as this was the first step towards repentance-that he ought sincerely to repent and prepare for the awful change that so soon awaited him -that he might yet find pardon before the Judge of a higher world. -:Wit11 these remarks, which from recollection me have briefly attempted to sketch; the Court sentenced him to be hanged by the neck on the 26th day of July nest, between 5 o'clock A. M. and 7 o'clock P, M., until dead.::

'' COXFESSION OF GEORGE DENNY. To the Hon. AMASAJ. PARKER, " Dear Sir :-A fen- days after the sentence of the above named most singular and unfortunate individual, I had an interview with him. I found him engaged in reading his Bible. Having said that I was pleased to see him endeavoring to prepare for the awful doom which awaited him, and from ~vhichI presumed there was not the most distant hope of escaping, I requested him, as one who had taken a strong interest in his favor up to the time of his conviction, and who desired to lend his best efforts towards ensuring him peace in his last moments, to frankly and fully give me the history of himself: and especially of his participation in the crime of which he stood convicted. ,4s I anticj- pated, he declined. After conversing with him somewhat fur 220 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. ther, he requested me to explain the meaning of the 22d verse of the 14th chapter of Romans. I gave it as my opinion that the passage to which he referred me \\-as 110 obstacle to a confession; and if he desired to place himself in a situation to understand what he read, it 1%-ouldbe necessary for him to free his mind of the heavy burden, which I had evcry reason to believe was resting upon it, by giving a full and perfect statement of the whole transaction. He at length consented, and gave it as follo~vs: " I am about 18 years of age ; I 11-as born in Putnam County. My mother died when I was an infant, as I am informed, insane. My fathcr abandoned his 11-ife and children a short time before my birth, unprovided for and unprotected. When I arrived to the age of eight years he retnriled and took with him my sister and myself to the State of 3Iichiga11, where we remained ahout one year, during which time hc as convicted and sentenced to prison for two yeare, for robbi~~ga store. IIe made his escape by digging undcr the walls, and returned to his suffering children. Within a few days ilc was rcrakc~and imprisoned. 31r- sistc; about fourteen, and nlyself nbont eight years of age, i:itho::~ friends or necessary mcans, after many hardships, returned to my grandiatheis in this county. That sister, from lily illfillic~up to this moment, has been my warmest, and T can almost say my only friend, she has often given me good zdvice, and it is my earnest prayer that she may yet 5e reuiaided. Here I would say to parents, and to all who have the charge of children, cultivate in them habits of industry and honesty, as I have every reason to believe, if my mind had been turned into the proper channel in my infancy, I should not be where I am. Two or three years after our return from Michigan, my father visited us and remained about one month. His mind appeared to hzve undergone a sad change since we had last seen him. He published a pam- phlet founded on the book of Revelations, in which he represented himself as Jesus Christ. I recollect of his saying to my grandfather one day, that Buffalo was the promised land-that he should assemble all the people there, and amongst the number the Queen of England. I stepped up and told him he was a damned fool. He became very much enraged and pursued me out of the meadow, but I got out of his reach. The first inquiry , PHILlPSTOWN. 221

he made of me was, George, are you old enough to handle the sword 2' He left, and we have never heard from him since. :' During the time I lived with my grandfather I had an op-. portunity to attend school, but having the privilege of doing as I pleased I seldom attended-my attendance at church came under the above rule. Mv grandmotlier indulged me in every evil habit, and my education in consequence is very limited. I can make out to read by spelling some of the words, but cannot write. When I pilfered money from my grandfather, which was not unusual, I mas sure to find protection by appealing to my grandmother. With the boys of the neighborhood I bore the appellation of ' the cunning little thief,' and many times have I been reproaclled and called a fool by some of my relations for ac- knowledging my thefts, which was usually the case if I was accused. With the exception of some trifles, and the money I took from my grandfather and Mr. JVanzer7skey, the first I ever stole was $4,55,from Andrew Niller's trunk, 11-liich I opened with Mr. Wanzer's key. I ment on from one petty theft to another until I was compelled to leave my grandfather's for fear of an arrest, when I found my way to Shanandoah in the town of Fishkill. I remained there the bctter part of a year, sleeping in the barns, 11-oods, and coal cabins of the neighborhood, until I was arrested in connection ~~itliRichard Laforce for stealing honey, and confined in Poughkeepsie jail. In justice to Richard Laforce I will take the first opportunity to state that he told the truth in his testimony, and that hc was not concerned with me in taking the honey. After my discharge from Poughkeepsie jail I returned to Shanandoah. On Monday morning: the 9th of October, 1843, I took Mr. Knapp's gun, dog, and ammunition, with five or six balls from the same mould produced on my trial, which I had before secured, and ment into the moods with the intention of shooting partridges. When I left Mr. Knapp's I did not think of Mr. Wanzer, nor had any intention of going there. I strolled through the woods on that day, until I reached the Cold Spring Turn- pike, passing by Henry Concklin7s on my way down, but they did not observe me. I shot at the stump I showed Esqr. Daven- port with both barrels of my gun on Monday. I followed the 19" 222 HISTORY .OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Turnpike until I reached Thomas Jaycox's. My thoughts at this time were very singular, and I suppose to many incredible, a partial description of \I-hich I will give in another place. I went to Genjamin Forcman's barn a little after dark, and slept there till, as I should judge, about eleven o'clock at night. There was something laying heavily on my mind. I wanted to do something, I could not tell what. I almost unconsciouslj- left the barn, took s road leading to Isaac Jaycos7s,and thence the road leading to Mr. TJ%IIzc~'s. I \vent to his door and made a noise -took hold of the string and raised the latch. Mrs. Wanzer asked who was there ? I anm-ered a friend. She inquired what a friend wanted that time of night ? I answered to stay all night. I walked away from the door, and laid my hat under a peach tree, about two rods distant. T stood there about five minutes, with my gun cocked and pointed tov;ards the door, intending to shoot him if he opened it. He did not make his appearance, and I retired to his barn and slept there till sunrise the next morning, \\-hen I c-cnt into the liulies and coiltinuecl firing my gun at intervals in the neighborhood of his llousc all the day on Tuesday ; once I sliot at BIr. Wa~~zer'sfowls. He was at work in his garden and buclin-heat the most of the by. At one time I lay within thirty yards of him, with my gun pointed towards him, and said to myself, how I \\-ill pop him over to- night.' The family all went away at one time, and I took a circuitous route, thinking to go in the house, but on reflection the thoilght occurred to me, that they might return and find me there. I indulged the hope that Wanzer XI-ould come in the bushes, and I 11-ou1d shoot him there. As soon as it was dark I \vent to his barn and thence to his dirt cellar, and then stood \n-ith my gun ready, thinking he would come out. He did come around the corner of his house hut went in again immediately. 1 then \vent in front of the house, took off my hat and laid it under the same peach tree where I laid it tl~cnight before. I whistled to induce \Vnnzer to come to the door, but he did not come. I went up to the house and looked in at the windolv adjoining the road. As I looked in, some of the family said, hark.' Mr. Wanzer's gun stood up against the wall, he took it in his hand and \went to the door. I stood ready to shoot him if he came to the corner of the house. I trembled very much all PHILIPSTOWN. 223 the time I was there. From thence I went by the dirt cellar into the road and put my gun through the fence. I stepped into the middle of the road, got a stone and threw it against the house. Within a minute after I saw Mr. Wanzer coming down the path with his gun in his arms. He came within a rod and a half of where I lay. My feelings were such that I did not take particular aim. I fired, intending to hit him in the breast, he sprung up, threw back his head, gave a loud groan, and fell apparently XI-ithout bending, wheeling around at the same time. I then ran illto the bushes and whistled for my dog eight or nine times-my dog followed, and I went on through the bushes. I did not go tllrougll the oat field-I did not make the tracks Esqr. Wilson testified to. After a little time I stopped to think, and 0 ! horn bitterly I regretted that I had shot Mr. JVanzer. I said aloud, How the devil will tempt any one; but he slmll never tempt me to do the like again; I will get my- living hereafter by honest industry or die!' I felt exceedingly dizzy, and did not know what to do. I loaded my gun, but could not recollect immediately after how it was charged. I then drew off the charge and reloaded it, to be certain it would go. I started and ran again, wit11 such feelings as I cannot describe, until I came to a brook, which was running very rapid. Again I stopped to reflect-putting my hand on my head, I discovered my hat mas gone. I iilroluntarily cried out, What have I done !' I made a struggle to collect mj- thoughts-at length it occurred to me that my hat was under the peach tree in front of the house. I thought it 11-ould betray me. I went up to the road Ino, my dog, ran up in the moods and barked; he was on the track of something. I said, That dog means to betray me yet.' When lle returned I drew up my gun to shoot him, when the thought struck me that I should be heard. I mashed him dou--n with my lland, and sat down and listened. I pulled of my boots-left them in the road-took a circuitous route, and got my hat from under the peach tree. KO one was at the house-the place was awfully still and solemn. I went on the road towards Isaac JaycoYs some distance, turned up in the woods on a side hill, and laid down all of an hour and a half. While laying there my dog went away. I had not proceeded far 224 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. from that spot, when on feeling my pocket, I discovered that my powder-horn was gone. I went back to search for the powder- horn, but could not find the place where I had lain. Whilst searching for the horn, my dog met me. Returning to the place where I left my boots, and putting them on, I follolved the road towards Isaac Jaycox's a quarter of a mile, when I struck off in a southerly direction, expecting to come out in Isaac Jaycox's open fields, but came out by Samuel Denny's, the husband of Mary Denny, on the turnpike. Then I knew where I was. I passed by Samuel Denny's, but it was all of two hours after I shot Mr. Wanzer. I made an attempt to ge3 in Joseph Ferris' barn; but failed. Leaving Mr. Ferris' barn, I followed the turnpike to Thomas Jaycox's-tool; his buffalo skin, blanket, and whip from his barn, and lay in the 11-oods till the sun was three- quarters of an hour high the next morning. Then taking a southerly course, I had not proceeded far when I was induced to stop for fear of wetting my gun, as the leaves mere very damp. Shortly after I heard a rustling in the bushes behind me, and sup- posing it might be some one in pursnit, I proceeded on. I lay in sight of Andrew &fillerashouse some time. Whilst there, Dan- iel Ferris7 boy rode up to BIiller's on a horse, and told Mrs. Miller that Uncle Wanzer was shot the night before, and that they suspicioned little George Denny. My object in laying there was to get an opportunity to get something to cat, and to get what money I could find. What Daniel ~eiris'boy said frightened me. I then went south, below John Brom-eras,and crossed the road- went into Joseph Ferris? woods, and turned my course for Shan- andoah. As I was going up I heard a wagon coming, and discovered that Andrew Miller and Rufus Gillet were drawing cord- wood, but by stepping a little one side, they did not observe me. A little further on, 1 got some apples off a tree-went across Forge Hill, and came into the turnpike a little west of Henry Concklin's, and following the turnpike till I came to a cross road, which I took. I came out by Elijah Horton's. I talked with Elijah Horton. He took my gun and discharged it. I had conversation with Benjamin Mulcox-he told me that Wanzer was shot the night before in his left side. He intimated that I was suspicioned. A short distance from Mulcox, Wixon and Booth arrested me. They said George, is this you 2 Booth looked at PHILIPSTOWN.. 225 my gun to see if it was loaded. I told him it was not. They slapped their hands on my shoulders and said, 'You are our prisoner.' I asked them what they meant. Booth said, you are a good-for-nothing murderer. I answere0 that I had not shot any man. They then took me to Wison7s,and thence to Wan- zer7s. As to my motive in going to LVanzeis, I do not know what to say. When I came to Thomas Jaycox's on Monday, many thoughts crossed my mind. At one time I thought of going to John Bromer7s,about three miles south-east from Wan- zer's, to kill him and his famill-to rob the house, and set it on fire. I thought that Rufus Gillet lived close by, and he would detect me. I also thought of robbing Uncle Joseph Ferris' house, and of killing him and his family ; but I said some one lived with him, and I might be detected. I turned from these thoughts. I also thought at one time I would kill Wanzer, his wife, and children-drag them in the house, and set it on fire; but I have doubts 1%-hetherI I\-as sincere in my reflections to their fulleat extent, as, after I had killed n7anzer, I thought no more of his wife or his children. As to the witnesses who testified against me, I have no other desire than to corroborate them all, so far as they have stated correctly, or as far as their testimony related to me. Peter Vantasel, who mas the most suspicioned, as near as I can recollect, told the truth. I do not recollect of telling Der- byshire that '1 wanted to shoot three or four, and if Uncle Wan- zer did not hush up about the key, he would be the first one.' I told Derbyshire when I bought his gun, that the money I paid - him I took from Andrew Miller's trunk, and he promised not to divulge it. I have no recollection of saying to John A. Miller, 'I would fix Uncle 'CVanzer yet.' John Garrison's testimony had no reference to me ; he did not see me. I was but a short distance from lYanzer7s house all the day on Tuesday. There were but two kinds of shot in my gun, beside the ball, when I shot Wanzer. I picked the smaller size out when I charged it. And I now solemnly assert, that I had no bitter feelings against Mr. Wanzer at that time ; and possess none now against any individual. I do not fear death, but I cannot say how much my mind may change as the hour approaches, and I still have a desire to live as long as I can." 226 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Here closed his statement, the narration of which in his simple, but I am satisfied candid manner, occupied the space of three hours. Discovering probably that I was ansious to leave, after he had concluded his confession, he begged of me not to be im- patient, but to remain with him a little longer. I assented. He read the 211 chapter of James, and requested me to explain the 13th verse. I replied that there \\-ere several clergymen residing in and near the village, and if he desired it, I u-ould give them a general invitation to visit him, with which he appeared satisfied. Here I took my leave, not, however, without promis- ing, at his solicitation, to visit him frequently during the short peribd allotted for his existence. " Carrnel, June 4, 1844."

REVOLUTIONARY ANECIJOTES, RE311NISCENCESI ETC.

During the year 1779 and '80, Washington frequently crossed the Hudson from West Point, inspecting its outposts, and visiting the eastern States. Daniel llaight, deceased, kept a tavern in the old house, now occupied by one of his sons, on the cross- road, north of Judge Garrison's mansion, leading to the Peekskill and Cold Spring turnpike, at Henry Croft's house. The Commander-in-Chief was in the habit of stopping at "Haight's tavern," to rest himself and suite: in passing to and from Continental Village and the eastern States. It is well known that he was of a contemplative turn of mind, of few words, and not given to gc much speaking." Mr. Haight, in speaking of him, long after the war had closed, and long, too, after the Father of his country" had been "gathered to his fathers," often remarked about the silent, meditative mood evinced by him while at his hduse. He said he never knew Washington to commence a conversation unless spoken to, or he desired PHIL1 PSTOWN. 227 something to be brought to him. He called at Haight's house one day in the fall of 1780, and as he entered the house, the servant girl ran up the stairs, and when half way up, fell; Washington broke into a hearty laugh, and turning round, said to the host, " It is the jirst time I ever saw a person fnll up stairs." After he had departed, Haight remarked to his family that it was " the first time that he had ever seen the Corn- mander-in-Chief laugh ;" and since that time, he has said, 'c that it was the last." James Croft, the father of Henry and Stephen Croft, Esqs., was an enlisted soldier in the Revolution. He was attached to the northern army, and after the surrender of Burgoyne, was discharged. While returning to his home, near, or at Continental Village, he stopped on the west side of the Hudson, near Kingston, where some British officers where enlisting men for their army. They wanted Croft to enlist, but he promptly refused. On pretence of shaking hands with him a.s he was about to depart, one of the officers dropped a gold piece in his hand, and then said to him .that he had had the King's money, and he'd be damned if he shouldn't enlist," or pay a fine. Croft steadily refused to do either, and told the officer that when he enlisted again, it ~vouldcc be in the cause of his country and her rights." He had $18 in hard money with him, it being the balance due him when his term of enlistment expired. The British officers forthwith, organized a drum- head court-martial, fined him to that amount, and took it by force from him. Thus penniless, he returned to his home. Reader! the incident is a small one, but should you be ever similarly situated, stand fast to 228 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. your integrity and your country ; and remember this little incident that records the patriotism of James Croft. When the unfortunate Major Andre was arrested by Pauldings, Williams, and Van Wart, they first conveyed him to North Castle, in Westchester County, where Col. Jamieson commanded. Afterwards he was conducted by a guard of twenty men, to Salem, the quarters of Col. Shelden. During their journev thither, they stopped for the night at Comyen hii, where Major Tallmadge, the com~napderof the guard, tied Andre to a tree, as an additional security. From Salem, he was brought to the Red Mills in this county, and lodged for the night at the house of James Cox, a Major in the Ordilance Department of the Army, and grandfather to the wife of the Hon. John Garri- son, of Philipstown. While here, two soldiers were stationed at the door, and two at each window of his apartment. Phcebe Cox, a daughter of the above- named Major, and the mother of Mrs. John Garrison, was then an infant, laying in the cradle when Andre entered the rooin. Andre stepped to the cradle, and the child, which had just awoke, looking up at him, smiled. His feelings seemed immediately touched, and, in a tone of deep melancholy tenderness, he said, c' Happy childhood ! we know its peace but once. lurish Iwas as innocent as you." From the Red Mills, he was brought by the way of Continental Village to the 8cRobinson House" in this town, under a guard of one hundred horse, by Major Tallmadge. While at the Red Mills, and looking in a mirror in his room, he saw a hole under the armpit of his coat, and per- ceiving that the officer who was in attendance ob- PHILIPSTOWN. 229 served it also, he smiled and remarked, " I presume Gen. Washington will give me another coat." From the "Robinson House," he was conveyed to West Point ; froin there to Stony Point ; and from thence to Tappan, or Orange town. The notorious Joshua, H. Smith, to whose house, two-and-a-half miles from Stony Point, Arnold conducted Andre, after their midnight interview " at the foot of a mountain called the Long Clove, near the low-water mark," was arrested at Fishkill, Dutchess County, and brought to the " Robinson House," a few hours before the arrival of Andre at that place. He had furnished Andre with a coat, saddle, and bridle, and after secreting him all day, conducted him the night after Arnold's interview with him, to the ferry at Stony Point, crossed over to Verplank's Point, and slept with him at a house near Crom Pond. The next rnorniag they started as soon as it was light, and rode as far as Pine's bridge, where they halted and made a breakfast of " suppon" and milk. Smith here left

Andre, and giving him some Continental money,J advised him to take the road to White Plains. Six miles beyond this, Andre was arrested. Smith was tried before a court-martial, and imprisoned in the jail at Goshen, Orange County ; escaped from thence to New York, and returned with the British army to England, where some years ago, he published a little volume entitled cc Major Andre," in which he gives an account of his relations with Arnold and Andre, his arrest, trial, and imprisonment ; and endeavors to show that he knew nothing of the real business between the British Adjutant-General and America's great traitor, 20 230 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. with an outpouring of abuse on Washington, Green, and other patriots, that would disgust any man but an Englishman, and an American tory. The book has no date, but was published a few years before his death. We quote from that part of it that relates to his arrest and arrival at the " Robinson House," with his interview with Washington.

bL Having given him (Andre) directions about the road ha was to iake upon crossiilg the bridge, with a message to my brother, the chief justice, whom he knew, we parted. I proceeded on my way to Fishkill, taking Gen. Arnold's quarters at Robinson's house in my route : I mentioned to Gen. Arnold the distance I accompanied Mr. Anderson, ~vhichgave him apparently mucb satisfaction. His dinner being ready I partook of it, refreshed my horses, and in the evening proceeded to Fish Kill to my family. Here I found General \Vashington had arrived in the course of the afternoon, on his return from visiting Count Rochambeau, and I supped in his company with a large retinue, at Gen. Scott's. The nest day I went on business to Pough- keepsie, and returned to Fish Kill the ensuing evening. It was on the 25th of September, about midnight, that the door of the room wherein I lay in bed with Mrs. Smith, was forced open with great violence, and instantly the chamber was filled with soldiers, who approached the bed with fixed bayonets. I was then, without ceremony, drawn out of bed by a French Officer, named Govion, whom I recollected to have entertained at my house not long before, in the suite of the Marquis de la Fayette. He commanded me instantly to dress myself, and to accompany him to Genwal Washington, having an order from the General, he said, to arrest me. The house was the residence of Col. Hay, who had married my sister. The family was thrown in great confusion ; the female part especially were in the deepest distress; indeed the shock so much affected Idis. Smith, that she never fully recovered from it; and, which added to my subsequent sufferings, was the cause of her death. I perceived that any oppo- PHILIPSTOWN. sition would be ineffectual. Col. Hay desired to know for what cause the arrest mas made ; to which Govion would give no satisfactory answer. I then desired the privilege of having my servant and one of my horses to go with him to Gen. Washing- ton, at Robinsonls house, which he refused j and I was immediately marched off, on foot, the distance of 18 miles.

Lb At length on my arrival at Robinsods house, I was paraded before the front door, under a guard. General Washington soon afterwards came into a piazza, and looked sternly and with much indignation at me ; my countenance was the index of my mind, and the beautiful lines of Horace occurred to me, 'sifractis et illabiter orbis inupavitlum feriunt, qzte ruiqzcrc,' kc. LL On his retiring, I Tras ordered into a back room, and two centinels placed at the door. :; After as much time had elapsed as I supposed was thought necessary to give me rest from my march, I was conducted into a room, where were standing Gen. Washington in the centre, and on each side Gen. I

LL Provoked at the usage I received, I addressed Gen. Wash- ington, and demanded to know for what cause I was brought before him in so igilominious a manner ?-The General answered sternly, that I stood before him charged with the blackest treason against the citizens of the United States ; and that he was authorized, from the evidence in his possession, and from the authority vested in him by Congress, to hang me immediately as a traitor, and that nothing could save me but a candid confession who in the army, or among the citizens at large, were my accomplices in the horrid and nefarious designs I had medi- tated, for the last ten days past. (LIanswered that no part of my conduct could justify the charge, as Gen. Arnold, if present, would prove; that what I had done of a public nature was by the direction of that Gene- ral, and, if wrong, hc was amenable ; not me, for acting agreeably to his orders. He immediately replied, Sir, do you know that Arnold has fled, and that Mr. Anderson, whom you have piloted through our lines, proves to be Major John Andre, the Adjutant-General 232 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. of the British army, now our prisoner 2 I expect him here, under a guard of 100 horse, to meet his fate as a spy, and, unless you coniees who mere your accomplices, I shall suspend you both on yonder tree,' pointing to a tree before the door. He then ordered the guards to take me axay.

;L In a short time I was remanded into the room and urged to a confession of accomplices, with Gen. Washington's declaration, that the evidence he possessed of my being a party, was sufficient to takc away my life. ': The Gen. irritated by my reply, remanded me back to my confinement.

LL Some time afterwarcls, Col. I-Iamilton came to me, and com- passionately, as he said, rccolnlnended me to declare all I knew respecting the business of TI-hich I was accused, observing that many were mistrusted, who, if they confessed, \\-auld be in 3 worse situation; but as he supposed this was not the: casc I had now a chance to save my life, and for the sake of rny family I oaght to preserve it,-with many more expressions to the same effect, kc. " Gen. Washington then came into the room, and questioned Col. Hamilton ~vhyhe was so long speaking to me The Col. replied, ' General, I know Smith has meant well during his agency in this transaction, for in all our public meetings in New York his general demeanor spoke a spirit of moderation, nor could he be persuaded to any other opinion than that this contest between Great Eritain and her colonies would bc compromised, as in the business of the stamp and other acts of wlikh we com- complained to the British Government, in our petition by Gov. Penn,' &c. LL Gen. UTashington then said in a gentle tone of voice, CoI. Hamilton, I am not yet satisfied ; take him into the back room ; we must know something more about this business.' I was then conducted into the recess from whence I was brought. '(1was about to take some refreshment, when one of the sentinels, posted at the door, vowed that if I touched any of the biscuits that were in the room, he would shoot me dead. LLThefact was that the room was a kind of a butlery, in which Mrs. Arnold had placed her stores, and I was in the act PHILIPSTOWN. of taking a piece of the biscuits. 1 madg no reply to the senti- nel; but remained nearly two hours in this confinement, when I neard the tramp of a number of horses near the place where I was confined, and, soon after, could distinguish the voice of the unfortunate Andre, and of Gen. Washington and his suite, who soothed him with all the blandishments that his c(1ucation and distinguished rank dcmanded :, he was courted with a smile in the face, when worse than a dagger was intended lor his heart. I distinctly heard Col. Hamilton say to a brother ogcer, who came out of the same room, that Major Andre was really an accomplished young man, and he was sorry for him, for the Gen. was determined to hang him. It was nearly dark, when a very respectable young gentleman entered the room, and politely desired me to accompany him. I mas in hopes this \$-as a prelude to my emancipation, and I requested the honor of his name ? I4c answered, It is Washington.' I said, '1 presume, Sir, you hold the rank of Colonel 'l' He told me he held no rank at all. He then conducted me to the back part of Robinson's house, where there were two horses, desired me to mount one of them, and by his bmuidance in n way I had riel-cr beell? 11-e soon reached the bank of the river opposite to \Vest Point. Here I was delivered to the custody of a Cayt. Shcppard, of the Kew Jersey Continental troops, and did not observe I had been guarded by a troop of horse until I: was placed in the ferry-boat, and saw them follow Mr. Washington up the inouiltnin ; two boats followed us, composed of the guard. If I had any inclination to throw myself overboard: I was so well guarded, that I am certain I should have been taken out of the water; for the main object of Gen. Washington in detaining and trying me, was to obtain a knowledge of Gen. Arnold's confederates in the army, as well as in Congress. In fact, this defection of Arnold had excited such a general suspicion, that no one dared trust another j and nothing but execrations were heard from hut to hut."

John Warren,Esq.-This gentleman was of English origin, and the son of Samuel Warren, who came 20' 234 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. from Boston to this town previous to the Revolution. John, the subjcct of this sketch, was born in 1765, and had five sons and two daughters, viz.: Cornelius: Sylvenus, Samuel, Harry, and John, who died Octo- ber Sth, 1840, Mary and Susan, who are both dead. Mary married Joseph Haight ; Susan married Elijah Davenport. He was born in the house now occupied brC. John Hopper, Esq., on the hill south of the War ren Rfill, now owned by Justus Nelson, on the old post road. His father, Sanluel Warren, resided in it during the Revolution, and the place went by the name of Nelson's Highlands. Samuel, the father of John, was liilled at the Franklindale bridge, by being thrown out of his wagon. Some of the planks were off, and the horses taking a turn, he was thrown from the wagon, through the aperture into the stream below. John Warren mas married when 17 years old, and his wife 15 ; and, for some years thereafter, lived in a log-house which stood in the corner of the orchard, across the road and opposite to the residence of Justus Nelson, Esq., which he also built with the grist mill attached to the same property. This farm, consisting of 300 acres belonged to him. IIe was a blacksmith by trade, and served his time wirh Peter Warren, father of James Warren, Esq., of Cold Spring, who lived where Ja. Grifin, Esq., at present resides in the lower part of this town. The first knives and forks he had when he commenced keeping house he made in his blacksmith shop. Shortly after he was married, being in want of a pair of pantaloons, he went to Peekskill and asked a merchant to trust him for the doth ; the merchant refused, and Warren returned PHILIPSTOWN. 235 home without making further application for credit. He told his friends that he had made up his mind, "that the best policy for a inan wa.s to pay as he went." This was what the celebrated John Randolph called the ic philosopher's stone." In the midst of a stormy debate in the House of Representatives, Randolph arose and screamed out at the top of his voice, cc Mr. Speaker, I have found the ' philosopher's stone "-it's pay as you go." This was the first and the last time that John Warren asked for credit; and in a few years his industry and prudent habits placed him in a condition in which everybody would have been glad of an opportunity to trust him. During the whole course of his life he never sued nor was sued by ally person. He began poor and died rich :. free from debt ; and what he had acquired, he obtained in and by virtue of that curse, originally pronounced upon all mnnlrind through Adam, as our federal head and representative, c; by the sweat of his brow." He aspired to no higher distinction than that of a plain, practical farmer, which he was. The purity of his motives, and the ho~lestyof his heart, were nerer questioned; and in all the relations of life he never gave just cause of offence to his neighbor. He died, regretted and beloved by all who knew him, in 1837, in the 72d year of his age. His children, so far as we know them, inherit his virtues. Capt. Samuel Je$erds.-This gentleman was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1752, and entered the Continenta.1 army at the age of twenty-three, as first Sergeant in a company of artillery. He served through the war, and for three years after peace was 236 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. concluded. He was stationed two years at Fort Stanwix, erected in the year 1758 by the English, and named from Gen. Stanwix. cL It occupied a position commanding the carrying place between the naviga- ble waters of the Mohawk and Wood Creek, and was regarded as the key to the communication between Canada and the settlements on the Mohawk." Dur- ing the Revolution it was named Fort Schuyler. He was afterwards stationed at Fort Putnam, West Point, and its out-posts. He fought most gallantly in the battles of Bunkerhill, Long Island, Brandywine, and Monmouth. The battle of Monmouth was fought on Sunday, and the day was intensely hot. A great many soldiers died from over-exertion, the heat, and drinking too much cold water. In speaking of the engagements he had passed through, after his retirement from the army, to his only surviving son, Samuel Jefferds, Esq., of Philips- town, he remarked, that, at the battle of Monmouth, the heat was so intense that it nearly exhausted his nature." Four years after the war he married the widow of Peter Warren, who was the father of James Warren, Esq., now of Cold Spring. After his retirement from the army, he lived where Ja. Griffin, Es~.,now resides on the old post road in the south part of this town, and a short distance north of Continental Village. He was quartered here in the winter of 1779, '80. He was plain in his manners, of a kind and gentle disposition, but when provoked from a sense of injury, energetic and strongly moved. He had battled long for the liberties of his country, and doubly appreciated PHILIPSTOWN. 237 - the blessing of peace when it came. Distinguished for strict integrity and frankness of disposition, he had no enemies while living, and no calumniators when dead. Amid the carnage, the smolre, and the thinder of battle, his courage never forsook him. It was of that cool, deiiberate character-not created by the occasion and the excitement of circumstances-which has its foundation in a constitutional disposition. Amid the roar of cannon and the conflict of arms, he would ride round and direct the operations of his ba~teries with the calm steadiness of feeling, that would characterize others only at a review. He passed through a seven years' war, and four hard fought and well contested actions, unscathed, enjoying the confidence of Washington, Knox, Green, Hamilton, and their associates ; and was elected a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, in 1785. This fact a10ile shows the estimate which Washington and his compatriots, placed on his patriotism, services, and character. It was not every officer of the rank of captain, who could get admission into this honorable Society of banded brothers. The following is a copy of his certificate of membership, now in the possession of his son, Samuel Jefferds, Esq. :

"Be it known that Samuel JefTerds, Esquire, Captain of Artil- lery in the late Army is a Member of the Society of the Cincin- nati instituted by the Officers of the American Army, at the Pe- riod of its Dissolution, as well to commemorate the great Event which gave Independence to North America, as for the laudable Purpose of inculcating the Duty of laying down in Peace Arms assumed for public Defence, and of uniting in Acts of brotherly I 238 HISTORY OF PUTNABI COUNTY.

Affection, and Bonds of perpetual Friendship, the Members constituting the same. *'In Testimony whereof I, the President of the said Society, have hereunto set my Hand at Mount Vernon in the State of Vir- , ginia, this tenth Day of December? in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty Five, and in the Tenth Year of the Independence of the Unitcci States. l By order, ;' G. ~VASHIPI'GTON,President. - KNOS, Secretary." The badge of the Society is a bald eagle suspended by a blue ribbon, edged with white, emblematic of the union of France and America. On the breast of the eagle, Cincinnntus is receiving the military ensigns from the three senators ; the implements of husbandry we seen in the back-gound ; round the whole: Omnia reliquit serz'are rempublicam,-' He relinquished everything to serve the country.' On the reverse, Fame is crowning Cincinnatus with a wreath, inscribed, Virtutis premium,"-" lhe reward of virtue,"-with other emblems; round the whole, ''Societas Cincinna- torum, instituta A. A. 1783." This society was formed by the surviving officers of the Revolutiona.ry Army, to perpetuate their' friendship, and to raise a fund for relieving the widows and orphans of brother soldiers who were killed during the war. The idea of establishing it, it is said, originated with Gen. Knox, who, as his biographer says, was the first Vice-President, and continued such to the day of his death. If this be so, he was also Secretary at the same time. The original certificate, now lying before me, given to Capt. Samuel Jefferds, is in the handwriting, and signed by Knox, as Secretary. Wash- PHILIPSTOWN. 239 ington was the first President, and held the office till his death. The Society was named in honor of Lucius Quinc- tius Cincinnatus, a patrician of the Roman Republic, who, while at his plough, was twice called to deliver his country from her enemies ; and having done so, resigned the supreme power which had been entrusted to him, he returned to his little farm to continue his rural labors. Some republicans, at that early day, opposed the society, alleging that it contained the elements of future aristocracy ; and among the number was the philosophic Franklin. There are said to be seven State Societies, which hold a general meeting once in three years. By its constitution, the honors of this association were to be "hereditary in the eldest male line of the original members, and, in default of male issue, in the collateral male line." Capt. Jefferds died in August, 1804, aged 52 years, leaving one son, an only child, Samuel Jefferds, Esq., of this town; who inherits the honors of the Society of Cincinnati, by virtue of the original membership of his father. The W7est Point Foundry.-This institution, one of the largest of its kind in this country, is situated about half a mile south-east of the steam-boat landing, in Cold Spring. During the last war with England, some difficulty was met with by the General Govern- ment in procuring a sufficiency of large ordnance for the use of the armv, .' as but one foundry, we believe, at that time, was in operation where the largest class of guns were cast. We have been informed that, in 240 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

view of this fact, this institution was created and set in operation as a matter of pride, by a dozen or more individuals, who received assurances from the Govern- I ment, that a certain proportion of Government work 1 should be done in it, if the establishment was not lo-

cated nearer than fiftv.! miles to the city of New York. I In the spring or summer of 1817, the Association purchased 150 acres of land at Cold Spring, of Capt Frederick Philips, and erected a moulding-house, bor-I ing mill, a blacksmith shop for light work, pattern shop, a drafting office, with a general office for the use of the Association. In the winter of 1818, the Hon. Gouverneur Kemble, Joseph G. Swift, James Renwick, and others, peti- tioned the legislature for an Act of incorporation; and, on the 15th of April, in the same year, an Act was passed, constituting '' Gouverneur Kemble, James Renwick, Henry Brevoort, Jr., Joseph G. Swift, John R. Fenwick, William ICemble, Henry Cary, Charles G. Smedburg, Nicholas Gouverneur, Robert J. Ren- wick, and William Young, and such others as might thereafter, be associated with them, 'a body corporate, in fact and in name, by the name of the West Point Foundry Association.' " Section 3rd of the Act ('further enacted, That Gouverneur Kemble, James Renwick, Henry Bre- voort, Jr., Wm. Kemble, and Charles G. Smedburgh, - shall be the first directors; and the said Gouverneur Kemble shall be the first president of the said company," who were to hold their offices until the first Monday of May, in the year 1819. In 1839 the finishing or machine, smith's, and boiler branches of the establish- PHILIPSl OWN. ment, whose operations were carried on in-the city of New York previous thereto, were transferred to Cold Spring, where large and commodious buildings were erected. It employs from four to six hundred men, including a few boys ; and has a foreman at the head of each branch. Its plan, with a description of its buildings, their size and number, are as follows, viz.: 1. Moulding House, 218 feet long, 68 feet wide, with brick walls 16 feet thick. Roof of slate. This building has 2 cupola furnaces. 2. Gun Foundry, 95 feet long, '75 feet wide, with stone walls, 29 inches thick, and shingle roofed. This building has 3 air furnaces. 3. The Boring Mill is in two buildings; the first 57 by 63 feet; the second 47 by 54 feet. This mill is driven by a 36 feet over-shot wheel, and has an auxiliary steam engine. Its walls are stone, 24 inches thick ; roof of tin. The boiler of the steam engine is placed outside of the building, in the yard. 4. TheBlacksmith Shop is 128 feet long,54 feet wide; walls of brick, 24 inches thick ; roof of tin. This shop is driven by a water wheel under an 105 feet fall of water, but has an auxiliary steam engine. The engine and boiler are in a separate shop at the east end of the building. 5. Small Blacksmith Shop, 40 feet long, 30 feet wide, with brick walls, 18 inches thick; and a tin roo£ 6. Blacksmith 'shop for small forges, 52 feet long, 25 feet wide; frame building; and roof of wood. These forges used occasionally. 7. Turning Shop, 60 feet long, 37 feet wide, with brick walls and roof of tin. 21 242 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

8. FinishingShop, 251 feet long by 54 feet wide, brick walls, and tin roof. The Pattern Shop is on the second floor of this building. 9. W. P. F. Office, 42 feet long by 23 feet wide; a frame building with shingle roof. The Drafting Office is in the second story. 10. Boiler Shop, 100 feet long by 45 feet wide; frame building with shingle roof. 11. Punching Machine House, is 22 feet square; frame building with shingle roof. 12. Coal House.-A stone building with shingle roof. 13. Store, 14 feet by 32 feet; brick walls and shingle roof. Now used by finishing department. 14. First Pattern House, 50 feet long, 36 feet wide; frame building with shingle roof. 15. Second Pattern House, 60 feet long, 30 feet wide ; frame building with shingle roof. 16. Third Pattern House, 50 feet long, 36 feet wide ; frame building with shingle roof. 17. Fourth Pattern House, 88 feet long, 30 feet wide ; frame building with shingle roof. 18. Fifth Pattern House, 40 feet long, 30 feet wide; frame building with shingle roof. 19. Fire Engine House, 19 feet long, 8; feet wide; frame building with shingle roof. In addition, the Association also own a large number of houses and building lots in the village, a,nd on the high grounds adjacent to the Foundry. The site it now occupies was formerly a swale, at the mouth of what was called, in old deeds, the '&Margaret Falls' brook." This brook discharged PHILIPSTOWN. 233 t itself into the shallow bay orflat, which lies between Constitution Island and Cold Spring. The foundation wall of the old Moulding IIouse, on its south side, was sunk down sixteen feet to the solid rock; while the north wall, resting on the sane rock, was sunk only six feet. The dip of the rock is about forty-five degrees. The Blast Furnace, just north of the Blacksmith shop, is not now in operation. Up to June, 1844, large quantities of iron ore were smelted here, obtained from the mines in the Highlands of this town. The cost or quarrying, transportation, blasting, kc., was found to be greater than purchasing it abroad, in a state fit for immediate use. In the Blacksmith shop there is one trip-hammer of eight tons weight, and two tilt-hammers,--one of IOOO and the other of 500 lbs. Shafts of two feet diameter have been forged here weighing fifteen tons. The Machine Shop contains thirteen turning lathes and one drilling machine. The Pattern Shop has four turning lathes, a whip- saw, and planing machine.

In the Boring !Hill are eight gun-beds for boringC. cannon, one slot machine, four turning lathes, two planing machines, three drilling machines, and one large bed for boring cvlinders..I The Finishing Shop contains four vertical and one horizontal drilling machines, and four planing machines. In the Boiler Shop are three punching machines,, one riveting machine, and one shearing machine. The new Boring Mill, now erecting, will contain 244 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. one machine for slotting, planing, and drilling, with one large-faced lathe. The consumption of the principal materials during the year, from March, 1847, to May lst, 1848, was as follows :-Pig iron, 8 107,434 ; coal, $38,405 ; bar iron, $62,562 ; boiler iron plate, $37,988 ; copper, $17,392 ; total, $353,781. The principal articles manufactured during that year were, 20 steam engines ; 90 321b. guns ; 4 121b. guns ; 2 91b. guns ; 4110 tons of pipes for the Boston Water Worlis; 1040 tons of large wrought iron work ; together with a large number of rolls, wheels, steam boilers, and machinery of various kinds. The Hon. Gouverneur Kernble, has been the Presi- dent of this Institution fro111 its incorporation until the expiration of its charter in 1843 or '44, we bclievc, with the exception of four years while representing this district in Congress : during which, that office was filled by his brother, William Kemble, Esq. The Vice President, for several years previous to that time, was the Ho11. Judge Parrott, late a Captain in the Ordnance Department of the U. S. Army, who still fills the office. The Association is now conducted by Mr. Kemble, as lessee. Under the supervision of these gentlemen, everything moves on with the regularity of clock-work. The men receive their wages every two weeks ; and work but ten hours per day. If the necessity of the work requires them to work longer, they are paid accordingly. In the blacksmith shop, the fire is not out of the furnaces for weeks ; one gang of men working through the night un ti1 morning, when their places are supplied by another gang during t,he day. The means and appliances sometimes attempted to be used by other manufacturing establishments to control the political sentilnents of their workmen, are not countenanced here. From the most finished work- man, down to the smallest boy who ti\-ists a rope of straw, there is the most perfect freedom of thought and action in everything appertaiiling to a man's reli- gious and ~joliticalfaith. This institutioi~is the life of Cold Spring Village and Nclsonville, aid, with '; more truth than fiction," it may be ssid, it feeds all, clothes all, and supports all. Were it discontinued, those vilhges would soon look like ail ij~frctcdU district-resemEle, somewhat. the city cf New York on the first day of Map, when every body, apparently, is nzooing-and realize " Gold- ,.,. smith's description of a deserted village. Mr. Hemble has so long superintended this institu- tioil-watched it in its career of infancy, until it has attained its present growth; that it may well be called cc the child of his afTcctioas ;" fi.0111 whom it were now, well-nigh, sociallrJ impossibIe to part. A branch railroad is now constructing from this establishment, to intersect thc Hudson River Rail- road, which crosses Constitution Island and the bav or jut, a short distance west of it. A dock also is being built from the present Foundry-dock, extending west to the channel of the I-Iudson. The real and personal estate of this Foundry, in 1846, was assessed at $88,000. It probably now amounts to $150,000. In 184.1, the United States Steam Revenue Cutter, Spencer, of iron, was built here. During the same 21* 246 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. year another iron steam vessel called the Margaret Kemble, to ply on one of the southern rivers, was also constructed at this establishment.

dc Machinery of the most delicate and complicated arrangement, and the engines of the fastest steamboats in the world, are manufactured here. " The follorrring circumstance is no mean compliment to the mechanics of the New World, and a plain demonstration that ' Yankee ingenuity ' is known and appreciated even beyond the waves of the Afedi- terranean : The Pacha of Egypt was anxious to obtain a machine, among several others, which would take the hull from cotton seed. J-Iaving applied to several mechanics of Europe ~vithoutsuccess, he resolved to try what American invention could effect ; no doubt very wisely thinking, that a. people who could manufacture wooden hams 'almost as good as the genuine article,' and baswood cucumber seeds so perfect that they will vegetate,' could most cer- tainly furnish any kind of machinery which he might want. The application was made, and in a cornparatirely short time a machine was finished at the West Point Foucdrp, which, at least in the opinion of the inventor, would answer the purpose of the Pacha. It was shipped from New Pork in January, 1838, accompanied by an experienced engineer, who was san- guine in the belief that the experiment would be sue- cessful." TOWN OF PUTNAM VALLEY.

THIStown lies wholly in the Highlands ; and, like the gcatcr part of Philipstown, from which it was taken, is rough and mountainous. Iron ore is found here in abundance, but its distance from the river. and tllc absence of easy facilities, will prevent, for some time to come, attempts to unlock its mountain repositories. The valleys, Canopus and Peekskill Hol- lows, arc rich, fertile, and well cultivated. They stretch, like a pair of garters, through the entire length of the town from north to south. It is centrally distant abont twelve miles west of Carmel. Its population in 15.19 was 1,659 : and in 1845, 1,508. Having treated of its early settlement under the head of Philips- town, and delineated its geological features in the article Geology, there remains but little to be added. Or~gon.-~Ismall village, about three miles east of Annsvi!le, near the Westchester line. The Peeks- kill Hollow Creek and the out-let of the Horton Pond meet at this village, and form one stream. Crofts.-A few houses in Canopus Hollow. A store and tavern were kept here ; the latter has been discontinued. It was fornlerl y called Sodom. Tomplsins's Cornet*s.-A few houses at the intersec- tion of the old Wickopee and Peekskill Hollow road. Henptead Huts.--These buildings are revolutionary relics, and are located on the farm of Harry Gillet. A 248 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. detachment of the troops of the Massachusetts Line, with a company or two from Hempstead, Long Island, occupied them in the winter of 1780 ; which accounts for the name. The chimneys still remain, but the huts have been burnt down. Canopus Hill-An eminence in the south-west part of the town, on the farm of -Meeks, Esq. It is named in honor of an Indian Chief. Tinker fill.-This hill is about three miles north- east of Canopus Hill, and is owned, partly, by John Odle, Esq. About fifty years ago an old Englishman lived on it, named Cor~leliusRick, who went about tinkering, or doing a little at every trade ; and hence the name. PonrEs.-There are nine ponds in this town, some of them of more than ordinary size. The largest is the Hortost Pond.-It is located in the centre of the town, and contains excellent Bass and Pickerel, some of the latter weighing six and seven pounds. It is bounded by the lands of Lee EIorton, Abijah Lee, Charity Smith, Wesley Chris tian, Soloinon Barrtcr, Daniel Barger, Joseph Strang, and Henry Mead and is about 12 of a mile in length and 1 in breadth. It is named after the Horton family who formerly owned all the land adjacent to it. So&eu Pond.-This pond lies in the west part of the town, about one mile from the Horton Pond; and was named after a person of that name who lived in its vicinity. It is about a mile in length, and half a mile in breadth. Like the Horton Pond, it contains excellent Bass and Pickerel. It is circumscribed by the lands of Mrs. Ann Horton, William Jerry, James

Likely, and William Denny. .- TOWN OF PUTNAM VALLEP. 249 Barger's Pond.-This sheet of water is in the south-east part of the town, about three-fourths of a mile in length, and one-fourth in breadth. It takes its name from the Barger family, who have long resided in the neighborhood of the pond. Bryant's Pond.-This pond is next in size ; and is situated in the east part of the town, about three- fourths of a mile north of Barger's Pond. It is half a mile in length, nearly that distance in breadth, and is named after Solomoil Bryant. Muddy Pond.-This body of water lies about half a mile north of the Hortoil Pond, is nearly half a mile in length and one-fourth in breadth, and is called from the muddy appearance of its water. Clear Pond.-This beautiful sheet of water does not belie its name ; for a more pellucid body of water ' is not found in Putnam County, or in any other. It is in the nortll part of the town, has no inlet, is formed by springs, and clear as crystal. It is about half a mile long, nearly that distance in width ; runs south into the Muddy Pond, which empties into the Horton Pond, which, in turn, empties into the Creek at Anns- ville, just south of the Putnam and Westchester line. Those who live near it, and are 'familiar with its water, assert, that a person can see twenty feet, or more, into it. Jonathan Owen's Pond.-A handsome sheet of water about half a mile long and one-fourth of a mile broad, in the most southern part of the town, and nearly one-fourth of a mile from the Westchester line. It runs into the creek at Annsville above-mentioued. The name explains itself. Cranberry Pond.-This is the smallest pond in 250 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. this town, and is situated about half a mile north of Owen's Pond. It is about one-fourth of a mile in length and forty rods in breadth; and located on the land formerly owned by Philemon Smith. Immense quantities of Cranberries grow upon the low grounds skirting it, and hence the name. Cran is saxon ; and berry is derived from the Saxon word beria. Com- pounded, it means a berry that grows on a slender, bending stalk ; also called moss-berry, or moor-berry, as it grows only on peat-bogs or swampy land. Pelton's Pond.-A small body of water lying north of the Clear Pond, located in the north part of the town, one-fourth of a mile long and about one-eighth in breadth. It takes its name from a man tvho wo&ed an ore-bed near it, and empties into the stream running to Annsville. Peekskill Hollow Creek.-A small stream rising from a spring just south of Stillman Boyd's, in the town of Kent, running the entire length of the Hol- low, .and falling into the outlet of the Horton Pond. On this stream are the following mills, viz.: Herman Adams's saw mill; John Post's saw and grist mill ; Pratt's trip-hammer, turning-lathe, and whip-saw works; Thomas Winter's grist mill, and John Sil- lick's saw mill ; and the wire factory belonging to Joseph Strang & Co. Canopus Hollow Creek.-This stream rises near the second Gate on the Cold Spring turnpike, runs through the Sunk Lot, and falls into the stream at Annsville, near Peekskill, Westchester County. On it are Bunnell's Forge and saw mill ; a saw mill formerly owned by John Horton, and Mowyat's paper mill. TOWN OF PUTNAM VALLEY. 251 A man named Robert Oakley, who was a staunch Whig, while his brothers were rank Tories, lived, during the Revolution, just above the residence of Doctor Jchn Tompkins, on the Wickapee road. His brothers gave informatioil to the infanlous Cunningham, the provost marshal of the city of New York, concerning his opposition to the British cause, who sent a band of Tories to waylay and shoot him. Oakley had been absent fiom his house, and returned a little before sunset in the fall of the year previous to the hard winter, which, we believe, was in 1780. They concealed themselves near his house, and no sooner had he dismounted, than they shot him. Thomas Richards, who also lived in this town, and was a turner of wooden dishes by trade, was taken as a rebel, and carried down to the Sugar House in New York. His wife mas left at home, and the hard winter coming on, the snow covered his lowly cabin, preventing ingress or egress by the door. His wife, having first used up all the fuel inside, with the ax broke a hole through the roof, got out and cut the large limbs down, which hung over the small hut, which she threw down into the garret for present and future use. Her stock of provisions soon became exhausted ; and their cow, which had been kept in the work-shop, died. This lone woman, without a human being for her companion, and confined in her prison of snow, was forced to eat the dead body of her cow; and when that was gone, she lived on a little shelled corn that was left in the garret, making use of some filthy, dirty brine, in the bottom of an old pork barrel, to season it with. In this manner she made out to live through the winter. A grandson of 252 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. Richards, we are informed, is now living in Fishkill, Dutchess County. Such iron energy and indomitable courage, when called upon to battle with cold, hunger, and thirst, in a dreary solitude, would be found but rarely, if at all, at the present day. The human heart shudders in contemplating the possibility of such a case. - .. . .. - . . TOWN OF CARMEL.

THIStown was taken from Frederickstown, at that time embracing the now towns of Kent and Patter- son, in 1795 ; and is centrally distant from New York City about 55 miles, 106 from Albany: 16 east of the Hudsoil, and 18 from Peekslrill. Its soil is a mixture of loam and gravel, with a rolling surface, .indented with slopes and vales. It is well adapted to grazing; and larp quantities of beef: lambs, sheep, fowls, and other species of " marketing " are produced here for the New York market. The New York and Harlem Railroad, which is now being esteaded near its eastern boundary, will greatly facilitate the transportation of its products to market, and enhance the value of the land. It is named after a mountain in Palestine, on the southern frontier of Galilee, constituting a part of Lebal non, in the pachalic of Acca. From its supposed resemblance to Mount Carmel, *' which consists of several rich, woody heights, separated by fertile and habitable valleys," it was christened, at its organization, as above.

EABLY SETTLEMENT.

The first settlement that we have been able to ascertain, was made in this town by George Hughson, who located himself on the ridge just north of Lake Mahopac, and west of the residence of Nathaniel 22 =4 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Crane, Esq., about 1740. A year afterwards William Hill, father of the present William, now living in this town at a very advanced aqe,L and his brother Uriah, &,me up to the Red Hills, when William, who wa,sthe younger of the two brothers, was only 12 years old. Their father mas Anthony Hill, who came from Holland about the year 1725 ; and after remaining a short time in New York City, removed to the Fox Meadows, where he made a purchase and settlement. 'On the voyage, the whole family, except himself and two sisters, died. Anthony, at about the age of twenty, inarried Mary Ward, who also came from Holland, by whom he had five sons and four daughters, Uriah, William, Anthony, Andre~v,Cornelius, Charity, Sane, Mary, and Merriam. Anthony Hill died at the Fox Meadows, and his wife at the Red Afills, aged 93. He having bought a tract of land of the Indians, near the Red Biills, he sent his two oldest sons, Griah and William, to clear it up. Uriah, in some way or other, became obnoxious to the Indians, and was compelled to go back to 1 Westchester. William remained, and one night going out to look for the cow, which the brothers had brought from I their father's farm at the Fox Bieadows, he was at- 1 tacked by some wolves. By climbing np a. tree and 1 remaining on it nearly all night, he escaped from them I by a circuit to the north side of Lake Mahopac, where early in the morning he came to the log-house of George Hughson. This was the first he knew of a white man residing there. Hughson told him that he had settled there about a yeax before. At 25 William Hill married a sister of Abraham Smith, the TOWN OF CARMEL. 255 father of the Hon. Abraham and Saxon Smith of Putnam Valley. William, son of Anthony, and father of the Williarn now living, had eight soas, ~iz.: Noah, Solomon, William, Cornelius, Abraham, Andrew, two having died in infancy without a name ; and four daughters, viz. : Phoebe, Mary, Chloe, and Jane. Noah lived near the Red Mills, and died there in 1830. Solomon lived at the Nine Partners in Dutchess County. At this time the first house erected in this town was about one mile south of the Red Mills, occupied by a man named Philips, where Ezekiel Ilowell resides ; the next, north, was William Hill's ; and the rtest, George IIughsonYs. Soon afterwards, the Cranes, the Berrys, IIedyers, Austins, Koberdeaus, and others, settled down in the vicinity of the Hills and Hughsons. Jabez Berry settled where Elijah Crane now lives, about one mile north of Lake Mahopac. A family of the name of $haw soon settled at Carmel village, on the north and south shores of the lake which still bears their name. A short time after the Hills and Hughsons settled, John Carpenter came from North Castle, now called New Castle Cori~ers, and settled where the Hon. Azor B. Cranes resides. The Carpenter family were Quakers, of English origin, and came from England to Plymouth; but were driven, by persecution at that early day against the Quakers, to Long Island, from there to North Castle, and from thence it came to this town. John Carpenter's old house stood at the foot of the hill, just south of the residence of the Hon. Judge 256 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. Crane, on the east side of the road. The tories, royalists, and the friends of the King, called him the damned old rebel." He was a patriot of the staunch- - est kind ; and if adherence to the cause of his country and her rights constituted a rebel, he was one in every sense of the term and in the widest latitude of the expression.

1 He left his farm to John Crane, who married his

daughter. John left it to his brother Joseph Crane, , who devised it to its present owner, Hon. A. B. Crane, Judge of the Putilam Countv Court. ,4 fanlily by the name of-~arnblinsettled in this town about'the same time with the Carpenters, in the vicinity of Lake Mahopac. In 1'770, John Crane, fhther of Nathaniel Crane, Esq., now livii~g,built the first frame house in this part of the country. It is still standing, about half a mile north-east of Lake Mahopac, and owned by his son, the above-named Nathaniel. Gen. Scott, with his Staff, made it his head- quarters during a part of the Revolution.

EXTRACT FROM THE TO\TIS' RECORD. "At the First Town meeting held in the Town of Camel at the house of John Crane Esqr. on the 7th of April 1795 The following persons were chosen for officers for said town, viz. : Robert Johnston Esqr., Moderator. John Crane, Esqr., Town Clerk. Timothy Carver, Super\-isor. Daniel Cole, Devowe Bailey-, Assessors. Thacher Hopkins, I Elijah Douty, Junr., Collector & Constable, David Travis, Constable, TOWN OF CARMEL.

Devowe Bailey, Daniel Cole, 1 Overseers of the Poor. John Crane, Esqr., Timothy Crane, Commissioners of Highwage. Thacher EIopkins, Fence Viewers & Damage Prisers : David Myrick, John Berry, Judah Kelly, Samuel Jenkins, Joseph Cole, David Gregory, Isaac Drew, Billy Trowbridge. John Crane, Esqr., Pound Masters : James Townsend, Stephen Fowler, Joseph Crane, Isac Devine. Wm. Webb, Overseers of Highways : Robert Hughson, Israel Pinkney, Seth Foster, Peter Badeau, Timothy Carver: Gilbert Hunt, John Bezea, Gilbert Travis, Joseph Hopkins? Win. Vermilyed, Isaac Purdy, Nathl . Boundig, Philips Smith, Job Austin, Peter Maybie, Gilbert Adams, Thaddeous Raymond, Stephen Crane, David Gregory, Joseph Cole, John Cole, Jeremiah Hughson, David Frost, Wm. Foivler, Benjamin Crosby, Abraham Everitt, William Haden, Daniel Thomas, Jacob Ganung, John Ganung, Jonathan Whiten, Dal-id Frost, David Longwell, James B-. Voted that a hundred pounds be raised for the support of the poor the ensuing year. Voted that the next annual Town meeting be held at this place. JOHNCRANE, 22* Town Clark ." 258 HISTORY OF PUTNAX COUNTY.

There were 37 road districts in this town in 1795: laid out by the Cornmissioners of Highways.

iL Whereas Joseph Gregory of the town of Carmel in the county of Dutchess and State of New Pork hath proposed to emancipate and Sct free three female Negros thc property of the said Joseph Gregory agreeable to a Law of this State in that case made and provided.

Li lire! Robcrt Johnston b: John Cranc Eeqra. tu-o of the peo- pies Justices of the peace for said couxty and Elisha Cole and Tracy Ballard Overseers of the poor of the town of Carmel do hereby Certify that 11-e think that the said female Negroes That is one named Anglesse aged about 36 years one other 6 years named Rose and another ilamed Dinah aged about 3 years are all sufficient to provide fcr tilemeelres. Given under our hands this 3d day of January 1798. ROBERTJOIIKSTOS, Justices of '; JOIIS CRAXE, 1 the Peace.

L' ELIJAHCOLE, Ovcrecers of *'TRACY BULL~IR~,

'L JOHNCRASE? T011~r.n Clark."

Ca; mel Feillage.-A quiet, n~ral,and small village, beautifully situated on Shaw's Lake. The Court- house, Jail, Clerk's Gfice, and Puttlam Couiltvd Bank, are located he%. TIlrough this rillage, in the olden time, ran ono of the roads leading fi-om the city of New York to Albany, and places in its vicinity. Five I terlns of the County Court, aild General Sessions, and three terms of the Circuit, Oyer and Terminer Courts, are held here. The location is dry, elevated, and healthy. It contains 3 churches and 4 or 5 stores. It is named after the town in which it is located. It is 20 miles from Cold Spring, and 10 from Peekskill. A 1 few rods north of the village, James Raymond, Esq., is erecting a family cemetery on a magnificent scale. TOWN OF CA~~EL. 259 When completed, with avenues and walks laid out, gravelled, and ornamented with appropriate trees and flowering shrubs-with the tree of Heacen, the Baby- lonian willow, the dark funereal yew, and the mourn- ing cypress-it will form a lovely and interesting addition to the suburbs of the village. The ancient taste for erecting rural cemeteries is reviving anlong us, and develops a chaste and holy feeling of our nature. He who cherishes a sacred regard for the dead, will prove an ornament to the living. All nations, Christian and Pagan, cherish a sacred regard for the last earthly home of those they love. The eastern nations selected the groves and recesses of wooded heights and secluded vales, beyond the city's serried wall, as pla,ces of interment. By the Laws of the Twelve Tables, in the year 454, B.C., it was prohibited to bury within the city of Rome ; and the Potters' Field was located without the walls of Jerusalem. The wedthy Israelites, we are told, built their tombs in ihe mountains near Jerusa- lem; and in a garden near the base of Calvary, Joseph of Arimathea had prepared that menlorable sepulchre, in which was laid the body of the crucified Messiah. The Athenians permitted izo burials within their city. In the gorges of' the wooded hi!ls on the opposite bank of the Nile, were the catacombs of Thebes, and beyond the lake of Acherusia were those of Memphis, from whence the Grecian mythologists derived their fabulous accounts of the Elysian fields. Those illustrious men who fell in the battles of their country were buried in the Ceramicus-an extensive and beautifully ornamented public cemetery, where were the Academy and Gymnasium, with their superb gardens. Even the rudely built tumuli of the Ameri- 260 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY, can Indians, reveal the tenacity with which they cling to the memory of their dead. The experimental garden and rural cemetery of Mount Auburn, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, may well vie with the celebrated Pere La Chaise, at Paris. The Conges- sional Burying Ground, at Washington, is another interesting spot, where man may seek the living among the dead," and learn wisdom among those mute, silent, and melancholy memorials, that testify of his mortality here. It was Gray's Elegy, written in a country church-yard- Through which the ringing earth-worm creep^,'^ which, more than any other of his writings, has given him a name and a fame in the literary world, that will survive and live, when brass and marble shall have crurnbled to dust. Since writing this article, we have been informed that this cemetery is to be called the " Raymo?zd HiU Cemetery."* As this sheet is about passing from our hands to those of the compositor, tve have only time to add, that a large and beautiful building is now being built in this village, and is to be known, as we are informed, as es6 The Carmel Collegiate Institute." The Telegraph line from New York to Albany runs through the village, having a station here for the accommodation of the villagers, and those residing in the vicinity. Redll&.-~ small village situated on the Mus- coot River, 8 miles south-west from Carmel. The

* As we go to press, we are informed by the Rev. H. G. Livingston, that it has been deeded to the Trustees of the Gil,ead Presbyterian Society. TOWN OF CARMEL. 26 1 mill and nearly all other buildings here are painted red; and this fact has C-given the name to the place. The first carding machine put up in this country per- manently, was established here. It was brought to Peekskill by an Englishman named Ellinworth, about the year 1800. IIe put it up at Peekskill, where it remained about two years, and then removed it to this place, where it was looked upon with as much wonder and amazement, as the elephant, old Tip, was, when first exhibited in this county by -9 of the town of South-east. It was supposed that English Custom-house officers were bribed to let it pass. Ellinworth brought a man by the name of Hague, who had worked it in Eng- land, to superintend its operations in this country. Hague returned to England, but Ellinworth did not dare to. It was about half as large as those made at the present time ; and the Yankees were not slow in their improve~nentsupon it. Major Roger Morris, who married Mary Philipse, had a log mansion here. It stood about 40 rods north- east of the Post Office. Mary, or " Madame morris," as she was called by the tenants, was a remarkable woman, who possessed not only the esteem, but the lore of the tenants of her estate. The " Long Lot," which Major Morris obtained with his wife, included the Red Mills. Major Morris and his lady lived a greater part of the year at New York and Harlem, and at a certain season mould come up and spend some time at this place to receive rents and give directions to their tenants. The gentleness of manner and kindness of disposition manifested by Madam 262 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Morris, soon secured the affections of the tenants : and not as yet having a house, in the estimation of the tenants, sufficiently large for her reception while she stayed among them, they got together and erected a large log-house, put up with more nicety? and finished in a style more suited to a lady of her rank and standing. She had ever been the friend of the tenants, and this act, on their part, was a tribute of their esteem and admiration for her noble and gene- L rous conduct to them. Isaac Lounsbemy's house now encloses the log-house of Madam Morris. Major Morris is supposed to have built the first store and grist mill at this place: but at what period, we are uot informed. Between where the log-house of Madam Morris stood and the Post Ofice is now kept, the mother of William I-Iill, now living, then a widow, and familiarly called Grnnny I-Iill," lived in a log- house. This old lady had secured the friendship of Mudam Xorris. Some years before the Revolution, a kind of anti-rent rebellion broke out among the tenantry of the Morris estate. We are not advised of the true issue between the landlord and tenants, but believe it was somewhat similar to the anti-rent trouble of the present time. An association paper was soon drawn up and circulated among the tenants, making__-. common cause with one another in the matter. Granny Hill asked to see the paper, and being deceived and misled as to the objects its signers proposed to secure to themtehes, signed it. The Major soon heard of it, and, calling on the old lady, required her to take her name off it. She, still believing that the paper contemplated nothing but TOWN OF CARMEL. 263 b what had been represented to her, refused to do so, alleging, as the story goes, that she " could seal it with her blood." She was told that she must then go out of her house ; and out she went. The matter soon reached the ears of Madam Morris, who mas informed of the deception played off on her aged tenant. She aslied the Major what he had been doing with Granny Hill Y I-Ie replied that she had signed cc that paper, and had refused to talie her name off; and that he had turned the old rebel out of doors." Madam Morris could not, for a moment, believe that tho old woman would do anj-thing wrong ns her tenant, aid somewhat resentinc- the hasty conduct of her husband, told him that " there I\-as an 100 acres up the road with a log-house on it, and that Granny Hill sliould have a living on it for life;" gently.I reminding him that all the land was hers in her own right, and cautioning him not to molest the old ladv again. Granny EIiIl accordingly received a life interest in the 100 acres ; and after the estate was confiscated, in consequence of Major Morris taking the British side of the question, under whose government he held a commission, an indiridual who had purchased it of the State, demanded an absolute and full title ; but it mas found that the old lady had an interest in the land that could not be terminated, without her consent, until her death. When Gen. Montcalm, the Commander of the French Army, was shot in the battle on the Plains of Abraham, at Quebec, he was riding a large and beautiful white horse. The horse was captured by the British, and made a present to Major Roger Morris, for the gallantry he evinced in that battle, who brought him, after the war was finished, to the Red 264 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. Mills. He was kept on the farm adjoining Nathaniel Crane's, Esq., by George Kughson, the ancestor of the Hrtghson family, in Dutchess County, at that time an agent of Major Morris. The stock of this horse was found here within the last fiftvJ years. bdian Hill.-This is a large eminence at the south end of Lake Mahopac, cultivated to the top on the south side, and lately owlled by Abel Smith. The Mahopac tribe of Indians occupied this region of the country ; and hence the name. Watermelon Hill.-This hill is about one and a half miles south-east of Lake Mahopac. The north side is still covered with timber; the south goes off with a gentle slope, and is cultivated. It is partly owned

by Richard Dean, Esq. About 130 .tvears since, a great hunter from New Rochelle, Westchester Co., called Captain Simpkins, came up here and found watermelons in qreatCI plenty on this hill ; whereupon he named it as above. He was on friendly terms with the Indians who lived there, and with whom he bartered. In the Revolution, the cow-boys and horse- thieves built pens on this hill, in which they put stolen horses, until they could safely convey them to

New York for the use of the British Armv. .I About 20 years ago the remains of these pens were still to be seen. Battle Hill.-This hill is in the southerly part of the town, on the lands of the - Ganongs, Esq., two and a half miles south of Carmel village. It was formerly a great resort of rattle-snakes. Drop- ping the latter name, the people in its vicinity named it as above. A young man was shot on this hill in Revolution, and although found with a gang of horse- TOWN OF CARMEL. 264 thieves, he was innocent of any participation in their nefarious deeds. He lived in the town of Pawlings, Dutchess County, had lately married, and was going to see his wife, who, at that time, wrrs with her friends in the tswn of Bedford, Westchester County. The gang, who had their head-quarters at Pawlings, persuaded him to defer his journey for a day or two, by offering the use of one of their horses to ride, as they were going in the same direction to one of the Ame- rican posts on the Lines. I-Ie accepted their offer, not doubting their representations about the horses being for the American army. They had proceeded as far as this Hill, where, encawping for the night, they were overtaken and attacked by the o~~~nersof the horses and tlieir neighbors. The gang escaped, but the young man, as he rose up from the ground beneath a tree where he was sleeping was shot through the back. I-Ie died in 45 hours afterwards, but lived long enough to see his wife, who mas sent for, and explain to her and those aroand him, how he happened to be fouild in such company. He was buried a few rods north of the hill. Dreu's Hill is a large eminence directly east of Rattle I-Iill, on the land of John Craft, Esq., and named after the Dre\v family. Pond Hill is about two miles south of Carnlel village, at the north side of the Gilead road, at its foot. FV7~rts'Hill.-A small eminence just east of Pond Hill, on the farm of Judge Watts, after whom it is named. Hanen Hill is about one and a half miles south- west of Carmel village; and named after the Hazen 23 366 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. family, who were among the earliest settlers from Cape Cod. Berry Mountain.-This is a large eminence, named after Jabez Berry, to whom it formerly belonged, and is now owned by Messrs. Wixon and Ballard. On its summit is a tree, from the top of which, when the woods are destitute of foliage, seven fish ponds can be seen, five of which are visible at all times of the year. Hitc?~cockHill, now called Prospect Hill, is about two and a half miles north of the Red Mills. It has been in the possession of the above-named family for a hundred years. Round Mountain is about one and a half miles east of Hitchcock Hill, owned by i\fessrs. Hill, Pinckney, and Barrett. The shape of this eminence is circular; hence the title. Turkey $lountain is about one mile east of Round Mountain. Formerly it was covered with white-oak timber, and frequented by wild turlries. Corner's Mountain.-A small eminence about one and a half miles west of Carmel village, formerly owned by a person of that name. Austin Hill is about two and a half miles north- west of the Red Mills. Job Austin's father, who came from Germany about 100 years ago, settled on it. It has always been in the possession of the family. Big Hill.-This is the largest and highest ridge of land on the east of the Peekskill Hollow range of the Highlands, and situated about two and a half miles south-west of the Red Mills. Lake Mahopac.-T his well-nigh unrivalled, beautiful, and romantic" lake, is located in the westerly part of the TOWN OF CARMEL. b town, thirteen miles from Peekskill, Westchester Co. ; five from Croton Falls in the same county ; and four miles south-west of Carlnel village. It is a delightful watering place, crowded to overflowing in the summer season with visitors from New York City and all parts of the country. During the fashionable season strangers arrive here every day, and those who have been before, never go ai~ywhereelse for recreation and enjoyment, for they can be had here perfectly unadulterated. This Lake is iline miles in circumference, and is situated about eighteen hundred feet above the level of the sen. It is one of the principal sources of supply to the Croton ; and its pure and placid waters, its wide and picturesque scenery, the romantic resorts, its wild and wooded islands, the fre- quent and agreeable pic-nic parties to the Dell, with its clear and crystal spring, its rugged and precipitous cliffs, and last, but not least, the rowing and sailing among the islands and along the wild and rock-bound shore are delightful, and superior to anything of the kind in any place it has ever been our good fortune to visit. Kirk ridge has an attraction for the curious, in the position it occupies between two lakes, one of which is about 150 feet below the other, both of which can be seen on this shore. cg This Lake affords fine sport to the angler. Pick- erel, pike, and perch are caught in abundance, and its shores abound in all the wild game of the season, particular]~woodcock, affording excellent sport to those fond of gunning. There is one peculiar feature about this lake, which we have never found in any other watering place on this continent, and that is the complete absence of all desire for artificial amusements, 268 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. such as bowling,, billiards, cards, games, and ail those things, which sojourners at such places usually resort to for the purpose of killing time. Nothing of this kind is required here; the natural resources of the place are sufficient to keep the most attractive constantly engaged, and it would take weeks and months to exhaust all the facilities the place possesses for amusement. in ali watering places, much depends upon the society and the class of people there congregated. So far as this important matter is concerned,-lake Ma- hopac is particularly favored. There is no exclusive- ness, no coteries, no codfish aristocracy, but all appear disposed to make time pass as agreeably to those around them as to themselves. "Our watering places, generally, are the rendezrous of fashion, and there are usually more restrictio~?~upon dress, si~dmore restraint upon personal nlovernents than eve11 in cities. The benefits derived from the cool air, and the relief from care, a resort to the country usually gives, are not enjoyed, and everything is sacrificed to fashionable dress and fashionable hours, more so, if possible, than in the most fashionable city. Sensible people do not go.to such places for such purposes ; it would be more sensible to stay at home; but they go where they can get all the comforts of the country, where they can enjoy themselves in their own wav,.I or in other words, do just as they please; - - for suchpurposes, they come to Lake Mahopac. It is a fine place for young children, on account of the facilities for bathing, the pleasant drives and walks.

66 It is a very desirable resort for all, as it is easy of access, being only five miles from the present termination TOWN OF CARMEL. 269 of the Harlem Railroad at Croton Falls, and only three hours' ride from the city. The ride to the Lake from the railroad is beautiful, it being through such a wild and picturesque country, and is really refreshing after fifty-four miles of railroad travel. cc There are more beautiful places for summer rendezvous in the vicinity of the city of New York, than in any other in the Union, and as fast as our railroads become extended, new resorts are opened. It is only within a few .Ivears that this place was known to any extent by the citizens of N. Y. City, and we predict that within a few years, it will be inore generally resorted to than many places which have been longer and hitherto more favorably known." KirIc Pond.-This handsome body of water is one mile long, half n mile wide, bounded by the lands of Messrs. Hill and Lounsberry. It takes its name from an old man by the name of Iiirk, who liced near it ; and abounds in excellent fish. Wixon Pond.--A large pond about half a mile north of Lake Mahopac, nearly circular, and containing excellent fish. This and Seacord's pond are the only ones in the couilty that originally contained white perch. On the third day of December, 1838, Nathaniel Crane: Esq., with a scoop-net as large as a half bushel, scooped out of this pond eleven bushels of white perch. Long Pond is bounded by the lands of John Wix- on, Allen Coles, Ebenezer Barret, and Alza Hill, Esqs. Cranberry Pond is south of Nathaniel 'Crane's, Esq. ; bounded by the lands of Lewis Griffin, Reu- ben Baldwin, and Coleman Rockwell, Esqs. It covers about thirty acres, and contains perch, pike, with the 23*~ 270 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. more common kinds of fish. Cranberries we found in abundance on its borders. Shctw's -Lakc.-This beautiful sheet of water is sometimes called Shaw7sPond, on the east and north banks of which is located the quiet little village of % Carmel. Its location is a basin, as it were, scooped out of the surrounding hills. It is about one mile in length, three quarters in breadth, and 130 feet in depth, containing all kinds of fish in great abundance. At its north end, on elevated kround, is the charming residence of James Raymond, Esq., the main proprietor of the largest collection of wild ai~imalsever exhibited in this country. At the south end, on a still higher eminence, stands the forrner mansion of Samuel Gouver- neur, deceased. At the north end, a man by the name of Shaw resided before the Revolution, after whom this Pond or Lake was named. We have been informed that the villagers of Carmel are about adopting a new name, by which this noble body of water shall, in future, be called; but, as yet, they have not published itproforma. Gilead Polid, formerly so called from its contiguity to the old Gilead Church, is now ltnown as the Crosby Pond ; and is situated about one mile south of Carmel Village. It is nearly a mile in length, half a mile in breadth ; and, like Shaw7s,abounds in all kinds of fish. It takes its later name from a son of the celebrated Enoch Crosby, who owned a mill, which stood on its out-let. Barre$tYsPond is in the north part of the town, near the line between it and Kent, covering about ten acres of ground. It bounds on the lands of different members of the Barret family, after which it is named. TOWN OF CARMEL. 271 Seacord's Pond, is half a mile wide, circular, and named after the Seacord family, who lived close to it. Capt. John Crane.-This gentleman, the father of Nathaniel Crone, Esq., now living in this town, was born the 20th of Nov., 1742, old style. He built the house, now occupied by his son Nathaniel, in 1772. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers in this county, of English origin, and of great influence and in-

telligence, wherever located. @ During the Revolution, the Crane family figured largely in those trying times a that tried mens' souls,'' both in the civil and military departn~eiltsof the government. Nearly all of the name, in this country, have descended from John Crane, who came from Suffolk county, in England, about 1675, and settled in Massa- chusetts. He fought in the Indian war of 1720, at Deerfield, and was in the fort when taken by the In- dians. By maliing a passage under the logs, he succeeded in escaping with his family ; and afterwards settled at Wiltou, in Connecticut. I-Ie had two sons, Jonathan and Jasper. Jasper settled at Elizabeth- town, in Xew Jersey, and was the grandfather of Col. John Crane, of the artillery, in the Revolution. Jona- than had one son, Joseph, who was born 17th of May, 1696. Jonathan settled in Massachusetts : and his son Joseph, grandfather to John Crane, came from Greenfield, in Connecticut, about 1755, and settled on the north side of Joe's I-Iill, about one and a half miles east of Sodom Crane. He built the mill there, called

in the old records, 6t Crane's Mill." Another branch of this family, Orrin and Anson Crane, Esqs., now living in the town of South-east, are grandsons of Joseph Crane. 272 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. The branches of this family, in this town and South- east, have kept regular chronological histories of the family; and intending to insert them, we pass over them to resume our remarks concerning that member of the family at the head of our article. The whole family seems to have been distinguished for integrity, intelligence, and attachment to the cause of their country. In searching the continental, provincial, and mili- taryerecords of the Revohtion, we have not found one of the name, adhering to the cause of England; they werii all whigs at that day, and thoroughly "dyed in the wool." Joseph Crane, uncle to Jonathan, the father of An- son and Orrin, was a Coloi~elof the Militia in the Revolution, and fought in the battle at Ridgefield, when partly destroyed by the British, after burning Danbury. John, the subject of the present sketch, was a Captain, and in 1803, '4 and '5, was an assistant Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, of Dutchess County. All of both branches of the family in Xew York, as well as in New Jersey, who were old enough to bear arms, held commissions, either in the Conti- nental army, the militia, or in minute-men companies. John seems to have become early the subject of hate and fear to the tories and friends of the King. A(- tempts were made to capture him iu his own house when alone, and shoot him when out of it; but their efforts were foiled by a Power that watched over the American cause and its advocates. In thc fall of 1780, he retired to bed with his wife, having carefully se- clued the doors and windows. About an hour afterwards he heard a rap on the side of the house. He TOWN OF CARMEL. 273

arose and looked out of the window, which was half boarded up, and told his wife that he saw two men, armed, outside. It was moonlight, and the refraction of the moon's rays gave the appearance of two men, when in reality there was but one. A reward of $200 had been offered for his apprehension, which he supposed had induced a band of tories, who lived in the vicinity, to par him a night visit. He suppcsed that there were others hard-by, secreted behind trees and fences. He slipped out of the back door, cautioning his wife to fasten it, intending to secrete himself in an adjoining wood. After his departure, his wife, on looking out of the ~vindow,saw but one man. The man spoke to her, and begged the privilege to come in and get something to eat, and rest himself for the night on the floor. She asked him if there were others with him, and he assured her, on the honor of a soldier, that he was alone. She then asked him if he was armed? He said he was, and that "Washing- ington's soldiers always went armed." She took off the fastenings and raised the window a little, and told him to hand in his gun breech foremost, which he did; and having fastened it again, she cocked the gun, opened the door, and bid him come in, standing a few feet back, ready to shoot him and close the door should another make his appearance. She then bade him fasten it, and having &aged the gun in a corner, got the soldier some supper. While he was eating, Crane crept up to a back window, and seeing but one man in the room, and he quietly eating his supper, called to his wife to let him in again. He came in and begged his wife to say nothing about his flight from one man, since it had turned out so differently from 274 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. what he expected; but she declared that it was too good to keep, and many a day afterwards she re- hearsed it before him to the no small amusement of his friends. One night previous to this, while sitting by his fire reading, and his wife in the corner darning stockings, a cow-boy and tory of the name of Sainuel Akerly, of South-east, came to his window with gun in hand, intending to shoot him. Akerly contemplated the scepe within, remembered the former friendship and kindness he had received from Crane, (long before the great issue was joined, that arrayed neighbor against neighbor,) and withdrew, afterwards alleging that "Crane was so great a friend to his country, and so sincere in his actions, that he could not do it." At another time Capt. Crane went to his field, a few rods west of Nathaniel Crane's house, now a miadow, to chain his horses for the night. Akerly was lying in wait to shoot him. Again he suspended his purpose, alleging that his cc heart failed him." About this time, Robert Hughson, a whig and neighbor of Capt. Crane's, went out one night on the ridge just east of Crane's house, and was met by three horsemen, well armed, who enquired, whether one Capt. John Crane, did not live in the house, to which they pointed ? Hughson told them that he did. They then iold him that he must go with them and assist them to get $100 dollars in hard money, which they said Crane had concealed in s bin of grain in the upper part of an old log-house, just back of his dwelling. Hughson told them that if he rnust be shot, he would rather it should be on his own land, than on the door- sill of his neighbor, among a baud of robbers; that TOWN OF CARMEL. 27 5 Capt. Crane had four men with him well armed, and that before they could get the money, some of them would have to "bite the dust." Hughson so magnified the force and fighting disposition of Capt. Crane, and the danger of their all being killed before they could bvet into the house, that they departed without making an attempt. The family Coat of Arms is now in the possession of Nathaniel, his son, and a Record, reaching from the great ancestor of this family, John Crane, of Eng- land, down to the children of the subject of this biography, and written by himself vvhell he only lacked six days to being 83 years of age. We extract it entire, considering it wrong to comply with hilc request, so modestly expressed at its end. A majority of the old men of the present time, who have reached his age, can hardly do more than write their name, while illany of them can, at the most, oidy make their marks. We doubt if tl~ercis one in a thousand, who can write four large quarto pages, with the penman- ship anything like as good, as that which now lays before us, in the handwriting of Capt. John Crane:

A RECORD OF THE CRSNE FAMILY. Carmel 29th Nov7r 1825. the following is a Reckord of the Crane family as handed to me by my ancestors-m y Grand-father Joseph Crane was the son of Jonathan Crane of Windham in Conecticut and grandson to John Crane from England and was born May 17th 1696. Died August 28th 1781. Zebulon his eldest child was born Jan. 25 1722 Died Jan 24th 1789 " Joseph his 2i 3hild was born Sep 13th 1722 Died Oct 14th 1800. 276 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

'' Mary his 3d child was born May 30th 1726 Died March 17th 1805. Thadeous his 4th child was born March 28th, 1728 Died Septr. 1803. LL Abijah 5th Child was born April 3d 1730 Died 3d 1806. Anna 6th child Born April 13th 1732 Died March 25th 1805. Stephen 7th Child Born May 13th 1734 Died May 10th 1814. Adah 8th and last Child born Oct 25th 1'736 her deth I dont remember, but she lived about 70 years. here ends the record of my grand-father's family. here bcgineth a record of my- Father's family-I John Crane was born Nov 24th 1742 old stile-\Villiam w-as Born 1744. Zebulon was Born August 7th 1746 Died December 31st 1814. Elijah Born April 1st 1748. Sarah Born July 12th 1750. Mary Oct. 8 1752Stile altered about this time-Belden Born Nov 31 1754. Samuel Born April llth 1757. Abigah Born May 26th 1759. Stephen born April llth 1761. Anna born hugt. 3d 1763. Seth born march 17GG. my mother was Sarah Belden- Before mared Daughter of \Vm. Belden of Wilton in Ccnecticut and was a. resident of the town of Dearfield in Snoserjoseraets at the !in- it was Destroyed by the Frenci~and Indians in the winter of 1720 & 3- "in the later part of the year 1769 my Father moved from Bedfoul in IVestchester County to Judeah now in the town of Wasl~iligtonin Litchfield countv-Soon after they Got there a mortal sicliness Came into the family, in which my mother and five of her children died within 2 months, namely-BIary, Bel- den, Stephen, Seth, anne-My mother had never lost a child before-

" I John Crane was born NOV24th old stile 1742. Illy wife Tamer, Daughter of John and Hannah Carpenter, was born Dec'r 1st 17-17, Died May 1st 1823. we were married on the 1st day of March 1764 By the Revid Eliphelet Ball the first set- tlar and Minister of Ballstown in-the State of New I'ork--our Eldest Child Joseph was Born June 3d 1766. - 2d Child Adah was horn June 6th 17G8. 3d Child Stephen Nov 1st 1570: Died Sept 9th 1826. 4th Child John born June 6th 1773, Died June 1st 1825. 5th Child Zillah was born Oct 3d 1775. 6th TOWN OF CARMEL. 277

Child Nathaniel born Feb. 28th 1778. 7th Child Sarah born June 27th 1780. 8th Child Arrabellah born 25 Decem 1784. 9th and last Child Clorinda was born Oct 2d 1787.

LL I hope it will be a satisfaction to some of my Descendants to be informed of the conduct of their ancestors throu life-my Grand-father was Living at the commencement of the Revolu- tionary war that separated the then 13 Collynies from the Govern- ment of Grate Brittan-at the Commencement of that war the People mere devided into two Casees 11-hig & tory-the whig party mare those opposed to the black arts of the British Par- liament-the tory party took sides with the King-my grandfather was then about 80 years of age very strong and active for a man of that age, and a warm whig and what is very remarkable, his 8 children were all living and heds of familyes, had many ~rnndchiidrenand great grandchildren and not an individual that had arrived to the years of understanding but what took an active part of the American Cause-I I-as the oldest pandchild-I had an Ensign% Commission under the King George the 3d in the year 1575- '; I took a Capt's Commission under the Provential Congress of the Proveilee of New York-the 4th of July folio\\-i-illg our independence was declared-George Clinton Became oui Gorer- nor-then I received a Commission from him and held it through the war-Such \\--as the general conduct of the family 1%-hichwas the cause of many of them receiving both civil and military commissions, not on account of our Extraordinary abilities, but as an act of our engagedness in that blessed cause-I hope whoever reads the foregoing \\-ill Erase the incorrectness, as I want but six days of being 83 years of age and allmost blind. ': JOEINCRAISE."

John Crane was a remarkable man ; and the record he penned, at the age of 83, js very far from diminish- ing the force of our assertion. He was a kind neighbor and indulgent parent, a firm friend, and unflinching patriot. He dizd in 1825. Lieut. Jabez Berry.-This gentleman's ancestors 24 276 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. were from Ireland, and emigrated early to Cape Cod in Massachusetts, where the subject of this memoir was born. We have been able to gather but little concerning his early life, previous to his arrival in this country. His ancestors, himself, and his descendants, were, and are still, distinguished for their gigantic proportions, muscular frames, and great strength. Jabez Berry came from Cape Cod after he was married, and some years before the Revolution, and settled on. the farm now occupied by Elijah Crane, about one mile north of Lake IkIahopac. He was five feet eleven inches high in his stocking feet; a large, powerful, robust man, with a frame knit together more like iron than bone, and capable of the greatest endurance. For his size, he was unmatched in strength by any man, at that time, in the country. Boxing was one of the amusements of the young men at that day, very fashionable, and, as a science, is still cultivated. He soon attained great proficiency in it, and before leaving Cape Cod stood number one, cc solitary and alone," and without a rival. Some years after settling in this town, a celebrated boxer came to Cape Cod and inquired for one Jabez Berry ? On ascertaining that he had removed to this town, he informed one of Berry's intimate friends there that he came to have a match with him, and offered to bet that he could flog him. Berry's friend, well-knowing his ability, accepted the wager ; and another person having been chosen as the second of the boasting bully, the three immediately set out for Berry's residence. On reaching it they found him and his wife at breakfast. The boxer without much ceremony entered the house, 'and thus accosted Berry : (c Are .. - TOWN OF CAWEL. 279 you the man they call Jabez Berry ?" " Yes sir-ee, and always have been," was the reply. " Well, sir," continued the bully, I have come all the way from Cape Cod to flog you." " Ah, indeed ! If you've come all that distance to pluck a single berry from the bush, you are entitled to a few strih-ing tokens of my regard as a reward for the pains you may suffer before you get back," was the reply. Out they went into the door-yard, where he flogged his Cape Cod antagonist to his heart's content ; received half the bet, which he applied to curing his antagonist, who was unable to resume his journey back for the space of n week. There was one remarkable trait about hin~that distinguished him from others who possessed great powers and skill in pugilism ; he never made use of it to domineer over the weak and those unable to cope with him, nor insult any man from a consciousness that his skill and strength was his protection from punishment. He never was the assailing party ; nor entered a boxing combat in an angry state of feeling. He enjoyed it with about the same good feeling that he would relate an amusing anecdote or crack a harmless joke. He belonged to the church ; and if sickness or bad weather did not prevent him, never failed in his attendance for any other cause. He was commissioned a lieutenant in the militia, and rendered great service in guarding this part of the country from the midnight depredations of the cow-boys, skin- ners, and tories. He had four sons ; John, who was commissioned an ensign in Captain John Crane's militia company, Asahel, Jabez, junior, and Samuel, and two daughters, His sons are all dead, but some of his grandchildren are found in this town. Samuel A. \ 280 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. Berry, Esq., of Carrnel, whose father was Samuel, the youngest son of Jabez, is a grandson of this early settler. Samuel had four sons ; Charles, John, Fre- derick, Samuel A. ; and seven daughters, Delilah, Hes- ter, Elizabeth, two by the name of Clarissa, one having died young, Julia and Mary. Jabez Berry possessed a well-balanced mind, which kept him from being disconcerted in any emergency. Possessing an amiable and cheerful disposition, he segured the esteem and approbation of all who knew him, while his integrity and uprightness of purpose secured him from the tongue of the slanderer. He advocated the cause of his country with a stout heart and a strong arm, and enjoyed the proud satisfaction of seeing all of his sons follow his patenla4 and patriotic esample. We have not been informed of the date of his decease, but he lived many years to enjoy the fruit of the tree of liberty which he had contributed so vigi- lantly to guard. We had intended giving a brief sketch of the Churches in the county ; but on inquiry found that they were principally of recent organization, not more than thEee being organized at the commencement of the Revolution. The first Church erected in this county, so far as we are informed, was built about 1735, in Southeast, in which, about 1740, the Rev. Elisha Kent, the grandfather of the late Chancellor Kent, preached as the regular pastor. St. Philips' Chapel, as it was then called, is the Episcopal Church near the Hon. John Garrison's, and

was built in 1770, by Col. Beverly Robinson. i i TOWN OF CARMEL. 281 During the Revolution, it was used as a kind of Jail to confine prisoners. One minister preached here every other Sabbath, and also in a Church just south of Continental Village, across the Westchester County line, where Col. Beverly Robinson gave the two Churches a farm of about 300 acres as a parson- age. A Church was built previous to the Revolution in Patterson, but we have not obtained the necessary facts to give a sketch of its history. We had abandoned the idea, therefore, of saying anything concerning the Churches, inasmuch as we were unable to notice all, but could not forego the pleasure of inserting the following notice of the Gilead Church, which has been politely furnished us by the Rev. Henry G. Livingston, its present Pastor.

THE GILEAD PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. About the commencement of the Revolution, a Congregational Church was organized in the vicinity of Carmel Village, and a log building erected on the hill a few rods north of the present residence of Ira White, Esq., and within the limits of the town of Southeast. The Society was familiarly known as cc Gregory's Parish," after the name of their first minister. No authentic records of the Church are found until 1792, when a new organization was made, and a more commodious edifice built upon the ground now known as the Gilead Burying-ground, a little over a mile south of Carmel Village. The Constitution and Articles of Faith, then adopted, are as follows :

'L Frederickstown, August 9th, 1792. b6 We, the subscribers, members of different churches, and of the 24* 2 82 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

former church in this place, now dissolved, living in the vicinity commonly lcno~vnas Gregory's Parish, considering it the duty of Christians to join together in covenant, and form churches for the glory of God and their mutual edification, wherever God in. his providence may cast their lot, and place them under circumstances convenient far that purpose ; and finding ourselves under such circumstances, and no church in this parish which we may join: and with I\-llich we can walk in the ordinances of the Gospel according to our persuasion ; and having, as we humbly trust, looked to the Father of lights for wisdom and direction, and having also consulted with ministers and private Christians concern in^ our duty under present circumstances, have, after mature deliberation, judged that we ought, with the consent of the churches to I\-hich ~i-ebelong, to unite together in covenant as a visible church: and AIessrs. Icllabod Lewis, John >finor, Amzi Le~ris,and Silas Comfort, Biinisiers of the Gospel, having by- our request convened in order to assist us to unite and enter into covenant with each other with solemnity and propriety, \\-e have therefore adopted and publicly received the following articles and covenant as the foundation of our union :-

LC Articles of Faith.

LL 1. There is one only living, true, and eternal God, the Cre- ator, Preserver, and Governor of the world; infinite in all per- fection and glory, and worthy to be loved, worshipped, and obcycd by all rational creatures. "2. The Scriptures of the Old and Xew Testaments are the MTo:d of God, and a sufficient and infallible rule of practice.

bL 3. ?,Iananh;ind are fallen from God, and arc naturally destitute of all holiness and inclined wholly to sin; 2nd therefore are under the curse of God's la\\-; and deserve cis eternal wrath. '4. God purposed in himsclf befsre the foundatio~lof the world, to save some of the human race by a dispensation of grace through a Mediator. ::5. This grace has been revealed to fallen man by Jesus Christ, who, being really God, became man, and in the flesh performed the work of mediation, and by his obedience and death, opened up a way in which sinners may be freely justified by faith, and saved according to the divine purpose. TOWN OF CA~EL. 283

"6. The Mediator, Jesus Christ, is the appointed Governor of the world and the final judge of the quick and the dead. "7. Those and those only who are chosen of God in Christ, and renewed by the effectual operation of the Holy Ghost on their hearts, do actually repent and believe unto eternal life.

'L 8. God will continue his gracious operatio~ison the hearts of his people until they are completely sanctified and fitted for his Heavenly Kingdom a.nd glory. ':9. God will overrule all things for his glory and the ad- vancement of his Kingdom until the consummation, when those who are united to Christ by faith will be raised and glorified, and the impenitent and unbelieving eternally punished." ': T/ie Covenant. cLWedo this day solemnly take God for our God, Jesus Christ for our Saviour, the Holy Ghost for our Sanctifier, and the Scriptures for our rulc and directory ; and sincerely, as far as we know ourselves, covenant and engage by divine grace to devote ourselves to the service and glory- of God, walking in all his ordinances, observing his commandments, living solely, righteously, and godly in this present world, trusting in the merits of Jesus Christ alone for acceptance with God, seeking his Glory and Kingdom, watching over our Christian brethren and sisters in love, studying to promote their spiritual edification, and therefore good, endeavouring to keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace, and waiting for the coming of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. I Signed, John Ambler, Mary Hcpkins, Matthew- Beale, Desire Stone, Philetus Phillips, Mary Haynes, Zebulon Phillips, Lucy Cullen, John Merrick, Bethia Trusdell, John McClean, Esther Phillips, Jabez Trusdell, Elizabeth blerrick." Rebecca Hopkins, . Who were the officers appointed in 1792, does not appear from the minutes of the Church record. 284 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. It is believed there was then no settled minister, thoughc- the pulpit was occasionally supplied by the Rev. Mr. Lewis. At a meeting held, December Sth, of the same year, it was resolved that the name of the So- ciety be changed from that of u Gregory's Parish," to that of Gilead." Since then, it has always been known as the Gilead Church." The name was derived fi-om Scripture without any special reason, I apprehend, for so appropri- ating it. Fancy, doubtless, dictated the selection. June 27th, 1795, Mr. John Amber was elected deacon of the Church, and the first who filled that office. Soon after this period, the Church gradually lost strength ; there being no settled pastor, and, in all probability, no stated administration of the ordinances. It was, therefore, thought advisable, in the year 1803, to reorganize. The same constitution and articles of faith and government, as before, were adopted, and were signed by the following individuals :

Elisha Smith, Thirza Crosby, Dorius Crosby, William Jacks, Harvey Newell, David Travis,

6v-~ . Gilbert Travis, Rachel Newell, Elizabeth Travis, Jane Woodhull,

Desire Stone, Deborah Travis, I Denny Jacks, Hannah Rimdee. Harvey Newell, at this time, was elected Clerk, and William Jacks, deacon. The Rev. Mr. Stephen Dodd had been previously called to the charge of the church, and preached here half of the time, and the remainder at the Red Mills. He remained here until the 15th of July, 1810. During his ministry, a large number were added to TOWN OF CARMEL. 285 the church, and its condition was prosperous. He was not, however, a settled pastor. February 18th, 1804, Enoch Crosby, the supposed hero of Cooper's novel, entitled the Spy, and so well known for the aid he rendered his country in its time of trial, was elected deacon; and, in 1806, David Travis was set apart to the same office. After Mr. Dodd had resigned the care of the church, the pulpit was supplied by the Rev. Herman Dagget, who was succeeded in 1812, by the Rev. Allen Blair. ~fterGard s, the Rev. Nessrs. James N. Austin, Abner Brundige, Isaac Allerton, and B. Y. Morse, officiated from 1815, until the year 1835. None of these, so far as my knowledge extends, were settled as pastors. The church, as it appears from the minutes, from the year 1824 to 1831, was in a state of fearful de- clension. The ecclesiastical body to which it belonged, was gradually becoming extinct. Disorder and a relaxation of dicipline, naturally resulted from this state of things. The preaching of the Word was feebly sustained, and but few were added to the congregation of the Lord. From 1831 to 1835, there was stated preaching every Sabbath ; but the church had little more than a name to live, although there we& set times when Zion was far advanced, and some few made public profession of their faith. In March, 1834, the church made the following declaration :

cL We, the members of the Second Presbyterian Congregational Church in the town of Carmel, and formerly having been. a branch of the Westchester Presbytery, which is now extinct, do declare ourselves to be, as in fact we are, an independent Con- gregational Church. Believing, however, that great benefits may result to the Church of Christ from intimate union and fel- lowship with each other by their mutual aid and counsel, hold ourselves willing to unite with Some ecclesiastical body when- 286 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. ever, in the providence of God, an opportunity shall present and the way made clear.:' The church, soon after this, assumed the Presbyterian form of government, and connected itself, June 3d, 1835, with the Presbytery of Bedford. Joseph Crane, Gilbert H. Travis, and Morgan L. Raymond, were elected Elders. In October, of the same year, a call was extended to the Rev. Gilbert Livingston Smith, to become pastor of the church. The call was accepted, but before he had entered upon the active duties of his office, he was suddenly translated' to the Church of the redeemed above. In the year 1837, the society erected their present house of worship, in the village of Carmel ; a structure justly admired for the neatness of its finish and the beauty of its location. The Rev. G. T. Todd was soon after installed pastor, and the first who was ever settled as such ; and remained until May, 1844. He was succeeded in August, 1845, by the Rev. Henry G. Livingston, who was then ordained and installed. and continues to fulfil the duties of the pastoral office at the present time. The church has gradually increased since 1835, and bas now upwards of 100 members. Though its growth is slow, it is sure, and its friends, to whom its past history is familiar, have every reason c6 to thank God and take courage." The present officers of the church are, Rev. Henry G. Livingston, Pastor; Gilbert H. Travis, Morgan L. Raymond, Daniel Travis, and Anson Fowler, ruling Elders. Its creed is the same as that of other ortho- dox Presbyterian churches ; and its ecclesiastical relations are with the Presbytery of Bedford, and the Synod of New York. TOWN OF SOUTHEAST.

THIStown was organized in 1788, and, as before remarked, takes its name from its geographical position, being located in the south-east part of the county. Its surface is rolling, and indented with vales and low lands, which yield excellent grass ; and, as a town, is better adapted for grazing than grain. The Harlem Railroad is now being made, nearly through its centre, from south to north, and will greatly facilitate the transportation of its farmers' produce to market. The main and east branches of the Croton traverse it from north to south, and with a few other streams, furnish sufficient water-power for milling purposes. Nowhere in the County, except in Patterson, have we found better roads, at least in that part through which we rode. Agriculture, as a science, seems here to have kept pace with every other; and the farm-houses, with their out-buildings, give a pleasing evidence of neatness, thrift, and good husbandry. Its population in 1840 was 1910; in 1845, 2044.

EARLY SETTLEMENT. This 'town was one of the earliest settled in the county. Adjoining Westchester on the south, and Connecticut on the east, emigration, as it flowed northward from the City of New York, and westward 288 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. from Massachusetts and Connecticut, poured its tide into this town, Carmel, and Patterson. There were a few families who came from West- chester and settled here, but the greater part were from the then Colonies of Massachusetts and Connec- ticut. The rich fat lands of the Croton early attracted the attention of the citizens of the above-named Colo- nies, one generation of whom had worn themselves out in their attempt to subdue the rough and stony surface whereon they first settled. The principal settlers of this town were the Cranes, Crosbys, Halls, Moodys, Paddocks, Hanes, Ho~ves, Carpenters, and Dickinsons. \ Deacon Moody, as he was familiarly called, was about the first settler at Sodom Corners. He bought all the land in its immediate vicinity. A short distance north of him, James Dickinson made an early settlement. His son, James Dickinson, jun., was one of the Colnmissioners for laying out roads in 1745, with Thomas Davenport, Esq., of Nelsonville, in Philipstown. David Paddock, grandfather to Mrs. Richards, now living in this town, came from Cape Cod, in Massa- chusetts, with a family of eight children, about 1740, and located near the Presbyterian Meetinghouse. His children were, Nathan, Foster, David, Isaac, Mary, Susanna, Mercy, and Sarah. Isaac was killed in the fight at Ward's house below White Plains, in Westchester County ; and when shot, he fell against Capt. Joshua Barnum, the grandfather of Col. Reuben D. Barnum, Clerk of this County. while falling, his tobacco-box fell out of his vest TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. pocket, which Captain Barnum picked up and eventually returned to the father of young Paddock. Nathan, after the Revolution, caught the small-pox, and died at Catsliill, in Greeile County; Foster died in Dorset, in Vermont ; and David died in this town after the Revolution. Caleb Carpenter, gi-eat-grandfather of the Hon. Azor B. Crane, of Carmei, on his mother's side, with twelve others, came to this town about 1730, and located about three miles north of Sodonl Corners. where they built the old Presbyterian log Church,, in which the Rev. Elisha Kent, grandfather to the latc Chancellor Kent, first preached in this town. Joseph Crane, grandfather of Ansin and Orrin Crane, Esqs., came about the same time, and settled on the north side of Joe's I-ill, one t:nd a half miles east of Sodom Corners, where he built the mill known in early times as '(Crane's Miil." Our article on early settlement is necessarily general and imperfect, as the sources froin which we obtained it are limited ; and, resting in the memory of a fclrr aged people, they, in some instances, are not compe- tent to give it with any great degree of accuracy. Extrc7ct.s fi-om. thc Town Iteco~ds.

LL At a town meeting held at the South precinc.t in Dutche.55 County 6th day of April 1773 1 John rider MTas chosen bloclerator 2 Isaac Elk~ellClerk 3 chosen Joseph Crane Jr. Supervisor 4 was Choseir John field Sessor 5 was Chosen Samuel Bangs Seesor 6 was Chosen peter hall Collector 7 was Chosen Thomas trowbridgc Constable 8 mark Gage Constable 25 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Joseph Hull poormaster Zebedee brigs y oormaster Daniel haviland poormaster Thomas baldwin Commissioners for Oliver he the highways Seth Nicknerson Commissioners Benjamin Sears pound Keeper Daniel haviland pound Keeper Nathan Goreen Jr fence viewer William Stone fence viewer ' Uriah Townsend higllu--ny master N 1 peter hall path master N 2 Nathan Green is path master 11' 3 William Penny Jr path masier N 4 hervey hopkins path master N 5 Zebede brigs path master N 6 Nathaniel foster path master N 7 '' Bil-tlts in South East. Mercey Clinton Was Born -4ugust the 31 1766 Pliebe Clint011 was born May the 24 day 1768 Estr Clinton was born &lay the 24 day- 1770 Jesse Clinton Was born July the 21 day 1772 Joshua Hinkley was born March 11th 1775 Elkane hinkley was horn July 10 day 1559 '; Benjamin Tounsels Ears mark is a Crop on the Right Ear & A Nick under it & half penny on the Under Side of the Left Ear ;LIsaacElmell Ear mark is a Crop of the Left with a hole in the same 8~ a Kick under the same.

lb Samuel Elmell Jr Ear mark is a Crop of the left and a hole in the rite " The first instance we have discovered in the records of the towns of this county, of a master manumitting his slaves, occurs, to its praise be it said, in this town by Samuel Field ; and what gives it more importance, TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 291 is the fact that our fathers had just entered on the struggle with the Mother Country, for freedom from foreign domination. But there is a drawback to this noble instance of magnanimity, found on the records as late as 1826, in the sale of the town-poor. Slavery is a misfortune, and poverty is not necessarily a crime; and for

3oovernments to treat it as such, would onlvJ be making the rich richer, and the poor poorer. . " To all persons: unto \\-hornsoever these Presents shall come greeting. lino11- ye, that I Samuel Field of Oblong in the County of Dutchess and Province of Xc11- I-ork, For and in consideration of the free rights and liberties of all mankind, and conceiving it unlrtv-lul for a Christian to hold any of his fellow creatures in bondage for term of life : Do hereby, from and after the thirteenth day of the fifth month, Called May which shall hap pen in the year of our Lord 1780 give unto my Mulatto &Ian, bred by me, Kno\~-ilby the name of Phillip, his full freedom, to act & do in business for himself as of his own proper right as a free Man-And to be free from all manner of claim or command in any Kind of sen-ice whixtsoever, either by me my heirs, esecu- tors, administrators or assigns for ever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand 8: seal this tenth day of the second Month called february in the year of our Lord 1776. a SAMUELFIELD (L. S.)': Signed & sealed in ye presence of us PETERFIELD AEELCLOSE.

bL Sale of the Poor made April 22 1826 Nancy Binnit to James Hains $25,37 Abigah Crane Henry Mead 33,50 George Dudley Abner Gay - 35,80 .\ Ebenezer Wison " Chancey Higgins 15,OO Birch & wife ' Henry Cole 79,94 June 1 Esther La\vrance :: James Hains 23,87 July 1 Joseph Leonard " James Hains 34,97 ?' 292 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

cL At a Town Meeting held the 6th day of April 1779 it was Voted that Jabez Elwell make a Pair of Stocks upon the Cost of this precinct.' :'

Sodom Coj-ners.-A small village on the East Branch of the Croton River, in the centre of the town, about six nliles East of the Court-house. Barber, in his His- torical Collections, calls it Hatsville, which name must have been given to him by some one who desired that the name of Sodon1 should be dropped. We do not wonder, however, that any of its present peaceable inhabitants should desire to get rid of a name, which has connected with it such odious associations. When we approilched this quiet little hamlet, we looked around us for Gomorrah, but failed to discover it. And ~i7hen fairly quartered in its centre, me smelled no brirnstoi~e,but saw fire ; but that 1%-ivns where it should be-in the stove. It was narned b6 Sodom" by 1%--ayof reproach, in consequence of the unusually wild and wayward character of some of its B'hoys, in days long gone by. But for peace and quietness, sobriety, and industry, so far as we could discover, it is not now excelled by any other village in the county. A Post Office is located here. Mil2tou;n.-A small village about two miles east of Sodom Corners. It is so called from a mill located there. A Post Office is also established here. Doansburgh.-A few houses located in the northerly part of the town, in the neighborhood of the first Pres- byterian church. This church occupies the site of the old one, in which the Rev. Elisha Kent, grandfather of the late Chancellor Kent, first preached, on his arrival in this town, after leaving the Presbyterian TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 293 Church at Newtown, in the State of Connecticut, in 1740. It subsequci~tly became known as Kent's Parish." Chancellor Kent was born at this place, in an old house which stood about three rods distant from ' the Post Office ; and which was taken down about twenty years since. The east sill of the store-building at this place, now covers the spot, which, in the Chan- cellor's boy-hood, was covered by a rock as high as a man's head, of a pyramidal form, with artificial steps in the side of it from its base to the top. The Hon. Reuben D. Bsrnum, Clerk cf l'utnain county, some twenty-five years aqo,C blasted the rock into pieces. Shortly afterwards, the Chancellor visited the place of his birth-the scene of his nativity-to commune with the hallo~vedrecollcctiol~s of the past, and the bnolden memories of childhood's sii~less days. He expressed his regret at its dei~wlition,as it had been a source of great pleasure and amusement to him in his boyhood, to climb to. its apes, and indulge in those day-dreams \vhich characterize that sunny period of existence. He also visited the home, and ascended to the chamber where he was born. I3e seemed excited with all the rapturous feelings of boyhood, and ex- claimed, " Isere is ihe roont tohere I 2cas born-the chambe,* zcherz my c.~;istciicecommenced." This place is named in lio11or of Benjamin Doane, who lived here. Joe's .Hill.--9 beautiful and romantic eminence in the east part of the town, the west end of which ter- minates on the east bank of the east branch of the Croton River. A part of this Hill belonged to David Paddock, deceased, who came from Cape Cod, in the State of Massachusetts, when seven years old, with 25* 294 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. his parents. The same part is now owned by his sou, David B. Paddock. About seventy years ago, it was rumored that there was a silver mine on the north side of this Hill. Marvellous stories were told concerning the manner of its discovery ; 2nd that it mas t? charmed spot, to which no man mould be permitted to approach, without having first taken an oath of semecv,./ and become imbued or subject to the mystic spell that rested over the Poirosi of the town of Southeast. About sixty years ago, the escitemeilt was at its height. It drew within its vortex some men who were possessed of an easy credulity, and others who, from a knowledge of the character of their neighbors, A .- relied upon their statements, and trusted in their reports. It having been noised abroad, that there was a silver mine of i~~calciilsbleweaith here, two or three men from abroad, supposed, at the time, to be theoreti- cal or practical miners, visited the hill and took up their residence near it. Two residents, Nathan Elall and Jehu Miner, also became believers in the existence of the minc. They, with the others who came froin abroad, were called '; Pigeon .qien," by their neighbors. Hall pretended to Itnow the precise locality of the mine, and, when questioned by his friends and neigh-

bors, u~gedthe cecessit~-J of first subscribiilg to a secret oath. David Paddock, deceased, often conversed with 11211 about thc nzim, but could get nothing satisfactory from him. Necromancy, divioation, and mystic charms, formed the subjects of IZall's conversation when plied with direct questions touching the location of the hidden treasure. While young he went to De- TOWP OF SOUTHEAST. 295 rnarara., in English Guiana, in South America. In a few years he returned, alleging that he knew everything that had happened in his absence. The existence of the mine appears to have been a delusion, which seems to have increased with his age ; and, as a ruling passion, was strongly developed on his death-bed. In this respect he was mhat is now termed a monomania.c- deranged in a single faculty of his mind, or in regard to a particular subject. The elder Paddock asked him what use was it to a man to believe what 11e \\-as destined never to know and how could a maa believe in mhat everybody else, himself, 2nd a fkiv others excepted, rejected as a delusion ? Hall told him, tilut if he could be led along to a certain spot and see a stone move, which covered steps leading to the mine, he would then believe. ('Yes," replied l'addock, "if l saw it with my eyes, and descended illto the mine, I should believe ; but I do not believe I shall ever see all of that, or that you have either. ? 9 Laboring under illis dclusiou, which seemed ever' uppermost in his mind, he induced his wife to believe, that in a short time there would be more silver money in Southeast than there ever had been in all preceding time. Mrs. Richards, no\;- living near this Hill, asked her what had become of the large amount of silver which her 1;usband had predicted n-ould be as plenty as berries. She replied that Nathan had been revealing something about the mise that he ought not to have disclosed, and the mysterious spell had moved over it." - Hall's brother told him, that when he came to die he wished to be present; and desired that he might be 296 HISTORY OF PUTNAlM ,COUNTY. sent for in time to witness his departure. fie was sent for, accordingly, but those who caused him to be informed that his brother's departure was near at hand, were not aware of the additional and secret reason, that had prompted Nathan's brother to desire that he might be sent for 1~11e11Nathan was about to quit this world. The brother came, but IIall was so far gone as to be unable to speak, yet conscious of everything around him. His brother then told him, if 'there was a silver mine in Joe's Hill, and he knew it, to squeeze his hand, which he then gave him. Hall then gave it, as far as his strength permitted, a hard gripe ; thus ratifying on his death-bed the belief he had taught and e~tertainedrvhile Iiring. Nathan Hall died in this town about tell years ago. Tone's Po~zd.-This handsome body of water lies in the westerly part of the town, is one mile long, half a nlile wide; and is named in honor of an old negro of the name of Tone, who settled beside it. He was the slave of John Warring, deceased, enlisted and served in the 'Revolutionary war, on condition that he should have his freed on^ at its close. IIaving received his freedom after peace was declared, he married a wolnan half Indian and half negro ; settled dowtl beside this pond which soon became a great resort fur fishing sports- men. He kept boats for their accommodation, and furnished them with whatever was called for in the form of victuals and drink; a sort of fisherman's tavern, 3 where everything appertaining to the sport is to be had at the shortest notice, for which liberal payment is made, and no credit expected by either party. He left quite a numerous and respectable number of descendants. It is said that one of his grandsons mar- TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 297 ried a beautiful young white girl who shortly afterwards induced him to go south with her, where she sold him as a slave. Little Pond is about half the size of Tone's Pond, and about half a mile nTestof the Presbyterian Church in the northerly part of the town. Peach Pond.-This is n large sheet of water, the boreater part of which lies in Westchester County. It is two miles long and one broad. The dividing line of the two counties runs through the north part of it, leaving a small portion of it in Putnam. Corner Pond Broo?i.-This stream is so called in consequeilce of four toivas cornering on it, viz. :- Danbui-y, Ridgefield, Kern Fairfield in Connecticut, and this town in New York. The north-east corner of this town is on it. DaZy Brook-This stream empties into the Croton near Milltown, and about one mile north of the west end of Joe's Hill. Return of Militia Officers for South-east Precinct, Dutchess County, New York :

LL Dutchess County, South-east Precinct Committee, August 21, 1775. Pursuant to a Resolution of Provincial Congress, " Ordered that Tltmnas Baldwin, Esquire, and Mr. NathanieZ Foster, two of the Members of this Committee, notify the Militia of this Precinct, coilsistiilg of one Beat (lately commanded by John Field, as ahi in), to appear on the 25th instant at the usual place of parade, that the said Militia, under the direction and inspection of the said Baldwilt and Foster, may arrange themselves into a military Company, agreeable to said Resolution of Congress. That said Militia do then and there make choice of military officers by a majority of votes, to take the command of said Company; and that the said Baldwin and 298 HISTORY OF PCTNAM COUNTY.

Foster make return of their doings to the Chairman of this Com- mittee. JOSEPHCRISE, Chairman.7' *'Having duly executed the above Order of Committee, we hereby certify that the Compa~~yof Militia of said South-east Precinct. agreeable to said Order, did assemble ; and they have, by a fair mnjority of 1-0tcq. made choice of Commissioned Officers to take the cornmn~ldof said Company, agreeable to the aforesaid Resolution of Congres~,3s follo\~-+ viz. : JViZZiam ~?fott,- Captain ; Bet~jwniizHiggi/z. First Lieutenant ; Ehejlezer Gnge. Second Lieutenant ; fitlrni~iel Gree,)?Jun., Ensign.

-b Teat. '; THO~IASBBLDTVIX, :: K-LTHISIEL FOSTER,

" X true copy of thc Relurn. .. JOSEPIICR-ISE, Chairman.'' " Return of Minute-officers in South-east Precinct, Dutchess County, Kelt- York :

:; Datchcss Colin tr. South-east Precinct Committee. September 22, 1775.

bb Ordered; That those persons v-ho hare arranged themselves in the character of Minute-JIen in this precinct, do assemble themselves on the 26th instant, in order to choose out of their Company the several officers which, agreeable to directions of our Congresq are to command such Companies; and that Thomas Baldtciv, Esqr.: and JIr. fitltaniel Foster, Members of this Committee, do attend and inspect said choice, and make return thereof to the Chairman of this Committee. *:JOSEPHCRXSE, Chairman.': --, . South-east Precinct, Sept. 26, 1715. ii We hereby certify that agreeable to the foregoing order, the Company of Blinute-Men therein referred to did, on the 26th instant; assemble, and, under o6r inspection, made choice of Joshua Barnum, Jun ., as Caytail1 ; Hlliam ilfarsh., First Lieut . ; I Eliaaki?iz Bamzcrn, Second Lieu t . ; and Jonotlhan Crane, Ensign I '' THO~I-4sBALDWIN, '' N-~TH.~NIELFOSTER ." TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 299 The following is a letter from Joseph Crane, Chair- man of the South-east Precinct Committee, to Egbert Benson :

': South-east Precinct, May 22. 1777. '; Dear Sir-Yesterday I salr one Allaby, a sergeant of Cap- tain Dellman, taken prisoner at l\Tard's: with Major Dain ; he made his escape from the guard-house in Xew Yorli on the evening of the 15th inst.; gives a favourable account of the state of the prisoners taken with him, our worthy friend, Major Dain, excepted, who, he says. has been in close confinement during the \\-hole of his captire state; that the only reason assigned therefor is, his having no commission with him; says he has often heard the Major lamenting the hardships to which he is subjected on that account, 11-idling for an opportunity to inform his friends thereof that in addition to a train of painful circumstances consequent on a. state of close confinement: the means of subsistence was rendered much more espensive. His supplies from home, I understa~ld,have been much short of what I have before understood. twenty-five dollars being the full amount of what he has received he has had the small-pox by inoculation pretty severely 1 is no\\- in a good state of health. I presume a simple relation of facts vill be eufticient to engage your attention: and that the earliest opportunity \\-ill be embraced for the relief of this worthy officer; anything in my power to forward the same will be with pleasure complied with. " I have the pleasure to hear my son is well ; has for some time been admitted to his parole, either to remain in New York or go to Long Island ; has chosen the former ; taken his board with 3Ir. Thomas Arden ; had the small-pox favourably, and in all respects is as happy as a state of captivity admits of. Alleby says the enemy lost fourteen men in the action at 1Vard7s; six of those they carried 08 viounded died betn-een Ward's 2nd Wil- liam$ ; the seventh died as soon as they had got to Valentine's : that ererj- coinmissioned officer, save one ensign, was killed ; that on their arrival at Kin@ Bridge, the commanding ofEcer of that post came out of the door of his lodgings, when the prisoners were paraded, and says, Well, you have got a parcel of the 300 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

d--d rebels, have you P ' Yes,' replied the surviving ensign, ' but we hare paid d--d dear for them; I am the only officer left alive !' to v-hich there was no reply made. LLHefurther tells me: that the day before he left New York, he read in the papers an account of the enemy's loss in Danbury tour, estimated at between 3 and 400 men ; that he often heard them say to one another, that the Danbury rout llad been more expensive to them, in proportion to the number of their troops, than the Lexington tour. May Heaven grant that their cursed enterprises may still prove more and more expensive to them, till they become quite bankrupts. "We art: now in this quarter (as it ere) lying on our arms, every hour expecting fresh visits from the Tryonites. A number of the enemy's ships are in the Sound. Yesterday morning upwards of twenty of them drew up against Fairfield, and appeared to be in a landing posture; the alarm reached us by 12 o'clock the same day ; by night 11-e \\-ere informed they soon came to ail again, and went \\-estu-arc1 of Noi~r-alli. They are no douht meditating another of their felonious enterprises, and I have the pleasure to assure you our people are evidently- better disposed, as \\-ell as better prepared other\\-ise, to bid them welcome, than ever we were before : and the general say is, that in case Ti-yon is not gone to account for his former murders, 'tis hoped he \\-ill ;again grace his murderous train with his presence, and happilr meet what Heaven has declared shall be the fate of him in whose skirts is found the blood of men.' '! You \\-ill overlook the blunders in this hurried scrawl: and accept the humble regard of, Sir, "Your most obedient,

cC Lettm from Tliaddeu.9 Crane. " Kingston, 'August 9th, 1777. Gentlemen-It being my misfortune, in repulsing the enemy at Ridgfield, on the 26th of April last, to meet with a wound from them, which confined me to my bed for a long time ; and I was at greai expense by loss of time and cost or" doctor. I desire to know from your Honourable Council, whether I am to receive TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 30 1 any wages or relief from the State, and where to apply to get the same, if any is allowed. These from your honours7 humble servant, '' TII~~D~EUSCRANE. "To the Honourable the Collncil of Safety of the State of New York."

JAMES GEST.* James Kent was born the 31st July, 1763, in that part of Dutchess County, theu called the Precinct of Fredericksbul-gh, now in the County of Putnam, in the State of New York. His grandfather, the Rev. Elisha Iient, n native of Suffield, in the State of Connecticut, marrid' the daughter of the Rev. Joseph Moss, of Derby, and was for solme time a - ~~inisterof the Fresb~terian s r' Church at Nen-town, in that St ate. He remorecl, as early as 1'740, to the south-east part of Dutchess County, then wild and uncultivated, but which gradually increased in population, and became Buon-n as Icent's Parish. He coatinaed to reside thorc until his death, in July, 1776, at the age of serenty-two. His eldest son, Moss Kent,~vho,as ell as his Fither, Tvns a gra- duate of Tale College, commenced tile study of the nt law uilder Lieutenailt-Govzraor Fi tch, Xorwalk 7 in Coill~ecticut, 2nd was admittcd to the bar, in Dutchess Coui~ty,in 1756. Iil EGO he married the eldest daughter. of Dr. Criah Ilorcrs,a a physician at Norwalk, by ~~~llornhe had three chi!cIren, who are now living: James, the subject of this memoir ; Moss, who was a member of the Senate of New York for four years, afterwards a member of Con- * National Portrait Gallery. 26 302 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

5aress, and first Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Jefferson County, which office he resigned on being appointed Register of the Court of Chancery in 1817 ; and IInnnall, who inarried William Pitt Platt, of Plattsburg. They lost their mother in 1770, and their father died in 1'793, at the age of sixty-one. When five years old, Jatl~es,the eldest son, was

placed at an Enzlishb school at Norwalk, and lived in the family of his mntenlal grandfather until 1772, whcn he meilt to reside with an uncle at Pasvlings, in Dutchess County, TX,-herehe acquired the first'rudi- ments of iatin. I11 i\Iay, 175'8, he was sent to a latin \ school at Danbury, in Coailecticut, under the charge of the Rev. Ehenezer Baldwin, a highly respectable Presbyterian mii~ister. ..lfier the death of Mr. Bald- win, in October, I'iTC, he was under different instructors, nt Danbury, Stratford, and Xewtowi~,until he entered Ynle College, iil New Hawn, in September, 1777. At thesa diifei-ent schools he mas remarked as possessing a lively disposition, great quickness of parts, a spirit of emulation, and love of learning. The pious l'uri~ans among whom he lived were sober, frugal, and iodusti~ious; and the strict and soberly habits of iltose around him had their influence in forming 'hjs own. From their cxnrnple, aid the impressions reccivc tl at that corly age, he acquired that siizplicity of charactzr 311d purity of lnords which he evcr afier~vardspreserved, without losing his natural vivacity anci plloyf~~lnessof temper. He has often mentioned the delight he experienced on his periodical returns from school to his home, in rambling with his brother among the wild scenery of his native hills and valleys. TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 303

The associations then formed rendered him an en- thusiastic admirer of the beauties of nature ; and, in after-life, during the intervals of business, he made excursions into every part of his native State, through New England, and along tho borders of Canada, visiting each mom~tain,lake, and cascade ; and whilc gratifying his taste for simpla pleasures, preserving and invigorating his health. In Julv, 1779, in coilsequcnce of the invasion of

New Haven bv3 the British tl-oopa, the college was broken up, and thc students for n time dispersed. During his exile, ha-iing il~etwith n copy of Black- stone's Commentaries, he read ths work of that ele- boalit writer with great- eagerness and pleasure, and it so excited his admiration that he determined at the age of sixteen to be a ln~vj-er. He left college, after taking thc degree of Bachelor, in September: 1781, with high reputation; and after passing a ik~vweeks at Fairficld, to which place his father had removed cn his second marriage, he went to Poughkeepsie, and conxnenced the study of the law; under the direction of Egbert Benson, then At- torney-General of the State of New Yo&: and after- terwards one of the Judges of the Supreme Court. His strong and decided attachment to jurisprudence could not fail to ensure his success. Besides, the books of English Coinmon La.cv,'he read the large works of Grotius and Puffendoi-f, making copious extracts from them, and, as a relaxation, perusing the best writers in English literature, of which his favorite portions were history, poetry, geography, voyages, and travels. . He was temperate in all his habits, a water-drinker, and entered into no dissipation, not SO4 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. even joiniiig in the ordinary fashionable amusements of others of the same age.- He mas very far, however, from being grave, re- serve, or austere ; but was uniformly cheerful, lively, and colz~municative. Tilc love of rending had becoma his ruling passion, and whcn he felt the want of amusement, " he better knew patnature's cl~asmsto prize," and sought it in rural wallis, amidst objects that purify- and elevate the 'imagination. I11 Septembe,r, 1784, he took the degree of Blaster of Arts at Pale College, and in January, 1 was admitted an attorney of the

Snprenie Court. I4e n-cat to Fredericksburg!~- wi ti: the intention of commenci~~gthe practice of his profession there ; Gut the solitude of that retired spot sooil became iusupportable, and in le.ss than two months he ret~rrnedto Pouehkeepsie,(J where, in April, 1'78% he married Miss -Bailey, a lady a few years younger than himself, and with whom he has since lived in the uninterruptecl enjoyment of domestic felicity-. He possessed at this time little or no propertv, but living with great simplicity in a country village his mailts were few, and supplied at little expense. Young, ardent, and active, he felt no ansiety for the future ; but engaged with increased alacrity in professional business and literary pursuits, so as to leave no portion of his time unemployed. In 1787, he resolved to renew and extend his acquaintance with the Greek and Roman classics, which he had entirely neglected after leaving college. When it is considered that the only Greek book, at that time, read by the classes, in that seat of learning, was the Greek Testament, and the only Latin works, Virgil, TOWN OF SOUTIIEAST. 305 the select orations of Cicero, and some parts of Horace. we may easily imagiile how imperfect must have been that part of his education, the defects of wliich he was determined to supply. IIe beganC. a. course of self-in struction, with an energy and perscvcrallce that mark a strong and generous mind. That he might lose no time, and pursue his various studies n-ith method and success, he divided the hcurs not given to rest into five portions : rising early a:ld rcnding Latin until eight, Greek until tcn, clel-oting thc rest of the fore- noon to law ; in tlie aftcrnnon, two hours nvereapplied to French, and the rest of tllc d~.yiu Eaglish autliors. This division and emplorme~ltof hi,: time mere con- a tinued viith little rsrintioi~,mlti! he becams Judge.- By this practice, 1:e was ~uldcruo necessity of ea- croaching on those hours best i;ppropriated to sleep, anti preserred his health ui2irnp:iired. If his mind became vTearyin o11e departmcat of stndj-, 11- found relief in passiiig to another ; '' fiwm grave to gap, from livelr to severe." I-Io read IIoi~?cr,Senophoa, and Demos- thenes mi:h deiight. Though hc ah-rtvards relinquished the pursuit of Grccinn literature, hc contiilued to read the best Latit? and Freilcl~authors, and many of the former Inore than once. As large public libraries, if any then existed, were not within his he began a co!leciion of books ~~hichhe has gmdually illcreased to sereral thousand ~;olumcs; and he has often said that, next to his falxilv, his library been to him the b rea ate st source of enjorment. It fed, while it incrcssed his appetite for useful knowledge, and cherished that love of literature that had grown and strengthened with his growii~gyears. In April, 1787, he was admitted a Counsellor in the 26* 3C6 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Supreme Court. He soon entered with ardor into the discussion of the great political cluestions which then absorbed tllc attention and rigitated the ininds of all. I-Ic could not long rcmain neutral between the two contendii:g parties, and after a careful esnmination of

the arlrumciltsL of each, he, from the purest nlotives and with tllc clem-cst conviction, joined the federal side. Ilc sooil bccamc the friend of Jay, Iiamilton, and other eminent me11 of that partv,.I with whom he uniforl!ilv acted, and to whosc principles he has stead- ilv., adhrnld to the present dnv. In April, 1790, he was elccted a incrnber of the State Legislature for Duichcss county ; and again in 1792. In the Scssion, held in the city of New York, hc tooir a zealous aild distinguished part in the menlorable qcestioii which arose in that bodr,4 on the conduct of the cnnvassers oi votes givcn in the warmly contested elcction for Go\-ernor, in dcstro~ingthose re-

turned from Otsego count~.." bv d which nlenns Mr. Ciinton obtained :a sniall lnnjority over Mr. Jay, (then Chief Justice of the Urlitecl States), 1~210was the federal candidate. IIis writings, on that occasion: attracted much attent ion, and he became favorabiv.I known in the city. IIe mar, at that ti~iie,nominated as a candidate for Congress, in Dutchesu county, but his compctitor, who adhered to the opposite party, succeeded by 3 small majority. During his attendance in the legislature, his priilcipics and c~cdoctwere so highly respected, that he was urged by his fi.iends to remove to the city, where he inirrlltC1 find greater scope for the exercise of his talents, and more lucrative business in his profession. He accordiilgiy removed to New Pork, in April. TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 307

1793. The first month of his residence in the city was embittered by the loss of an only child, and for a time his prospects ryere clouded ~t-ithsorrow. In De- cembcr, he was appointed Professor of Law in Colum- bia Coliece,C, and cornn~sncedtlre delivery of lectures, in November, 1794. Tho coarse was attended by many respectable mc~nbersor tlie bar, and n large class of students. In the following winter, he read a second course ; but the ilumber of his hearers having diminished, ilc was discouraged fisorn delivering another. The three preliminary lectures mere afterwards published, but the sale of thein did not reimburse the expense of publication. Tllo trustees of the Col- lege ccuferrcd upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws, and he has since receivcd siluilar l~onorsfrom I-larvard TJniversitj- and Dartmouth College. In February, 1796, he was appointed a Master' in

Chancerv.., and there bein0c9 at that time, but one other, the office was lucrative. In the same year, he was elected member of the Legislature from the city of New York. IIc delivered an address before the society for the Pro~notionof Agriculture, Arts, and bfanufrtc- tmer, at their anniversary meeting in Xew York, on the 6th No~re:nlrer,1796, which is illserted in the first volnma of the ti-ansactions of the Society. It contains a rapid and animating sketch of the great natural and political adrantagcs of the V:litcd States, and especially of' the State of Kcw York, for the adrailcement of the great objects of the Socictr, and the progress of the country, since that time, has - more than realized the most glowing allticipatioils of its patriotic founders. n arc, 1797, he was, without solicitation and quite unexpectedly to himself, appointed Recorder of 308 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. the city. This being a judicial office, wns the more acceptable as well as more honorable ; and being allowed to retain that of Master, the duties of both Ivere so great, and the emoluinents so considerable, that he gradual1y relinquished the incre active business of his profession, to which he mas not strongly attached. Frotn constitutional ciiffidence: or habits of study, he appeared not to feel confidei~tin the possession of the powers requisite to ensure pre-eminewe as an advo- cateaat the bar. In 1798, Governor Jay, who knew his worth and highly respected his charncter, offered him the office of Junior Judge of the Supreme Court, then vacant, which he accepted. This nppoirtment gratified his highest a~aEition. It placed him in a situation where he could more fully display his attni~-iments,and have a wider field for the inestigntion of legal science. In accepting the office, he relinquishcc!, for a limited in- come, 211 the flattering prcspects of increasing wealth that had opened to him during five years' residence in the city. Though most of' his friends doubted the wisdom of his choice, ho never regretted it. And all who feel interested in the pure ant[ enlightened administration of justice, have found reasor, to rejoice that he followed the dictates of his own judgment, in a matter so interesting to the ho1-10~and happiness of his after-life. On becoming n Judge, he returned to Poughlieeysie, but in the following ycsr he returned to Albany, where hc continued to reside until 1823. When he took his seat on the bencli of the Supreme Court, there were no reports of its decisions, nor any known or established precedents of its own, to guide or direct his judgment. The English law books were TOWN OF SOUTIIEAST. 309 freely cited, and the adjudications of English courts - regarded with the highest respect, and, in most cases, with the force of authority. The opiilioils of the judges were generally delive~edorally, with little regularity, and often after much delay. The law was in a state of great and painful uncertainty. I-Ie began by pre- paring a written and argumentative opii~ionin every case of sufficient importance to become a precedent for the future. These opinioi~she was ready to deliver at the day when the judges met to coi~sulton the decisions to be pronounced by the court. The other judges, pursuii~ga similar course: also gave their reasons in writing, supported by legal authorities. As he read with a pen in his hand, extracting, digesting, abridging, and making copious notes, the practice of writing opiilions was easy and agreeable. Besides making himself n~aste~of all the English adjudications applicable to the points under examination, he frequently brought to his aid the body of the civil law, and the writings of eminent Jurists of the countries in which that law prevails; especially, in the discussion of questions arising on persolla] contracts, or of commercial and maritime law, the principles of which have been so admirably unfolded and illus- trated bv Domat, Pothier, T'nlin, Emerigon, and others. Like eld den, Hale, and Mansfield, he thought law could not be well understood as a science, without seeking its grounds and reasons in the Roman law. From that great repository of cc written wisdom," he drew largely, engrafting its sound and liberal principles on the hardy stock of the English common law. Thus commenced that series of judicial decisions 330 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. which have enriched the jurisprudence of New York, and shcd their influence on that of other States. In 1800, he and Mr. Justice Radcliffe were appointed by the legislature, to revise the statutes of the State ; and in January, 1802, was published their edition of them, comprised i11 two volumes octavo. Without venturing to change the phmseology of the lan-s, they confincd themselves to the siilgle object of placing together the various acts of the legislature relative to the same object, so as to bring the origilixl enact- ments, and all subsequent additions and amendments, into o:le act ; and by a full and accurate index, to facilitate a reference to them. In July, 1804,he vias appointed Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, in which he continued to preside until 181.1. We shall not herc attempt to enter into any examination of the opinions delivercd by him during the time he was a Judge of that Court. They are contained in sixteen volumes of Reports, from January, 1799, to February, 1814 ; and the judgment of the public has long since been formed on their merit and importance. In February, 1814, he was appoiilted Chancellor. The powers and jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery were not clearly defined. There werc no precedents of its decisions, (if we except what might be gleaned from a few cases heard in the Court of Errors, on appeal, and reported by Mr. Johnson,) to which reference could be made in case of doubt; and it is a fact, that during the whole period of his sitting in Chanc~ry,froin 1814 to 1823, not a single opinion or dictum of his predecessors was cited. Without any other guide, he felt at liberty to exercise such powers. TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 31 P of the English Chancery, as he deemed applicable, under the constitution and laws of the State, subject to the correction of the Court of Errors, on appeal. As to the course of equity to be administered, it was to him, in effect, as if the Court had been then newly established. The causes before the Court were managed by a few lawyers. He opened wide its doors ; and his kindness and affability, his known habits of business and prompitude of decision, attracted xnnny to the Court. The number of causes rapidly increased, and it sooil acquired the nlost strei~uousand unceasing efforts of his active mind to hear and decide the cases brought before him. Bcsides his attencianee c'iilring- the regular terms of the Court, he was, at all times, easy of access at his chambers ; so that no one ever complained of delay, as to the hearing or decision of his cause. IIe considered the causes in the order in which they were prcscnted or argued, and did not leave one until he was fully prepared to delivor his judgment upcn it. I-Ie read the pleadings and &positions with the greatest attention, casefully abstrscting from them every material fact: and having become familiar with the merits of the cause, he was able, unless some technical or artificial rule was interposed, by his own clear moral perception, to discover :#here lay the equity of the case. Not content, however, with satisfying his conscience as to the justice cf his decision, he was studious to demonst;*ate that his judgment was supported by the well-establishecl principles of equity to be found in the decisions of the courts of that country from which our la~shave been derived. His researches on every point were so full, as to leave little or nothing to be supplied by 312 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. those who might afterwards wish to have his decisions re-examined, or to test the correctness of his conclusions. Accustomed to take a large view of jurisprudence, and considering law not as a collection of arbitrary and disconnected rules, but rather as a science founded on geileral principles of justice and equity, to be applied to the actions of inen in the diversified relations of civil society, he was not deterred, 11ut animated, by tkie i~oveltyand intricacy of a case; and while his mind was warmly engaged in the general subject, he sought, rather thnil avoided, difficult points, even when the discussioil of them was not essential to the decisioil of the main qucstio:~between the parties; so that nothing u:as suffered to pass without examination. His judicial opinioils ore, therefore, uncommonly interesting and iilstructive to all, but especially to those ~~hohave cornmeaced the study of the law, and aspire to elnincnce in that professioa. The decjsions in Chancery are contailled in seven volumes c~f Reports. On the 31st July, 1823, haring attained the age of' sixty pears, the period limited by the Constitution for the tenure of his oflice, he retired horn the Court, after hearing and deciding every case that had come before him. On this occasion the members of the bar residing in the city of New Yoi-k, presented him an address, from which, as corning from those most compe- tent, by their situation, to form a just estimate of his judicial character and services, me cannot refrain from giving some extracts. After speaking of the inestimable benefits conferred on the comn~unityby his judicial labors for five and twenty years, they ob- TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 313 serve : cc During this long course of services, so useful and honorable, and which will forin the most brilliant period in our judicial history, you have, by a series of decisions in law and equity, distinguished alike for practical wisdom, profound learning, deep research, and accurate discrimination, contributed to establish the fabric of our jurisprudence on those sound principles that have been sanctioned by the experience of mankind, and expounded by the venerable and enlightened sa,ges of the law. " Though others may hereafter enlarge and adorn the edifice whose deep and solid foundations were laid by the wise and patriotic framers of our government, in that common law which they claimed for the people as their noblest inheritance, your labors on this magnificent structure will for ever remain eminently conspicuous, commanding the applause of the present generation, and exciting the admiration and gratitude of future ages." A similar address was presented to him by the members of the bar in Albany, and also by those from the different Counties of the State, attending the Supreme Court at Utica, in August following. In the latter it is observed, that, ('In the space of little more than nine years, an entire and wonderful revolution in the administration of equity has been accomplished ;" and a reference is aptly made to the account given by Sir William Blackstone of a similar revolution in the English Chancery by Sir Henage Finch, afterwards h ail of Nottingharn, who became Chancellor in 1673. " The necessities of mankind," saj-s that writer, co-operated in his plan, and enabled him in the course of nine years, to build a system of jurispru- 27 314 HISTORY OF PUTNAni COUNTY. dence and jurisdiction upon wide and rational foundations." In the same address, speaking of their intercourse with him as a Judge, they called to mind . . *- so many instances of personal kindness-so many scenes of delightful instruction-so many evidences of pureness and singleness of heart-such a uniform and uninterrupted course of generous, candid, and polite treatment, that we are unable to express the fullness of our feelings, and can only say that our affection for you as a man, almost absorbs our venera- tion for you as a Judge." In these addresses, the bar were led to express a doubt as to the wisdom of that clause in the political constitution of the Stote, which ('compelled him in the fi~ullenjoyment of his intellectual faculties, to re- linquish a station he had filled with such consummate ability." And, in this case, at least, the application of the policy of that provision might well induce them to call in question the wisdom and expediency- of so singular a limitation. In August, he visited the Eastern States, and on his return home, he became al~l~rehensivethat after being so many years actively engaged in discharging the duties of a public station, the sudden transition to privacy and seclusion might produce an unfavorable effect on his health and spirits. He soon determined to remove to the city of New York to open a law school, and to act as chamber counsel. The trustees of the College again offered him the professorship of law ir, that institution, which he accepted ; and, in 1824, he prepared and delivered a series of law lectures, on a more comprehensive plan than that pursued in his former course. He also gave private in- TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 315 struction to students, who resorted to him from various parts of the United States. His parental kindness towards the young, and the frankness and affability of his manners, won their affection without dimi- nishing their respect ; and his conversation and ex- an~plecould not fail to inspire that ardor and emulation so conducive to their progress and success. His high reputation as a judge induced many, not only in the city, but in distant places, to consult him on difficult and important questions, and, instead of the brief answers usually returned by counsel, he gave full and argumentative opinions. Maily causes actually pend- ing in Court, were, by the agreement of the parties, submitted to his final decision. He had coiltinued for some years thus usefully and agreeably occupied, when, having discontinued his law lectures, he beganL to revise and enlarge them for publication ; and, in November, 1826, appeared the first volurne of the "Commentaries on American Law." This volume includes three parts ; the Law of Nations, the Go- vernment and Constitutioilsl Jurisprudence of' the United States ; and the various sources of Municipal Law. The second volume was published in Novem- ber, 1827, the third in 1828, and the fourth in 1830. The three last comprise the law concerning the rights of persons, and personal and real property. He has treated the several subjects con~prisedun - der these extensive and most important titles-the rights of persons and the rights of property-in a manner more full and satisfactory than Blackstone ; and has introduced many others, not found in the work of that author, with numerous references, quo- tations, and illustrations, the result of his various and 316 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. extensive reading, highly pleasing and instructive to the student. He has left untouched the subjects of private wrongs, and the mode of pursuing their reme- dies by actions in courts of justice ; of the powers and jurisdictions of judicial magistracy; and of public wrongs, or the law concerning crimes and punish- ments, which occupy the third and fourth volumes of the English Commentator. The work of Sir William Blackstone, by the elegance of its style, its lucid arrangement, and finished execution, is so well adapted to render the study of the law attractive, and to give a knowledge of the constitution and laws of England, well deserving the attention of every liberal mind, that it has been (though, for many years, more from necessity than choice,) wry properly placed in the hands of every student ; but as much of those admirable com1ne:it- aries relate to the political constitution of England, so different from our own-to its peculiar institutions, and to rights and duties, public and private, not exist- ing in this country-an American work, exhibiting our own constitution, laws, institutions, usages, and civil relations, had been long wanted. In the full maturity of his understanding, with a mind long habituated to legal ir~estigationsand researches, and with sound and enlightened views of jurisprudence, no man, perhaps, could have been found better fitted than Chim- cellor Kent to execute such a work, and it may diminish, in some degree, the regret felt for the loss sustained by the public and the legal profession, in being deprived of his valuable services on the bench, to know how usefully to the world and honorably to TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 317 himself, he has employed his time and talents in its performance. The limits prescribed to this brief memoir will not permit us, if it were proper, to go farther, or to enter into a particular examinatioil of the merits of this masterly work. The first edition of the Commentaries having been exhausted, he published a second in April, 1832, carefully revised and greatly enlarged. For one who has done so much for the improvement and diffusion of legal science, and who has now advanced to the limit ordinarily assigned to the duration of human life, it mould be ui~reasonableto aslr or expect more ; but while he appears to feel none of the infirmities of age, or to seek indulgence or repose, we cannot suppress a. wish, that he may yet be induced to present his view, also, of that system of equity and jurisprudence, to the formation and illustration of which his ow11 judicial labors have so largely contributed. Having been elected President of the New York Historical Society, he delivered, by request, a public discourse, at their anniversary meeting on the 6th December, 1828. In this elegant and instructing address, he very ap- propriately notices the principal events in the history of the Colony and State of New York, to the end of the Revolution, and mentions, with merited praise, some of the eminent patriots and statesmen of New York, who so ably assisted in achieving that Revolu- tion, and in securing its blessi~gto their posterity. If our attention could be oftener drawn froin the ab- sorbing pursuits of wealth and ambition, or the con- tests of selfish demagogues, to the contemplation of such illustrious examples of wisdom and virtue, we 27* 318 HISTORY OF PUTNAM CO ~n + 1. might find more perfect models for our imitation, and haply feel our hearts warmed with that pure love of country which glowed in their breasts. At the request of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, of Yale College, a literary association formed in 1780, of which he was an original member, and comprising the most distinguished &aduates of that seminary, he delivered a public address, at the anniversary meeting of the associates, on the 13th September, 1831. This di'scourse, in which he takes a historical survey of the College, from its origin in the beginning of the last century, and sketches the characters of its pious and learned founders, supporters, and instructors, is replete with generous feelings and just sentiments on literature and education. Alluding, towards the close, to his own class, of whom twelve (out of the twenty-five) were then living, and most of those present; he makes this natural and striking reflection : Star after star has fallen from its sphere. A few bright lights are still visible ; but the constellation itself has become dim, and almost ceases to shed its radiance around me. What a severe lesson of mortality does such a retros- pect teach ! What a startling rebuke to human pride! How brief the drama! How insignificant the honors and ' fiery chase of ambition,' except as mental disci- pline for beings destined for immortality." In the brief notice which we have taken of the principal events in the life of this eminent jurist, we have adverted to some of the distinctive qualities of his character ; and it will be perceived how pure, virtuous, upright, and honorable, that life has been, the full delineation of which must be reserved for some future biographer. Though not passed in scenes that TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 319 attract the general gaze of mankind, or exite the admiration and applause of the multitude, it has been highly distinguished, affording a bright and instructive example of industry and perseverance in the pursuit- of useful knowledge, and of unwearied diligence in the discharge of every duty, public and private. Chancellor Kent has three children-a son and two daughters ; the former was admitted to the bar a few years since. Happy in his family-amiable, modest, and candid in his social intercourse-kind, indulgent, and affectionate in his feelings-it would be pleasing, if it were proper, at this time, to speak of him in those private relations which awaken the best affections and warmest sympathies of our nature. With a sound constitution, strengthened and preserved by temper- ance and moderate exercise, he has enjoyed that perfect and uninterrupted health which is rarely the lot of the studious and sedentary. Possessing a cheerful temper, and a lively consciousness of existence, that fits him for enjoyment, he seeins to have experienced, in a high degree, those blessings for which the Roman poet bids the rational inquirer asfterhappiness to sup- plicate heaven, and those gifts have not been wasted or misapplied :

b LL Semita certe Tranquille per virtutern patet unica vitae." Since the foregoing was copied, death has removed this esteemed and venerable Inan from among us. At the time of his death, "his family consisted of his two daughters and an only son, the learned and well- known Judge of the First Circuit, William Kent, who resigned the office of Circuit Judge some years since, 320 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. and more recently gave up his Professorship at Cam- bridge, that he might cheer the latter days of his venerated and excellent father by his company and personal attentions.

cL Less than a year ago, Chancellor Kent was one of the pall- bearers of his friend Timothy Dwight, and was then as erect: hale, and active as a man of fifty. At 84, he was somewhat deaf, but his capacity for work was still wonderful, his conversation interesting and animated, and his temperament as viva- ciohs as when he was thirty years younger. He was unwell but for a short time before his death, which took place at half- past eight o'clock, December the lath, 19-17, at his residence in Union Square. "The Courts adjourned out of respect for his memory, and both Boards of the Common Council adopted resolutions in honor of his name and character. He was an exemplary Christian, a steadfast friend: an affectionate father. a tender husband, an ardent patriot, and a true lover and defender of his country's rights. So highly are his works esteemed abroad, that the Lord Chief Justice of England, Baron Denman, wrote to Judge Kent, some years since, to ac- knowledge the indebtedness of the legal professson throughout the world to him for his able Commentaries. "Chancellor Kent would not allow his Commentaries to be stereotyped, but kept watching the decisions of the tribunals of America, England, and other parts of Europe, in matters involv- ing important legal principles, with which he enriched his favorite work from time to time.,'

Capt. Joshua Barnurn.-The ancestors of this gentleman were from England. About 1650, three poor boys who were brothers, of the name of Barnum, emigrated from England to this country. They were unable to pay their passage-money, and sold themselves, for a limited time, to pay the sum advanced to the Captain of the vessel, by their purchasers. A man TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 321 of the name of Canfield; of Connecticut, bought enough of the time of the brother who was the grandfather of the subject of this brief memoir, and great grandfather of the Hon. Reuben D. Barnum of Carmel, to reimburse him for the passage-money. Canfield proved to be a hard master, and treated the boy with a good deal of severity. The young fellow said but little, put up with the treatment he received, but his countenance revealed a steady purpose, and his eye seemed to say, This is not to last always ; and when it does end, what has been sauce for the goose shall be sauce for the gander." He served his time out faith- fully, and on the morning of his discharge, Canfield called him into his room, and bade him take a seat beside him. Young Barnum, with eyes flashing at the recollection of past wrongs, accepted the proffered chair; and Canfield thus addressed him: " You are now about to leave me ; I hope you'll do well in the world and remember the lessons I have taught you.

Upon- the whole, I must say you have been a good boy, excepting some little matters. I am satisfied ; are you ?" Barnum, to whom every word appeared like fresh outrage and insult, because they were given by one whom he knew cared about as much for his welfare as he did for the dog that barked in the kennel, seized him by the coat-collar, and drawing him across his lap, he gave him half a dozen "digs in the short ribs" and elsewhere, and, throwing him from him, said, cc I am satisfied too ; I hope you'll remember the lesson I've given you. Good bye, Sir !" He took up his bundle and departed, again to buffet tyranny and battle with adversity. After meeting with some reverses, he hired himself to a respectable 322 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. farmer, whose daughter, in a few years thereafter, he married and left issue. Of their history, we are not informed; and we now return to the subject of our sketch. Capt. Barnum came from the town of Danbury in Connecticut, and settled where Elijah Barnum now lives, on the west side of the east branch of the Croton River. He had three sons, Stephen, Joshua, and Jonathan ; the latter is the only one now living ; and two daughters, Martha and Adah. Martha married Reuben Done ; Adah married Jeremiah Gage ; and both are dead. Stephen, the eldest son, was the father of the present Clerk of Putnam county. Capt. Barnum was in the battle at Ward's house in West- chester, was wounded, ta,ken prisoner, marched to New York, and confined in one of the prison-ships, which were stationed at the Wallabout, near Brooklyn. There were several condemned hulks there, used for the confinement of American citizens, soldiers, and seamen, taken prisoners by the British. There were two hospital-ships, called the Hope and Falmouth, intended for the sick, anchored near each other, about 200 yards east of another named the Old Jersey," which was the receiving ship. They were all, truly, ships of death, for in no other prisons, either on land or water, were so great an amount of suffering endured bvd civilized men. Into one of these he was thrust with a broken leg, to which but little attention was paid by the British. Inflammation, induced by the noxious vapors of a crowded vessel and his wounded leg, soon destroyed his right eye ; and a small bunch of bones dropped from his broken limb, which are now in the possession of Doc tor Barnum, of this town. While a pris- TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 323 oner, he and others were compelled to lie on the bare floor, with his leg undressed. A man by the name of John Roberts and six others died in one night, and were unremoved for the space of twenty-four hours by the British, although begged to do so by the whole body of prisoners. During his confinement he became very feeble and debilitated, and suffered extremely from a violent headache. After he was released, he got a barber to shave his head, which relieved him. About four years before his death, he was again attacked with the same kind of headache ; he insisted on having his grandson, Col. Barnurn, to lather and shave his head, believing in the virtue of the previous operation. It was done, and the pain left him. After the war he vent to New York, where he had

business to transact, and bouqhtL half a pound of Bohea tea, which he brought home to his wife. None, it seems, had been used at that time in this part of the country, and his wife was at a loss how to prepare it for use. Here was a dilemma not anticipated by the Capt., when he purchased the tea; and after resolves and counter-resolves by the family, it was resolved that the female counsellers of the neighborhood should be called together to decide the mooted point. They accordingly assembled, and, in high debate, proceeded to give their separate opinions respecting the mode in which this new comer, as yet only found in the circles of higher life, should be treated, and its virtues disclosed. One was for putting it in the pudding-bag and boiling it in milk ; another was for frying it in a pan with a little butter and water ; a third was for putting it in 324 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. the dish-kettle and boiling it. This proposition determined the conclave at once in its favor ; accordingly the half pound of tea was put in with a sufficiency of water, and duly boiled. For a teapot, they made use of a large earthen pitcher, and for tea-cups, bowls. Some drank more and some less ; but the one who had recommended the dish-kettle, drank by far the largest quantity, alleging that she wanted to "dis- kiver its aristocratic qualities, if it had any." They went home, and the next morning the Capt.'s wife saw the one who had drank so freely of the tea, standing at her door, and asked her how she liked it. The reply was,-" Last night I didn't sleep a wink-not one blessed wink ! I might about as well have attempted to sleep with a thorn under me?as that ar tea inside- it's the plaguyest stuf I ever did drink." On inquiry- it was found that all had been in the same predica- ment. Captain Barnum was born in 1737, and died in October, 1823. He came to this town about 1755, and settled on lot No. 11, on the west side of the centre line of the Oblong. He was six feet high, strong and muscular, and capable of enduring great hard- ship and fatigue. During the Revolution he was absent a great deal from his farm and family. His wife, in his absence, exercised supervision over the farm, and with the assistance of her sons, who were young, she managed to have it cultivated sufficiently for the wants of the family. At this time a young man of the name of Doty, whose family lived near Captain Barnum, and who had enlisted in the Ameri- can army, deserted. His mother was very much alarmed, lest, if taken, he would be hung as adeserter. TOWN OF SOUTHEAST. 325 In her trouble she applied to Mrs. Barnum, who, being a mother, could well appreciate the maternal feeling in others. By her direction, her oldest son, Stephen, the father of Col. Barnum, and then only sixteen years of age, took young Doty's place as a substitute, and served one campaign. Captain Barnum possessed a clear head and a strong mind, and was a patriot in principle and practice. His wife was equally a remarkable woman ; and although she could synlpathize with the innocent of her own sex, she mas unwilling that the defenders of her country should number one less ; and with all the heroic feeling of the Spartan mother of old, she gave her own beardless boy as a substitute to combat tyrants, and battle for the liberties of the country that gave her birth. TOWN OF KENT.

As we have before stated, this town was a part of the Fredericksburgh Precinct," which originally em- br'aced the whole of the County. After the organization of the " PhiZ+s' Precinct," which embraced nearly one-third of the west end of the County, the former contained this town, Carmel, Patterson, and Southeast. By the Act of the 7th March, 1788, the term "Pre- cincts" was dropped, and " towns" substituted ; and an additional town organized, which was called Southeast. By that Act, this town, including the now towns of Carmel and Patterson, was called FREDERICK'STOWN. About the time that Carmel and Patterson were taken from it, it uTas christened by the Legislature with its present name in honor of the Kent family, who were early settlers in this County, and greatly distinguished for their talents, intelligence, and manly virtues. A large part of this town is rough and unproduc- tive ; the western part of which is covered by the central Highlands. There is, however, some excellent land, which is under a good state of cultivation. The eastern part is hilly, and well adapted to grazing, to which the farmers generally, we believe, give their ! attention. It is centrally distant from New York about 60, and from Albany about 101 miles. Far- TOWN OF KENT. 327 mers' Mills and Coles' Mills, are the only villages in it; the former in the north-west, and the latter in the south part of the town.

EARLY SETTLEMEHT. This town was settled by the Boyds, Smallys.

Wixons, Farringtons,- Burtons, Carters, Meritts, Bar-

retts, Luddingtons,- with a few others from Massachu- setts and Westchester. Zachariah Meritt settled in this town about 1750, + and built a log-house in the meadow just east of the residence of Stillman Boyd, Esq. He planted himself, as it were, in the very midst of the Indians, who

had a settlement there. We have been informed bv.I the Hon. Judge Boyd, that he has ploughed up on the same meadow, more than two bushels of oyster-shells and arrow-heads. During the Revolution, Meritt took the British side of the question, and his land was confiscated by the State. About this time a family of the name of Jones settled in Peekskill Hollow, where John Barrett now resides. The Boyds are of Scotch descent. The great- grandfather of this family in this town came from Scotland to New York City; and from thence to Westchester. Ebenezer Boyd, grandfather of Bennet and Stillman Boyd, came from Westchester, and settled where Stillman Boyd now lives, about 1780. There were three brothers who emigrated from Scotland to this country during the " Rebellion" of the partizans of the Stewart dynasty in 1745. One of them settled 328 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. at Albany, known as Gen. Boyd, and died at the advanced age of 114 years. Another settled in the lower part of Westchester, and was great-grandfather of the family in this town. The other brother settled at New Windsor, in Orange County, and was the ancestor of the Boyd family in that County. A Inan of the name of Joseph Farrington was about the first settler at Farmers' Mills. During the 'c hard winter," a man of the name of Burton, put up the first grist-mill at that place.

About 1760, James Smallv,J Reuben, Robert, and Pelick Wixon, came from Cape Cod to this town, and settled about a mile east of Stillman Boyd. They were of English descent. A family of the name of Cole were also early settlers, as we are informed ; but are unable to say at what time they came.

Col. Henry Luddington, or cL Laddinton," as it was formerly spdt, made a settlement in this town about 1760. He was born in Connecticut; but his father emigrated from England. He settled, where his son still resides, in the north-west part of the town, known in the Revolution as Luddinton's Mills." A man by the name of Carter had settled at the same place a few years before. Col. Luddington was one of the most active, energetic, and unflinching patriots that was found in this part of the country during the Revolution ; and much do we regret our inability, from the want of materials, to do justice to the character and sterling virtues of this Revolutionary patriot. The governmental records, however, show him, in connexion with the Barnums, Cranes, and a few others, to have been one of the bold TOWN OF KENT. 32'9

C defenders of our country's rights. He left six sons and six daughters ; of whom only two of the former and one of the latter are now living.

Extract from LL Fredericksburgh Records A,"

LL April ye 7th Day and first Tuesday 1747. Matthew Roe, Clark Supervisor Chosen Samuel Field Constables Chosen Viz : Joseph jacocks John Dickeson George Huson William Bruster Nathan Taylor Senr Colloctor Joseph Lane Seesser Capt : James Dickeson Seessor

High Way Masters Chosen viz : Jacob Vandweel James Seers Jbseph Husted Joseph Crane Richard Curry Samuel Field Isaac Rhoades Daniel Townsend George Curry Uriah Townsend William Gee Barttlett William Sweett Caleb Heason

Pounders chosen viz Thomas Kirkkun John Gee and Amos Dickeson

Fence Viewers chosen via Daniel Townsend Isaac Roads Amos Dickeson Isaac three hill Abraham Smith John Rogers The following named persons appear to have beer, in the Fredericksburgh Precinct in 1747, who were freeholders, or occupying land as tenants. We first remark, however, that this precinct included, at this time, all of the towns now embraced in Putnam 28* 330 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

County, viz. : Kent, Patterson, Carmel, Southeast, Putnam Valley, and Philipstown. In 1772, Philips' Precinct, embracing both Philipstown and Putnam Valley, mas erected ; and, in 1773, the Southeast Pre- cinct was organized. By the Act of March vth, 1788, "for dividing the counties of this State into towns," the Precincts were changed to towns ; and hence Philips' Precinct became Philipstoyn ; Southeast Pre- cinct, Southeast town ; while the remaining part of ~redericksbur~hPrecinct was called Frederick's town, embraced the new towns of Kent, Patterson, and Car- mel. Barber, in his Historical Collections, says, that Southeast was organized in 1795; but this is evidently 3 historical mistake, as the Act, above alluded to, shows.

Cristoph fowler, Joseph Lane, WillSam Gee, Amos Dickinson, JtTilliarn Taylor, James Kirkun, Thomas Kil-kun, James M. Creedy, John Dralcc, Uriah Hill, Rickcobus Cart-might, George Curry, Samuel Fieltl, Edward Ganong, John RyJer, Richard peters, Jeremiah Cal kin, John Williams, John Mobcrry, Andrew Roble, George huson, Ephraim Smith, Isaac Roads, William Smith, Benjamin Rrundage, William Drake, Vallentine Perkins, Zedekiah Kirkun, Dan'l Tou-nsend, Thomas Kirkun, David Paddock, George Scott, Uriah Townsend, Isaac Rhoads, Will Hunt, John Names, Old Cole, Joshua Hamblin, Abraham Smith, Joseph Hopkins, TOWN OB KE'NT.

Abraham Lock, Isaac Merrick, Caleb Heaz, David Merick, Michell Sloat, John Harick, Elijah tompkins, John Thorne, Daniel Parish, Schirran Travis, Edtvarrl Gray, Joshua Parrish, John Dickinson, Jacob Parrish, Absalom Smith, John Ganong, Sam711Hunt, Joseph Dewey, Jonathan Lane, Noah Burbank, Jonathan O'B rien, David Sturdeuant, Isaach Horton, Thomas Crosby, Richard Cory, Pelig Baley, Thomas Devenport, Isaac Barton, Joseph Mead, Thomas Coltvell, Thomas Paddock, Matthes Burgus, Gabriel Knap, Israel Taylor, Joseph Chatoren, James Bell, Bartlit Crondy, Tfrilliam Stone, John Backer, Edward Rice, Israel Smith, John Sprag, Thomas Townsend, Isaac Smith, Benjamin Jacos, Richard Rodes, Kehemiah Horton, Thomas Philips, Cornolocs Tompkinge, Jonathan Briant, Elisha Cangs John tarbe, James Akely, \lTilliam Deusenberry, David Smith, / Solomon Jenkins, Isah Jacox, Josiah Forgason, Isaac treehill, Dan'l Crawford, Cristefor Alley, stephen faronton, Moses Dusenberry, 3ohn Landon, Jeremiah JifEers, John Mead, Isaac finch, John Meeks, Andres Barger, Gilbert Travis, George Feelds, Joseph Stateer, Amos fooler, Xehemiah Wood, f rancis B eacker, John Heaus, Robert fooler, David Sears, 332 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY..

John Larnce, Joseph Colwell, Joseph Ganong, Jacob Ellis, Elisha Cole, Regam Parrish, Elnathan Gregy, Bethnell Balleau, William Sturdeuant, John Addams, Nathan Birdsall, Pise Parrish, Jabez Berry, Nathaniel Nickerson, Benamin Jackish, Zenis Nickeson. Matthies Burns, There were others, doubtless, who resided in this- Precinct, whose names are not found on the town book. Beside other sources of information, we are satisfied from the names given above, that Predericks- burgh Precinct, at this time, embraced the whole of Philipstown under its original organization. In the above extract from the Precinct Book, we find the names of Thomas Devenport, who, at that time, resided at Cold Spring, on the Hudson ; and John Rogers, who kept a tavern a little south of Justus Nelson's mill, on the old post-road. In the above extract of names, we have written them as spelled in the Record, using the same kind of letters, as are there found in the commencement of the christian and surnames.

5 ... Farmers' Mills.-A hamlet eight miles from Car- mel, on the road leading from Cold Spring to Patter- son. It contains 2 or 3 stores, 2 taverns, a Pos~office, a grist, saw, fulling-mill, and a tannery. Its name is owing to the fact, that the first mill was erected for the accommodation of farmers in that vicinity; no sale-work being done there at that time for other parts of the country. Coles' Mill." small collection of houses on the road from Cold Spring to the village of Carmel, about TOWN OF KENT. 333 three miles west of it. It contains a gist mill, saw mill, and fulling mill. It is named after the family of Coles who settled the place. One of the west branches of the Croton runs through it. Dick Town.-A small district of country lying south of the Cold Spring turnpike, near Justice Forshay's. A large number of persons of the-name of Richard resided there. The nickname of Richard is Dick, by which they were generally called, and owing to the multiplicity of the name, their neighbors called it cc Dick Town." Smalley Hill.-An eminence about half a mile east of Stillman Boyd's, and is named after the Smalley family. White P0nd.A beautiful sheet of water about half a mile east of Farmers' Mills. It is nearly a mile long and half a mile broad, and named after a family bv.r the name of White. Forge Pond.-This pond is about sixty rods east of Farmers' Mills. Forty years ago, a forge was erected at the west end of it at its out-let ; and hence its name. It was formerly a marsh. The White Pond runs into it. It is about one-fourth of a mile long and fifty rods wide. China Pond.-A handsome body of water, nearly circular, one mile south of Farmers' Mills ; and nearly a half a mile in length. The reason for its being so called, we are unable to give, but believe it was owning to the fact, that a small basket full of China- ware was thrown into it by a wife, to spite her drunken husband. Pine Pond is about one and a half miles south of White Pond, three-quarters of a mile long and half a 334 HlSTOIRY 03' PUTNAM COUNTY. mile wide. Its margin was copered with pine timber, and hence its name. Dean Pond is about one mile south of Samuel Townsend's, and almost round, being about 60 rods in length and breadth. It takes its name from the family of Deans, who lived near it. The above named ponds contain perch, pickerel, with the more common kinds of fish; and are resorted to in the summer season by the amateurs of the fishing-rod, - ... TOWN OF PATTERSON.

THIStown, as we have before remarked, was originally named Franklin, when organized in 1795. The back short lot of Beverly Robinson embraced nearly its whole area. Its population in 1840 was 1,349, and in 1845, 1,289. Situated in the north-east part of the county, its farmers are further removed from Peeks- kill in Westchester, where the eastern section of the county have heretofore, we believe, done their " marketing," than those of PutnamValley,Carmel, and South- East. This inconvenience will soon be obviated by the New York and Harlem Railroad, which passes through this town, and which will afford a speedy transportation of the farmer's produce to the great metropolis of the country. Its surface is hilly, and with few exceptions, the high grounds are cultivated and productive. Those parts which we visited seemed better adapted to grazing than for grain, although some with whom we have conversed pronounce it well-nigh equally suited to both. Every variety of agricultural product is raised, and the soil, generally, is as productive as any in the county. The streams are not numerous ; the east branch of the Croton furnishes the greatest amount of hydraulic power, and that, at certain seasons of the year, is small. There are but two ponds in the whole town. It is bounded on the north by the south line of Dutchess 336 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. county ; on the east by Connecticut ; on the south by Southeast and Carmel; and on the west by the town of Kent. We should think that the agricultural wealth of this town, in proportion to its size, is equal to that of any other in the county. The soil in the vicinity of Patter- son village is loam and sand : in other parts loam and gravel predominate. We made but a flying visit to this town, and that was to " The City." We confess we are poorly prepared to do it justice. Its distance from our abode, and the wearisome ride necessary to be taken across the central Highlands over a, bad road, must be our apology for the brief and imperfect notice it receives at our hands.

EARLY SETTLEMENT. This town was principally settled by Scotch families, or their descendants. Some few came here from Westchester and New York, but the greater number were from Massachusetts and Connecticut. A large number of families from Cape Cod came into this town, Southeast, and Carmel, about the same time. William Hunt, the grandfather on his mother's side of Daniel Hains, Esq., came from Rhode Island and settled down about three miles north of Haviland's Corner, in 1745. A tavern is kept there now by a man of the name of Sill. He had three sons, Samuel, Daniel, and Stephen, and one daughter, Deborah. His brother Daniel, came about two years afterwards, and located about a mile and a half from him. Stephen, the youngest son, was a lieutenant in the Continental army, and was engaged in the battle at TOWN OF PATTERSON. ,337 White Plains. After the war, he settled down along the Mohawk, and died there. The other two brothers were tories, and took the " King's side ;" af~erthe war, one went north, probably to Canada, and the other settled in the southerti part of Ulster County. Shortly after Hunt's arrival, two men by the name of Bobbin and Wilmot, settled at Patterson Village; the former was a blacksmith, and the latter a saddler. When the war broke out, they both went to New York, and joined the British Amy. About this time, Capt. Daniel Hzecock, and the grandfather of James Towner, Esq., made a settlement in the vicinity of the village, but at what particular time we are not informed. Asa I-lains, who had served three years in the French War, at its termination, came to this to~v11and settled where Reed Aiken now lives, about a mile east of Haviland's Corner. Previous to which, however, he lived about two miles south of it. He was born in Rhode Island, and came from thence' to Long Island where he enlisted in the English army ; and was ordered to the north. He had five sons, Enoch, Charles, William, Archibald, and Daniel, of whom the two latter are now living, and five daughters, Lucy, Abigail, Debo- rah, Sarah, and Betsy. Two of whom, Abigail and Betsey, are still living. About 1748, Daniel Close settled at Haviland's Corner. Where he came from, we have not been able to learn. About the same time the Jones and Crosbys came and settled in the southern part of the town. Roswell Wilcox,r settled about a mile south of Patterson Village at an early day, but whether before or after the old French war, we are not informed. 29 338 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. A few years before the French war, Matthew Pat- terson, grandfather of James Patterson, Esq., came from Scotland to Xew York city, and at the age of eighteen enlisted as a captain of a company of artifi- cers in the British army, under Gen. Abercrombia. After the war he went back to the city, and a few years thereafter he removed to where his grandson, the above-named James Patterson, Esq., now resides. He was a member of the State Legislature nine years in s'uccession, and for several, a County Judge. He had three sons, John, James, and Alexa.nder, and four daughters, Martha, Jane, Susan, and Marga- ret. All are now dead ! He was a member of the Legislature when Col. Beverly Robinson's land in this county mas confiscated. Having voted for the meas- ure, probably it accounts for his refusal to become a purchaser under the Act, from feelings of delicacy as a legislator. He purchased, however, from one who had derived his title from the State, 160 acres, on which his gentleinanly descendant now resides. About the same time, one Capt. Kidd, who came from Scotland, settled bet.cveen Patterson Village, and Haviland's Corner. At the time Burgoyne was attempting to force his way down the Hudson, Washington moved three bri- gades into this town, where they were encamped, in order to reinforce Gates, had he been forced to retreat, and check the enemy. They were encamped 011 the lands now owned by Judge Stone and Benja- min B. Haviland. An aged citizen asserts that one brigade was from Pennsylvania, one from South Caro- lina, and one from Georgia ; the two latter we are inclined to think were from New Jersey or Connecti- TOWN OF PATTERSON. 339 cut, or from the latter and Massachusetts. Washing- ton, with his life-guards, had his head-quarters where Legrand Hall now lives. The few facts that we have hastily gleaned concerning the early settlement of this town, so hastily flung together, me have obtained from Daniel Hains, Esq., and James Patterson, Esq. Mr. IIains wants but a few days to being eighty-four years of age ; and a more active, healthy, and sprightly old man of his age it has never been our fortune to encounter. His healthful and vigorous appearance did not more surprise us than the business we found him employed at. And what, reader, do you suppose it was ? Some of you, perhaps, who suppose a man must necessarily be old at forty, and bed-ridden at fifty, will answer, "in the house, or in his bed ;" you might, probably, long before you reach his age be found there. The simplicity that marked the age and mode of living, when he commenced life has long since disappeared, and luxury, with its untold evils in its train, is sapping the health and shortening the lives of the present generation. We found this old gentleman on a hill-side, so steep as to require some exertion to ascend it, with a crow-bar in his hand, engaged in raising or digging out stones and rocks. He told me that he was very near-sighted and somewhat deaf, but in all other respects felt perfectly well. He is a remarkable man, and we can state a fact concerning him which probably cannot be said of any other living man, in the county ; and it is this : He bas seen five generations of his own family-his grandfather, father, himself, his children, and grandchildren. His wife, who is still living, is about his 340 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

own age, and when we saw her, she moved about the room unassisted by stick or cane with as much apparent ease as a woman of fifty. Alas, for the de- generacy of our times ! but few of us can hop& to reach the good old age already attained by this venerable couple. We live too fast, and more for show than for health and happiness. Judging from appearances, they have as good a chance for living ten or fifteen years longer as any of us.

ESTRSCT FROM THE TOWN RECORD.

bL At the first town meeting of the Freeholders and inhabitants of Franklin held at the House of James Phillips on Tuesday the 7th day of April 179.5. Voted That Samuel Cornwall be town Clerk.. Voted that Samuel Tomner be Supervisor. Benjamin Haviland, Nehemiah Jones, Assessors. Stephen Heap, David Hickok, Senr., 8i Overseers of the Poor- Jabez Elxvell, Solomon Crane, Elisha Brown, & Commissioners of Highways. Abner Crosby, 1 Abel Hodges, Collector and Constable. David Barnum, Constable..

Path Masters. George Burtch, Esqr., Joseph Rogers, Benjamin Lane, Stephen Yale, James Birdsell, Abel Hadges, Jabez Elwell, Isaac Crosby,. Daniel Haynes, Blackleduck Jessup, John McLean, Elisha Brown, TOWN OF PATTERSON.

Samuel Colwell, Abner Crosby, Abraham Mabee, Sr., Jacob Read, and Solomon Fowler, Elisha Gifford. Fence Viewers. Jabez Elwell, Junr., Rosx-ell Willcox, John Ttt-eady, David Hickok, Zachariah Hinman! Peter Terry, Thomas Birdsell, Enos Ambler, Abijah Starr, Simon Perry, and Elijah Stone, Nathaniel Foster. Pound Masters. John Tw-eady, Rosm-ell J5rillcos, & Silas Burtch, A~llosRogers.. Votcd That the next Tnv-n Meeting shall be held at the Pres- byterian Meeting House. Voted that the sum of sixty pounds be raised for the mainte- nancc of the Poor of this to\~-.n.': Pottc?-son TTiZlage.-This village, sometimes called Patterson City, during, the Revolution and previous thereto mas called Frcdericksburg, and lies in a rich agricultural district in the valley of the Croton. It is about eight miles north-east of Carmel, and one mile south of the Dutchess county line. The Post Ofice. which formerly was located heye, was reqoved to Havila.nd's Corner, a little inore than a mile east of it, by the Hon. F. Stone, when he was appointed Post Master a few years since. The country i11 the iri- cinitv and suburbs of the village is charming. The land bears evideace of n neat and enlightened husbandry, with taste in the appearailcc presented by the houses and their appendages. The gently rolling enr- face of the land, its fi-ecdom from stone, stumps, and bushes-the rich verdure of the fields, and substantial 29* 342 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY. fences enclosing them-the smooth, excellent roads- all combine to make n ride throngh this portion of the county extremely pleasant and agreeable to a lover of rural scenery-. The New York and Harlem Rail- road runs between this village and IIaviland's Corner. It was namcd after the Patterson family, which early settled in the town, the descendal~tsof which are still found here. Haciland's Cornet-.-This place is about one and a fourth mile east of Patterson T-illage; and is named after Benjamin IIaviland, Esq., who resides there. A Post Office is kept here. On the Post Office Register it is called " Haviland's I3[ollotv." The Hollow is about one and a half miles in length, and one hundred rods in breadth, running east and west. Tow i2ers.-This place was formerly called the 9'onr Co?*net*s,"but is now known by the above name, from James Towner, who lives there, and keeps a public-house. A post omcc and a store is also kept here. Two roads, intersecting each other at right angles, caused it to be called the Four Corners. It is about two miles soutll of Patterson Village, on the road to Car illel Village. Cranlpj-ry EIilZ is n small eminonce about half a mile east of Judge Stone's residence, over which runs the Birch rood. It lies in the east part of the town, and is partly cultivated. Cranberries grew on it ; and hence tho name. Pine island.-This roclcy lcdge or eminence lies in the middle of the Great S'uamp, about fifteen rods west of Croton river. This sn7amp traverses nearly the wllule length of the town, and is narrower at the south than at the north end of it. The Island covers ?OWN OF PATTERSON. 343 thirty acres of the Swamp, which is about one mile wide. This ledge of rocks rises about two hundred feet above the level of the swamp. It abounds in pines, and hence its appellation. Hinckley Po?zd.-This large body of water lying in the south-west part of the town, is one mile long and half a mile broad. It contains excellent perch, pickerel, and other kinds of fish. Its west bank forms the west line of the I-Iarlen~railroad. It is named after the Hincklcy family. Little Pond-This sheet of water is in the southeast part of the town, about four miles from the Hinckley Pond, and contains the same kind of fish. It is about half n mile lonq, and a little more than half C a mile in breadth. Its name is the consequence of its being the smallest of the two ponds in this town. The Croton river runs through this town from north to south, and the town of Southeast, ere it receives the main west branch with its srnaller tributaries.

REVOLUTIONARI* IIOCSES STILL STANDING. 1. The old house in which Jarnes Patterson, Esq., now lives. It mas built by his grandfather, Matthew Patterson, a Judge of the Coinmoil Pleas, of Dutchess County, who kept a tavern in it, in the Revolution. 2. The old house now occupied bj- Jaines C. Hoyt, in Patterson Vllage. 3. The house now occupied by the widow Dean, about half-a-mile west of Patterson Village. 4. The old house now occupied by Cyrus H. Fletch- er, between Patterson Village ai~dIIeviland7s Corner. Beverly Robinsoi~,Jun., who mas Lieut.-Col. of the Regiment commanded by his father in the British 34-4 HISTORY OF PUTNAM COUNTY.

Army, called the " Loyal American Regiment," at the beginning of the Revolution occupied a farm in this town, which \as located in Haviland Hollow, and now owned in part, me believe, by George Stokum, Esq. It was appropriated by the Commissioners of sequestration as a rendezvous for military stores, and keeping cattle, which were collected for the use of the American Army. ': Monday Afternoon, April 21, 1777. :' The Convention met pursuant to adjournment. Present-Col. Van Cortlandt, Vice-President j Mr. Van Cort- landt, Mr. Harper, Mr. Bancker, Gen. Scott, Mr. Dunscombe- New york. Mr. W. Harper, Mr. Nen-kerk-Tryon. Colo. De \iTitt, Major Tappen, bIr. Cantine-Ulster. Mr. Abm. Yates, Mr. Bleecker, Mr. Cuyler, 31r. Ten Broeck. Colo. Livingnton, Mr. Gansevoort--4lbany. Mr. G. Livingston-Dutchess. Col. \Villiams, Major llTebster-Charlotte. Mr. Smith, Mr. Tredwell, Mr. Hobart-SuKolk. Judge Graham, Colo. Drake, Mr. Lockn-ood-JTestchester. 1Mr. Stevens-Cumbcrland. Colo. Allison, Mr. Clark--Orange.

;L General Scott, to whom \\-as referred the lctter from Hugh Hughes, deputy quarter-master-general: relotire to the farm of Beverly Rol)inson, Junior, reported as follo\~--s,to \\-it : That thev are of opinion that, as a very considerable lodgment of stores in the quarter-masterls departn~entis formed at Morri- son's Mills, in Fredericksburgh, in tlie couilty of Dutchess, to and from which there will be much carriage, s proper farm in in its vicinity, for supporting tlic czttle that may from time to time be employed in that department of service, will be absolutely necessary; and that the farm lately in the occupation of Beverly Robinson: Junior, \dl be very conrcuicnt for that purpose. It is therefore the opinion of your committee, that the commissioners of sequestration in the county of Dutchess be TOWN OF PATTERSON. 345 directed to lease the said, farm for one year to the said deputy quarter-master-geneml, at such rent as they shall think proper, notwithstanding any treaty for thc same that may have been in agitation between the said commissioners and any individual person, for the use or occupation of the said farm.

'b Resolved, That this Convention doth agree with their Com- mittee in their said report."

APPENDIX.

I JUDGES OF PUTNAM COMMOK PLE-IS, FROM 1812 TO THIS TIME. 1812, Stephen Barnum, lst, 1823, Barnabas Carver, ;; Robert Johnston, Stephen C. Barnum, Harry Garrison, James Tall-ner, Barnabas Carver. Edward Smith. 1813, Joseph Crane, 2829, Frederic Stone, lst, tL Robert Johnston, Bellnet Boyd, " Harry Garrison, " Samuel Washburn, ;; John Crane, Ebenezer Foster, Stephen Hoyt. Cyrus Horton. 1815, Barnabas Carver, 1832, Harry Garrison. Robert Johnston, 1833, Bennet Boyd, lst, Harry Garrison, David Kent.

L( Jonathan Blorehouse, 1835, Stephen Pinclmey. John Patterson. 1836, Ebenezer Foster. 1818, Harry Garrison, lst, 1838, David Kent, " Barnabas Carver, ;: Bennet Boyd, Ist, John Patterson, :* John Garrison, Jonathan &'lorehouse. 1841, Henry J. Belden, 1820, Abraham Smith, Cornelius Warren. William Watts, 1843, Robert P. Parrot, lst, ;; David Jackson, Azor B. Crane, John Patterson, " Benjamin B. Benedict,

LL John Hoyt. Thacher '13. Theal. 1821, Barnabas Carver, 1845, Nathaniel Cole. " Jonathan hlorehouse, 1847, Azor B. Crane, elected l* \lTilliam V7atts, Judge and Surrogate

;; Abraham Smith. under the new Con- 1823, Harry Garrison, stitution. 348 APPENDIX.

ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. 1812, Enoch Crosby, 1813, John Hoyt, William Watts. Enoch Crosby, 1813, David L. De Forest, Rowland Bailey. Jonathan Ferris, 1815, Enoch Crosby.

LIST OF S'C'RROGITES. 1813, Joel Frost, 1836, Walker Todd. " Joel Frost. 1839, Howard 11. White. 1819, Walker Todd. 1840, Abraham Smith. 1821, Jo,el Frost. 1844, Azor B. Crane. 1823, Jeremiah Hine. 1847, Azor 36. Crane, elected 1827, Jeremiah Hine . under the new Con- 1832, Walker Todd. stitution.

LIST OF COCKTY CLERKS. 1820, Rowland Bailey. 1835, Jonathan hlorehouse. 1823, Jonathan Morehouse. 1838: William H. Sloat. 1826, Jonsthan &Ioreho~ise. 1840, Reuben D. Barnum. 1829, Jointhan Morehouse. 1843, Reuben D. Barnum. 1832, Jonathan Morehouse. 1846, Reuben D. Barnurn.

LIST OF SHERIFFS. 1812, William H. Johnston. 1822, Edward Buckbee. 1813, Peter Crosby. 1823, Edward Buckbee, 1814, Peter Crosby. 1826, Thomas \IT.Taylor. 1815, Peter Warren. 1823, Joseph Cole, 2nd. 1816, Peter Warren. 1832, Nathaniel Cole. 1817, Petcr Warren. 1835, Thomas MT. Taylor. 1818, Peter Warren. 1838, George W. Travis. 1819, Edn-ard Buckbee. 1840, William IV. Taylor. 1820, Edward Buckbec. 1843, Jaines Smith. 1821, Joseph Cole. 1846, William JV. Taylor.

NOTARY PUBLICS. 1816, Peter Warring. 1840, John P. Andrews. 1828, John P. Andretvs. 1843, John P. Andrews. 1834, John P. Andrew. 1844, Williarn J. Blake, 1837, John P. Andrews. " Reuben D. Barnum. 1839, John P. Andrews. APPENDIX. 349

LIST OF DISTRICT ATTORNEYS. 1818, Walker Todd. 1841, Frederic Stone. 1821, Frederic Stone. 1844, Frederic Stone. 1829, Jeremiah Hine. 2847, Charles Ga Nun, elected . 1832, Jeremiah Hine. under the new Con- 1836, Jeremiah FIine. stitution. 1838, Frederic Stone.

ATTORNEYS' KAMES. 1812, George W. Niven. 1836, Stephen D. Horton, 1813, Frederic Stone, " Lewis Robison. ' William Nelson, 1839, Eleazer M. Swift, Amos Belden. " Elijah Yerks, 1815, Walker Todd, " Howard H. White. '' Henry B. Lee, 1840, Thomas Nelson, William Brown, " Ebenezer C. Southerland, " John Philips. Silas H. Hickok, 1816, Cornelius Master, Owen F. Coffin, LL Philo Ruggles. " William Fullerton. 1817, William H. Johnston, 1841, J. H. Ferris. Edward Buckbee, 1842, Samuel F. Reynolds, Li Moses Hatch, LL Benjamin Bailey. LA Jonas Strong, 2843, John Curry-, " Isaac Hoffman, Charles Ga Nun, LL Robert P. Lee. Charles S. Jorden, 1818, E. Nye. " William J. Blake. 1819, James Youngq f 8% John S. Bates, Stephen Cleveland, Thomas R. Lee, " James W. Oppie, " James HI Dorland. LL Samuel B. Halsey, 1846, William A. Dean, LL Jeremiah Hine, ' Calvin Frost. LL Samuel Youngs, 1847, John G. Miller, J. W. Strang. " James D. Stevenson, 1820, Henry B. Ccwles. Charles M. Tompkins.

LIST CORONERS. 1812, William Brown, 1819, Samuel Townsend. Edward Buckbee. 1820, Henry Holdane, 1813, Edward Buckbee. " David Dingee, 1816, Joseph Benedict, '' Erastus Smith, LL Samuel Townsend. '( Orrin b1:. Armstrong, 1817, Joseph Benedict . '' James Dykeman. 1818, Orrin M. Armstrong, 1891 James Dykeman, David Mooney, Henry Holdane, Henry Holdane, " David Dingee, '' Samuel Townsend. ' William Brown. 1819, 0rrin M. ~rmstroi~, 1822, Henry Holdane, Henrv Holdane, Nathaniel Delavan. 350 APPENDIX.

1822, James Dy keman. 1835, Stillman Boyd. 1823, Henry Holdane, 1837, James J. Smalley. Asahel Cole, 1838, John F. Haight, William Raymond. " Cornelius Nelson, Jr., 1826, Benjamin Dykeman, Jr ., Abraham Everett. cc William H. Sloat, 1839?Amos Tompkins, " Edmund Burtch, " Selah Gage. cc Nathaniel Delavan. 1841, Cornelius Nelson, Jr., 1829, William Raymond, LL Jeremiah Dewel. John Garrison. 1843, Addison M. Hopkins, 1832, Lewis Rogers, L' James Barker. Seymour Allen, 1845, Hart Weed, LL David Dingee, Elisha C. Baxter? LL John F. Haight. " Cyrus Chase. 1835, Lewis Rogers, 1846, James Barker. John F. Haight, EXTRACT FROM THE SIXTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1841. Free Wliite Males. Under 5 years of age . . w . 1,001 5 and under 10 860 - loandunder15 792 15 and-under 20 . 755 20 and under 30 . . 1,144 30 and under 40 . 748 40 and under 50 56 1 50 and under 60 . . . 326 60,and under 70 213 70 and under 80 . 85 80 and under 90 26. 90 and under 100 . 2 Total Free White Males . 6,513 Free White Females. Under 5 years of age . . 927, 5 and under 10 852 10 and under 15 . 699 15 and under 20 705 20 and under 30 . 1,051 30 and under 40 . 688 40 and under 50 . 566 50 and under 60 298 60 and under 70 188 70 and under 80 126 80 and nnder 90 39 90andunder100 . 5 Total Free White Females . . 6,144 APPENDIX. 351

Free Colored Males. Under 10 years of age . . 34 10 and under 24 27 24 and under 36 12 36 and under 55 14 55 and under 100 -6 Total Free Colored Males . 93 Free Colored Females. Under 10 years of age . 17 10 and under 24 24 24 and under 36 16 36 and under 55 8 55 and under 100 9

Total Free Colored Females . 74 Female Slave. 55 years of age and under 100 . 1 Nlunber of persons employed in Agriculture . . 3,125 Commerce . 100 Manufactures and trades . . 916 Navigation of the ocean 92 Navigation of canals, lakes, and rivers 31 Lzarned professions and en~ineers . 48 Number of Pensioners for revolutionary or military services 19 White persons-blind 1 Insane and idiots-at public charge . 3 At private charge . 13 Schools, &c.-Primary and common schools . 63 Number of scholars 2,935 Number of scholars at public charge . 15 Number of white persons over 20 years of age, who cannotreadandwrite . 638 Hotels, Stores, Trades and Profession s. I Towns. Total amourlt of salaries payable No. of Manu- No. of hle- No. of At- No. of Cler- to clergymen of all denorninationa NO. of P~Y- facturcrs. chanics. torneys. gymen. for the year, including perquisites sicians and - -and the use of real estate by them.--- Surgeons* Phili stown, . . .. 325 1 8 3325 4 I -7 - out K east, . . .. 1 154 3 970 3 Patterson, . . .. I - 43 1 3 1000 2 , - - Kent, . . . . . I 47 5 250 1 Putnam Valley, . .. 1 GO - 2 - 1 Carmel, . . , .. G 144 3 5 1965 4 ------8-. 14 773 6 36 75 10 I Total, . . . 1 ------15

No. of male No, of per- popu1a- NO, of male NO of fcrnalc persons in tile NO. of pau- sons of oo- Towns. pergon8 in the persons in tllc county subject c,"!:;$ per8 in the lor in the county. county. elltitled torote ized iu tllc ateleotions. county. county. - county not duty. taxed.

-- -- -I------Philipstown, . 4209 2175 2034 405 834 170 5 2 Southeast, . . 2044 1073 971 289 486 39 - 51 Patterson, . . 1289 617 672 111 308 2 - 24 Kent, . . . 1729 885 844 121 431 5 65 5 Putnam Valley, 1698 833 765 138 370 - - 3 Carme], . . 2389 1175 1214 234 580 6 5 34 ------Total,-- . . 13,258 6758 6500 1298 3009 222 75 119 -- -- - 4. -.- I No. of persons of No of married No. of unmarried No. of marriages No. of persons of fen;ales under females between NO. of unmarried Towns. who are lvhoare females under 16 the age of 45 the ages of 16 duringin the thecounty pre- taxed. legal voters. years of age' . ------years. and 45.- cedi:lg year. Philipstown, .... - - 599 268 935 34 Southeast, ..... 22 3 227 191 346 29 Patterson, ..... 1 - 145 153 224 12 Kent, ...... - - 209 135 357 18 o Putnam Valley, ... - - 212 116 327 35 2 Carmel, ...... - - 298 237 460 25 ------a ------a ---- - Total, .... 23 3 1690 I100 2649 153

No. of births in the No, of deaths in the No. of persons in county during tlie pre- county during the year NO. of persons in of persons in tile county born Towns. ceding year. preceding. the county born in theany county ofthe born N, in any of the the state of N. Y. other states in Males. England states, Females. --Rlales. Females. the Union. Philipstown, .... 81 87 12 8 3576 60 51 Southeast, ..... 23 22 11 9 1339 166 10 Patterson, ..... 21 14 7 8 1162 114 5 Kent, ...... 33 87 13 11 1702 13 4 Putnam Valley, ... 35 35 6 2 1567 11 2 Carmel, ...... 42 38 13 16 -- -- 221 7 55 24 Total, 235 223 L . 62 54 11,563 419 96 354 APPENDIX. KO. of yards of flannel Acres of land. Peas. Beans. & other woollen clotlls Towns. not fullecl manufactur- No. of acres of improv- No. of Bushels No. of acres un- No. of acres Quantity od in preceding year. ed land in the county. raised. der cultivation, of beans. ,raised. ,------Philipstown, . . . . 267 11321 14 35 6 71 Southeast, . . . . . 516 211002 - - 4 3 h Patterson, . . . . . 9824 12801f - - - 10 Kent, ...... 780 13441 - 1 14 51A Putnain Valley, . . . 1896 21807 2 26 11 179 Carmel, ..... 769 24067 - - 24 3 ------Total, . . . . 52003 104,5383 33 62 193 318

Buckwheat. Turnips. Potatoes. Flax. Towns. No. of acres Quant~ty No. of acres Quantity No.of acres. Quantity No,of Quantity rais- of buckwheat.--- raised. of turnips. --raised. - raised.--- ed-pounds.- Philipstown, . . 5GG4 7672 40 3350 2724 5645 4 39 Southeast, . . . 2884 3503 50 2666 186 17625 4 100 Patterson, . . . 202 2575 4% 1357 1458 13346 4f 736 Kent, , . . . . 3783 48358 162 1196 1464 86954 2f 385 Puti~amValley, . . 804 11483 203 9242 359 10785 5 486 Carmel, . . . . 504f 7448 2814 6695 217 11334 64 1086 ------Total, . . . 26838 137,516f 6333 24,506 13268 74,4308 188 2832 Wheat. Corn. Rye. Towns. No. of acres No. of acres Quantity No. of acres Quantity No. of acres Quantity 6own. harvested. harvested. sown. harvested. sown. harvested. Philipstown, . 1564 1564 1136 8684 20466 763 66164 Southeast, ... - 805 823 776 26871 641 7011 Patterson, . . 133 267 1420 545& 16692 4234 3047 Kent, ...*. 24 454 459 545 130974 354 2849 Putnam Valley, . . 34 41 328, 823 17488 679 4833 Carmel, .... 574 66 747h 8822 26244 838 6912 -- Total, ... 414& 656 4913h 44408 129,8584 36984 3 1,2751.

Iron works. Trip Hammers. -- Towns. Value of raw mate- Value of mauufac- No. rials manufactured turcd articles in No. Value of raw materials Value of manufactured in each. each. in each, in each. Philipstown, ..... 1 $203,310 $397,367 3 $72,692 $128,212 Southeast, ...... - - Patterson, ...... - Kent, ...... - Putnam Valley, .... 1 250 500 Carmel, ...... - - - -- Total, ..... 2 $203,560 $397,867 , 3 $72,692 $1 28,2 12 C - - - 4 APPENDIX.

8 %Z~F&=. 00000 0 & c4 s 0.2 0 I 1 mH(OmW I N Igs ommme " ~3 ONNOOlm 4-m lw OAbmmrc €# - # E2 or-rcmmo, CO**c3hQ, hoa mrc 4 rc Q 2 z*7 1 - 10000*00400 *, I * .r( 3 I 2 -2.5 E da z .r( 2; oo*oom Q, * 31; mmr,ooao\ I=-"-- /$ o+mmmo a_ i +mCZrcCDm 00 m w3 a oo+om H I ICOOHCQ, 00 rnMHOL3 * ! rc"H" cD €03 ~prnrrn-~ G E CI B A E 1 6.m 8 d :€a - 0 0 9 oo+oo * E z CZB~ Ioomoea o 7 ' a.21'73 ootDm-3' CD E fz dc cd -- 2:';c) a% 0 EB 111811 o h"o (0 CD gg$ 0 '322 ce 0 2 2- Id"""" " * t i: *3 I C m *.r A -2 d a aa a i ' EE'Z; omoooo m 2 mcammorc Ln d4 8: cl,33a ~OOrnCCCD" b- Ja $Hi l,,,,, E\ - '.,hO lIl"01 -12 €e n had m m z 0 5 0 'W K= & s A > A a s E r= 2 d.r. zz hEd OOrnLnOO O . I i 3 "osg ommr-o* H 0.2Ja sku* ea- f Ill-II rc ZSc3* p

...... d'+rnWOO ca i 4" -3' ...... , ...... - ...... B . . . .$. . . .%. I-( .. .. r-l .. F-l H B d E-c S- Ed 6 d. .% .c, Bss p- Bsz G b ~cdo~CDEkOg~~ B~E-25 a +r c E gS~c fh .* gS ~4 r ., So&W'Scd.,26 &oCd~Sd &CRPI&P-lU P4CRPIb4PIU Oats. Neat Cattle: &c. Towns. No. of acres Quantity No. ofneat Cndsr 1 Over 1 No. cows Lbs. butter made Lbs. cheese made sown. harvested. - -_ -- -- cattle. year old. --year old, milked. preceding year. preceding year. Philipstown, . . . , 7683 18056 2089. 278 1817 1172 96066 100 Southeast, . . . . 444 13206 3503 105 1741) IGG3 178395 10066 Patterson, . . . . 4644 10693 2409 198 2211 lOlG 98625 9344 Kent, . . . . . , 4012 7328 2567 336 2129 1264 133156 1704 Putnam Valley, . . . 633 13721 2334 277 2024 1094 92157 GO Carmel, . . . . . 9332 18412 3181 98 3083 1774 181381 3077 ------Total, . . . 36,454 81,416 16,083 1204 1 13,213 7983 779,780 24,361

Horses. Sheep. - Hogs. Towns. No. of No. of Under 1 Over 1 No. of No. of pounds horses. sheep.) year old. year old. fleeces. of wool. No, ofhogs. -e - - Philipstown, . . . . 425 871 257 611 460 16003 1861 Southeast, . . . . 372 2027 886 1062 1156 4250f 2594 Patterson, . . . . 287 2385 789 1596 1770 5420 1897 Kent, ...... 260 2181 578 1603 1178 3710f 1967 Putnam Valley, . . . 290 1920 834 1126 1114 3599 1736 Carmel, , . . . . 415 4678 447 4231 1 2805 10400 2878 ----- Total, . . . 2049 , 14,062 3791 10,229 1 8483 28,9801 12,833

Blind. Idiots. Towns. Circumstances.-No. Circumstances.-No. Total number 'ln-l Femaiea Femalw whose parents are not whose parents are able of blind of all yrs I I able to support them. to support them. ages. of age. years.21 ulldel 41. above 21 -- - Philipstown, . - - - Southeast . . - - - Patterson, . , - - - Kent, . . . - - - Putnam Valley, 1 1 2 Carmel, . . . * - - - Total, . . 1 1 2

Idiots. Lunatics.

Towns. ~i~cums~ances.- Females ~ircumstances.-' No. not supported I Whole supported by whole num- Mnlesun- ~~l~~ Felnales ber of idiots. der 21. over 21. under 21. over 21. No. supported by by public or private No. of charity. charity. charity. lunatics, ------Philipstown, . 1 1 1 - 2 2 Southeast, . . 1 - - - - -. Patterson . . ------Kent, . . . 4 - - - - - Putnam Valley, 2 - - - - - Carmel, . . . 4 2 -- - 2 1 2 --- 4 Total,. 12 3 . 3 1 -- 4 6 APPE NDIX. 36 1 362 APPENDIX. INDEX.

PAGE Anthony)~,St., Face, . 164 Anthony's Nose: &Iountain, . 167 ~ltered'~nconic Rocks, . . 30 Ardenia, . . 176 Augite Rock, . . 59 Arragonite, . 21 Actznolite? . 21 Albite, 82 Alumnia, . 23 Acicular sulphnte of lime, . 23 American Precinct. Signers to Revolutionary Pled~ein: . 128 Acrostic on Gcn. B. Arnold, . 180 Arnold, Gen., Letter of, to Jefferson, . 209 LL L: -' c011cerllil1g, . . 197 L; Notice of, . 190 Asbestus, . . 20,21 Areles, Joseph, . 55 Andr6, htajor, Defence of, . . 200 .. Letter from, . 800 ArscrlicaI iron, . 48 Austin Hill, . . 266 Appendix, . . 346 Brucite, . . 21 Basanite, . 21 Bradley's Ore-bed, . . 45 Blunt's Quarry: . 52 Beat No. 1, OBcers of, . . 95 .I.. LL 'L 2, LL 95 L. LL . , 3, cL .. . 95 L 1L .. 4, fL 7 95 .., , 1: 5, --,I 6; . 95 iL 1L 6, ': :L 95 Beekmail's Precinct, Signers in, . 113 LL LL Tories in, . . 116 Break Neck Village, . - . 160 Bross7s Landing, . . 163 Bull Hill, . 163 Break Neck BIountain, . 164 Beverly Dock, . 204 Brii~kerhoof7s,Capt ., Company, . . 109 Bedle7s, Capt., Company, . . 110 Boston Gazette, Extract from, . 197 Barger Pond, . . 249 Bryant Pond, . 249 INDEX. PAGE Berry Mountain, . . 266 Big Hill, . 266 Barrett's Pond, . 270 Berry, Lieut. Jabez, Notice of, . 277 Barnum, Capt. Joseph, Notice of, . . 320 Court of Gen. Sessions, Minutes of, . 15 Canopus Hill, . . 248 Chrome iron ore, . 21 Coyperas, or sulphate of iron, . . 22 Csrburett ed Hydrogen, 24 Cotton Rock, . . 39 Copper and Silver Ores, 46 Crystallized Serpentine, . . 50 Coalgrove mine, . 73 Cold Spring Furnace, . 75 Cercome, Thomas, 85 Crane's Mills, . 87 Cold Spring Village, Notice of, . 158 .., , " Early settlen~entof, . . 149 Continental Village, . 162 Cat Hill, . 167 Constitution Island, . 1'71 Cat Pond, . f 78 Collins, bargeman, Notice of mf, Charlotte Precinct, Signers in, . . 1-i-3 Chabasie, . 22 Commissioners' letter to Bev. Eobinson, . . 175 Crofts, 247 Clear Pond, . . 249 Cranberry Pond, . 249 Canopus Hollow Creek, . . 250 Croft, James, Xotice of, 227 Carmel, and early settlement of . . 253 " Extract from Town Records, . 256 Camel Village, . 258 Corner Mountain, 266 Cranberry Pond, . . 269 Crane, Capt. John, Notice of, 271 Crane Family, Record of, . 275 Corner Pond Brook, . 297 Crane, Joseph, Letter from, to E. Benson, - 299 Crane, Thaddeus, Letter from, 300 Coles' Mills, . . 332 China Pond, 333 Cranberry Hill, . 342 Diagram of County, . 80 Daton7sMills, . . 85 Dutchess County, Signers to Pledge in, 102 INDEX.

PAGE Davenport Family, . . 149 Duncan, Col., Notice of, 159 davenport?^ Corners, . 160 Denny Town, 161 Dwight, Timothy, . . 186 Denny, George, Tdd of and Confession, 214 Denny Mine, . . 72 Drew7sHill, 265 Doansburgh, . . 292 Dalz Brook, 297 Dick Town, . . 333 Dean Pond, . 334 Epidote, . 22 Eel Point, . 161 Errrata, . Flat Rock, . 65 Fort Hill, . 170 Foundry Dock, . 77 Farmers7 Mills, . 332 Forge Fond, 333 - - General view of the County, . . 13 Geology, . 17 Ground Ice, . . 34 Granular Quartz Rock, .. 31 Granite, . . 51 Gneiss, 58 Greenstone, . . 62 Gouverneur Mine, 74 Griffin's, Capt., Company, . 112 Griffin7sCorners, . 160 Graphite, . 21 Gilead Pond, . 270 Gilead Presbyterian Church, . . 281 Huestis7sQuarry, 37 Hematite Ore-beds, . 45 Highland Granite Company's Quarry, . 53 Hornblendic Rocks, . . 62 Heganan7s, Capt ., Company, . 109 Horton7s, Captain, Company, . . 112 Hortontown, . - 161 Hog-back Hill, . 163 Highland Grange, 177 Hyalite, . . 21 Highland church and vicinity, ' . . . . . 147 Huestis's Family, Notice of, . . . 148 Hemstead7s Huts, . 247 INDEX.

PAGE Horton Pond, 248 Hill, Granny, Notice of, . . 262 Hazen Hill, . 265 Hitchcock Hill, . 266 Havilancl Corner, . 342 Hinckley Pond, . 343 Iron Pyrites, 32 Iron Mines, . . 34 Indian Hill, . 265 Johnson, JVm. IV., Tcstimonv of, . . 215 Jefferds, Capt. Samuel, Wotici? of, . 220 Joe's Hill; . 293 Kerolite, 21 Kemble Mine: . . 74 Knickerboclcel-, Est ract from: 188 Kirk Ponci, . 269 Kent, James, Biography oh . .* . 301 Kent, Town of, and early Settlement, . 336, 327 Extract from IEecord, . 329 99 Laumonite, dd Lyster7e, Capt., Company, . 111 Dead Mlnes, . , 210 Lake Mahopac, . 266 Long Pond, . . 269 Little Pond, . 297 Euddington, Col. Henry, . . 328 Little Pond, . 343

Mahopac Lake, 3 . 266 Metamorphic Limestones, . 33 Mica Slate, . . 59 Magnetic Oxide of ion, . ' . . 65 Marl, Localities of, . 76 Mud Flats, 76 Mead's Dock, . . 163 Mount Rascal, . 163 Muddy Pond, . . 249 Militia Officers, Return of, . 297 Northeast Precinct, Signers in, . 122 Nelson7s Highlands and vicinity, . 151 New Haven Pallarlium, Extract from, , 190 Oblong, 99 Orpiment, . 22 Oregon, 247 Owen's, ~onathan,'~ond,. . . . . 249 Oakley, Robert, Notice of, . 25 1 INDEX. 367

PAGE Philipstown, Early settlement of, . . 143, 147 Pyroxene, . 21 Peat, . 21 Pyritions Copper, 22 Primary Rocks, . 51 Philips's Quarry, 55 Pent, Localities of, . 76 Patent, 77 Poughkeepeie, Signers in, . 118 Pine Hill, . 169 Philipsc, Nary, Xotice of, . 193 PI)-montli Pnpcr, Extract from, . - 206 Putnam Valley, . 247 Pelton's Pond, . 250 Peekskill Hollolv Creeli, . 250 Pond Hill, . . . 265 Philips Street Chapel, . . 280 Pigeon JIc11, Notice of: 294 Peach I'oncl, . . 297 Pine Poncl, . 333 Patterson, Tonx of, and early settlement, . 335, 336 Patterson, Extract from Record, . 340 Patterson Village: . . 341 Pine Is1and, 342

\ Rhinebeck Precinct, Signers in, . 134 Roads, 53 Revolutionary Letters, kc., . . 92 Revoln~ionaryPledge, 100 Romans, Bernard, Engineer, Letter from, to Commissioners, 173 Robinson's, Col. Beverly, Answer to Commissioners, . 17'6 R~undPca!~d, . . 178 Robinson 1Iouse, Description of, . 178 Revolutionary I-Iouscs in Philipsto~l-n, . . 209 Richards, ?;Irs., Notice of, . 251 Revolutioilnry Anecdotes, &c ., . 226 Eed&lills, . 260 Rattle Ilill, . . 264 Round BIountain, . 266 Revolutionary Houses in Patterson, . . 343 Sphene, . 22 Schiller Spar, . 22 Sulyhate of Lime, 23 Sul p bur, . 24 Sulphate of Iron, . 24 Serpentine rLock, . 34 Steatile, 44 INDEX.

PAGE Stony Point, . . 54, 169 Sienite Rock, 57 Simewo Vein, 7 . 67 Stewart %line, . 71 Southard's, Capt., Company, . . 110 Sugar Loaf Mountain, 167 Sunk Lot, . 171 Silver Mines, 210 Scapol ite, . 21 Smith, Joshua H., Kotice of, 229 Solpeu Pond, . . 248 Shaw7sLake, . 270 Seacogd's Pond, . 271 Southeast town, and early settleme~~tof, . 287 Extract from Record of, . . 289 Sodom Corners, . . 292 Smalley Hill, . . 333 TalcoseSlate, . 32 Titanium Ore, . 49 Target Rock, . 66 Turpikes, . 83 Tompkins's Corners, . . 247 Tinker Hill, . . 248 Turkey Mountain, . 266 Tone's Pond, . 296 Towners, . 342 Under Cliff, . . . 177 Vinegar Hill, . 9 163 Warren's Landing, . 163 Whiskey Hill, . 169 Rrood Crag, Washington in Love, . Warren, John, Notice of, . . 233 , West Point Foundry, . . 239 Watermelon Hill, . 264 Watts7 Hill, . . 265 Wixcrn Pond, . 269 White Pond, . . 333 Yellow Sulphuret of Arsenic, . 1 Zircom, . . . 32 1