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Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature
Zeitschrift/Journal: Carolinea - Beiträge zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Südwestdeutschland
Jahr/Year: 2014
Band/Volume: 72
Autor(en)/Author(s): Klerk de Pim
Artikel/Article: Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains (NE France): a historical overview 15-39 ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
Carolinea 72 (2014): 15-39, 5 Abb.; Karlsruhe, 15.12.2014 15
Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains (NE France): a historical overview*
Pim d e Kl e r k
Abstract In order to provide a more accurate picture of After almost 85 years of palynological research, an the available data, this paper presents an inven- impressive amount of pollen diagrams from the Vos- tory of the palynological studies from the Vosges ges Mountains (NE France) is available. This paper Mountains known to the present author, and presents an overview of these pollen diagrams and lists their main features and literature sources within places these within a historical framework and a historical context. Furthermore, a short summary is within the natural and cultural scenery. provided on the natural and cultural context. In this text, pollen type names are displayed in capitals (e.g. Fa g u s ) in order to make a clear Kurzfassung distinction between pollen types and inferred Palynologische Forschung in den Vogesen plant taxa (Jo o s t e n & De Kl e r k 2002; De Kl e r k (NE Frankreich): ein historischer Überblick & Jo o s t e n 2007). Nach etwa 85 Jahren palynologischer Forschung in den Vogesen (NO-Frankreich) liegt eine beeindruckende Anzahl von Pollendiagrammen vor. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über diese Pollendiagramme, deren 2 The Vosges Mountains: wichtigste Charakteristika und deren Literaturquellen natural and cultural context innerhalb eines wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Rah- mens. Daneben wird eine kurze Zusammenfassung Geology and geomorphology des natürlichen und kulturellen Kontextes gegeben. The development of the Vosges Mountains, its sister the Black Forest, and the Upper Rhine Autor plain, has been described by Ke s s l e r (1914), Tr i - Pim d e Kl e r k , Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Ab- c a r t (1963), Eg g e r s (1964), Wa l t e r (1992), and teilung Botanik, Erbprinzenstraße 13, D-76133 Karlsru- Se l l et al. (1998) (cf. fig. 2). he, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] The cores of both mountain ranges consist of ancient granites and gneisses. A major orogeny 1 Introduction seems to have occurred during the Precambrian, and levelling by erosion of these mountains dur- The area of the Vosges Mountains of northeast- ing the Early Palaeozoic lasted until the Devo- ern France (fig. 1) is one of the most intensively nian period. Partly, the area was covered by a palynologically studied regions worldwide. The sea and marine sediments were deposited. The impressive amount of data allows a reconstruc- region was subject to renewed mountain build- tion of vegetation history and past vegetation ing during the Carboniferous Variscan/Hercy- patterns in great detail. nian orogeny. After an almost complete levelling For the scientific audience, however, it is diffi- that took place until the end of the Permian, the cult to obtain a clear and complete overview of area became covered with terrestrial sandstone the available data, and many studies are easily (“Buntsandstein”) in the early Triassic. During a overlooked. Overviews of palynological studies phase of tectonic subsidence that lasted from the are far from complete: Vi s s e t et al. (1996) con- Muschelkalk period of the Middle Triassic to the centrate on the central Vosges, and Fr i e d m a n n & Malm period of the late Jurassic, a sea covered Kü s t e r (1998) mention only 26 studied localities the area and marine sediments were deposited for the Vosges Mountains without displaying a which – after an uplift phase – were predominant- map showing their locations. ly eroded during the Cretaceous and early Terti- ary. In the Eocene and the Oligocene the sub- sidence of the Rhine rift valley started, whereas * Dedicated to Prof. Dr. C. R. “Ro e l ” Ja n s s e n , the “God- the Vosges Mountains and the Black Forest were father” of the Utrecht palynological research of the subject to uplift: both mountain ranges now be- Vosges Mountains came separated. Whereas the mountains were ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
16 Carolinea 72 (2014) predominantly subject to erosion, in the Rhine riety of soil types occur in the Vosges Mountains, rift valley predominantly alluvial sediments were of which an overview is presented by Ca r b i e n e r deposited by rivers flowing from both mountain (1963) and So u c i e r (1971). ranges, and by the Rhine. Marine sediments were deposited during periods when the sea had Climate invaded the rift valley. Volcanism from e.g. the The climate of the Vosges Mountains is summa- Kaiserstuhl Volcano mainly occurred during the rised by Zo l l e r (1956), Ro t h é & Herrenschneider Oligocene and Miocene. (1963), Eg g e r s (1963, 1964), Ja n s s e n (1981), As a consequence of this development, the pre- St a d e l b a u e r (1992) and Se l l et al. (1998). sent-day Vosges Mountains and Black Forest Mean temperatures range between 9 °C at 400 m consist of a central area of granite and gneiss above sea level (asl.) and 4 °C at 1200 m asl. whereas most of the younger deposits have (fig. 2). Depending on elevation, mean winter been eroded (cf. fig. 2). Sandstone still covers the temperatures range between -6 and -1 °C, and northern parts of the mountain ranges that ex- mean summer temperatures between 8 °C and perienced less erosion than the southern parts. 14 °C. Annually, there is a mean of 159 days of In the area northwest of the Vosges Mountains frost on the crests. The western windward slopes limestones have been preserved that cover the of the Vosges Mountains are characterised by an sandstone. A more complete set of strata is still oceanic climate with 800-1000 mm precipitation present in the Upper Rhine plain. annually, which increases to 2000 mm towards Both the Vosges Mountains and the Black Forest the crest. The precipitation falls predominantly as have steep slopes directly adjacent to the Upper snow during the winter. In contrast, the eastern Rhine plain, whereas their opposite slopes de- leeward slopes have a rather continental character cline more gently. with an annual precipitation below 500-600 mm. Both mountain ranges did not contain a closed ice- cap during the Quaternary ice ages, but numerous Present-day vegetation glaciers extended from the higher elevations into The present-day vegetation of the Vosges Moun- the valleys. The most prominent glacial landforms tains depends predominantly on elevation. Com- are the cirques (“Kare”), consisting of a basin prehensive overviews are presented by e.g. Is s l e r with normally steep back-walls, and a low ridge (1942), Fi r b a s et al. (1948), Zo l l e r (1956), Cl a u - at their fronts. Due to the differences between the d e l (1963), Oc h s e n b e i n (1963), Po l g e (1963), Fr e y gentle western slope and the steep eastern slo- (1964), Di o n (1970), Ja n s s e n et al. (1974), Fr a n k e n - pe of the Vosges Mountains, glaciers were pre- b e r g (1979), Ja n s s e n (1981), Bi c k (1985), Se l l et dominantly shorter on the latter, but had a higher al. (1998), Bo g e n r i e d e r (2001), and Hü g i n (2007). relief-related dynamic and thus a higher erosional In the west, calcareous soils prevail on the lime- and landforming potential. Simultaneously, severe stone deposits of the Muschelkalk and Keuper western winds blew much snow over the crest into that cover the plains and hills below 400 m asl. the eastern basins which additionally contributed Their natural forests include Quercus robur, Ul- to cirque formation. Therefore, the cirques to the mus carpinifolia, Carpinus betulus and Tilia cor- east of the crest are more prominently developed data, in less well-drained areas Quercus robur than those towards the west. and Fraxinus excelsior. On rather dry acid soils After the melting of the Weichselian ice, mostly also Quercus petraea and Fagus sylvatica occur. lakes filled the cirques which later developed There are many agricultural fields. partly or completely into mires (Sa l o m é 1974, Bi c k The natural vegetation in the belt of Permian 1985, Se l l et al. 1998). A comprehensive over- and Triassic sandstone between 400 and 600 m view over the mires and mire types in the Vosges above sea level consists of submontane Quercus Mountains – being the most important palaeoeco- petraea-Fagus sylvatica forests and montane Fa- logical archives – is provided by Bi c k (1985). Mires gus-Abies forests. Pine plantations occur since are prominently less frequent towards the east ca. AD 1820-1830 on many former heathlands. as the result of a diminishing precipitation in this Montane Abies-Fagus forests dominate the west- direction (Ja n s s e n et al. 1974), whereas also the ern slopes up to ca. 1000 m asl. Fagus gains in small size of the area east of the crest provided importance towards higher elevations but is never insufficient space for mires to occur extensively. the sole constituent of the tree layer. Incidentally, Depending on climate, geology and parent mate- Picea plantations occur. The valleys are gener- rial, geomorphology, and actual vegetation, a va- ally cultivated, whereas the hills are forested. ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 17
Figure 1. Location of the Vosges Mountains (NE France) and the Black Forest (SW Germany); N: northern cross- section, S: southern cross-section (cf. Fig. 2).
The area between 1000 and 1200 m asl. west of by Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, Festuca the crest includes mainly Fagus, with Acer pseu- rubra, Nardus stricta, Agrostis vulgaris, Calluna doplatanus and Sorbus aucuparia. Abies does vulgaris, Potentilla erecta and Genista pilosa. not occur above 1100 m. The crest region itself These chaumes are considered primarily natural contains a vegetation of shrublike Fagus stands vegetation types above the tree limit (that, thus, (“Krummholz”) and extensive subalpine mead- is somewhat lower than in the Black Forest). Ac- ows (“Hautes Chaumes”) that are dominated cording to Fr e y (1964), De Va l k (1981), St a d e l - ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
18 Carolinea 72 (2014)
Figure 2. Mean annual temperature, mean precipitation, and lithology/geochronology along transects through the Vosges Mountains, Upper Rhine plain and the Black forest. ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 19
b a u e r (1992) and Ve r g n e (2004), grazing since mountains (Fr e y 1964, St a d e l b a u e r 1992). After the Medieval enlarged and modified the chaumes the foundations of monasteries in the Early Medi- considerably. Go e pp (2007), in contrast, assumes eval (Eg g e r s 1964, Fr e y 1964, St a d e l b a u e r 1992, that the chaumes are completely secondary and Ma t t e r 1995, Go e pp 2007), the higher elevations result from deforestation since the late Neolithic. became gradually economically more important, East of the crest, the altitude rapidly declines and human activities and settlements expanded to 500 m within ca. 3 km distance. Although upwards (Eg g e r s 1964, St a d e l b a u e r 1992). The the forest types resemble those on the western higher elevations of the mountain range became slopes, they are distinctly less developed due important for grazing, and many meadows came to the small size of the area. Many cirques and into existence that – extending from the natural gorges disturb the “general” slope morphology chaumes – enlarged the open vegetation types and have their own typical vegetation. In gorges (Fr e y 1964). After the Medieval, mining and for- Ulmus scabra, Tilia cordata, Fraxinus excelsior estry became more important (Le s e r 1981, Le s e r and Acer pseudoplatanus are abundant. Below et al. 1983, Ba r t h 1988, St a d e l b a u e r 1992, Ge y e r 500-600 m Carpinus, Juglans, Castanea and 1995, Ga r n i e r 2000). Many mines were already Quercus robur occur. exhausted at the end of the 16th century, after A narrow area of Permian sandstone and Triassic which mining activities remained more or less re- limestone along the Upper Rhine plain include stricted to the southern Vosges (Ge y e r 1995). Fagus-Quercus petrea-Pinus and species-rich Some economic revival occurred during the 17th Quercus pubescens forests respectively. The Up- and 18th century under the centralised French per Rhine plain itself is largely cultivated. authorities, and the industrialisation in the 19th In the Vosges Mountains, agriculture is mainly centuries resulted in a population increase es- restricted to the valleys at elevations below ca. pecially in the valleys (Eg g e r s 1964, Fr e y 1964, 600 m, and only incidentally occurs at greater St a d e l b a u e r 1992). Currently production has lost heights. in importance, and industry and agriculture have The mires carry typical intrazonal vegetation a predominantly relict character (Po l g e 1963, types independent of altitude. Eg g e r s 1964, Fr e y 1964, St a d e l b a u e r 1992). Many abandoned settlements show that in previ- Cultural history ous times the population has been larger that at Various stone arrowheads, axes, knives and present (St a d e l b a u e r 1992). grindstones scattered across the Vosges Moun- tains show visits of hunters at higher elevations during the Stone and Metal Ages (Ku t s c h 1937, 3 Vegetation history since the Weichselian Le s e r et al. 1983, Eh r e t s m a n n 1993, Go e pp 2007). Lateglacial Additionally, various religious monuments are known that date from the Bronze and Iron Ages In order to compare the various pollen diagrams (Ku t s c h 1937, Fr e y 1964), which show a deep from the Vosges Mountains and to characterise respect of prehistoric humans for the mountains. their time-ranges, it is necessary to construct a In Celtic and Roman times some roads crossed palynostratigraphic reference. A good principle is the mountain valleys and may also have reached to identify a sequence of vegetation phases that higher elevations (Ku t s c h 1937, Po l g e 1963, can be easily recognized in the various pollen St a d e l b a u e r 1992). There are indications that diagrams as specific and similar pollen zones (cf. first mining activities, predominantly for silver Ja n s s e n et al. 1974, Ja n s s e n & Tö r n q v i s t 1991). and gold, took place during the Celtic and Ro- From the large amount of palynological data of man periods in the surroundings of e.g. St. Dié, the Vosges Mountains, such a palynostratigraphy Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, and Château-Lambert can easily be constructed, and a theoretical pol- (Ge y e r 1995). The details of these early mining len diagram that illustrates the general vegetation operations are still unknown, but is seems un- development since the Weichselian Lateglacial likely that long-lasting self-supporting habitation was pubished by Gu i l l e t et al. (1976) and Ja n s - had occurred. s e n (1979) (fig. 3). It must be stressed that this It took considerable time until humans occupied “model” pollen sequence has merely illustrative the Vosges Mountains permanently. From the value, since actual pollen diagrams differ greatly Neolithic to the Migration period, settlements between study sites from various landscape units were restricted to the absolute margins of the and vegetation types. Furthermore, the gradual ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
20 Carolinea 72 (2014)
upward migration of vegetation along the moun- The transition to the subsequent Fa g u s /Ab i e s tain slopes resulted in an asynchronous initiation zone is clearly visible in most pollen diagrams. of similar vegetation types at different altitudes This transition occurred rapidly within only few (cf. Ja n s s e n et al. 1974). centuries (Vi s s e t et al. 1996) and was classically For the latter half of the Holocene, especially assumed to correspond to the transition from a pollen types of plants that grow at lower altitudes warm and moist climate phase to a colder and (of which the pollen is dispersed upward by oro- drier phase (Ha t t 1937, Fi r b a s et al. 1948, Gu i l - graphic lift) are useful for a palynostratigraphic l e t et al. 1976). Increasing anthropogenic impact division, since their trends are synchronously on the landscape resulted in an increasing de- reflected in pollen diagrams from sites at higher position of pollen types attributable to cultivated elevations, e.g. the pollen types produced by plant taxa (fig. 3). Quercus, Alnus, Carpinus, Juglans, Castanea, Whereas Carpinus seems to have expanded cultivated crops and agricultural herbs (Ja n s - gradually during the time-frame of the Fa g u s / s e n & Ja n s s e n -Ke t t l i z 1972, Ja n s s e n et al. 1974, Ab i e s zone, the introduction of Juglans and Ca- Ja n s s e n 1979, De Kl e r k & Hö l z e r 2009/2010). stanea in the lower regions during the Roman However, for the Lateglacial and first half of the period (Ja n s s e n & Ja n s s e n -Ke t t l i t z 1972, Vi s s e t Holocene such an approach is not tenable be- et al. 1996) resulted in an easy recognizable and cause the present-day vegetation belts had not largely synchronous pollen zone boundary that yet developed and since it is unknown how the defines the base of the Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / vegetation types of that time were actually dis- Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone. If the temporal resoluti- tributed, it is unknown which pollen types were on of the pollen diagrams is sufficiently high, a blown-in from lower elevations (Ja n s s e n et al. further differentiation within this zone is possible 1974). by identification of forest regeneration phases The chronology of the various vegetation phases during the Migration period, by increased culti- (cf. fig. 3) can be inferred from the various radio- vation after the foundation of the monasteries in carbon dates that are available for many paly- the early Medieval, and by cultivation phases of nologicaly analysed sections, whereas for the specific plant taxa (e.g. Cannabis). Weichselian Lateglacial also the Laacher See After an intensive deforestation during the Tephra (LST) can be used as an important mark- post-Medieval at the higher altitudes for fuel, er for dating and correlation of various sections constructions of buildings, paper production, (cf. Wa l t e r -Si m m o n n e t et al. 2008). and industrial purposes (Po l g e 1963, Eg g e r s The synthetic pollen diagram of fig. 3 displays 1964, St a d e l b a u e r 1992, Se l l et al. 1998, Ga r - mainly high values of pollen attributable to herbs n i e r 2000), reforestation after ca. 1830/1840 during the Weichselian Lateglacial. Some fluctu- consisted of the plantation of predominantly Pi- ations are discernable that represent changes in nus and Picea (cf. Po l g e 1963, Gu i l l e t 1971a, vegetation types during various climatic phases. Gu i l l e t et al. 1976, Ka l i s 1984a/b, Se l l et al. During the early Holocene, predominantly Betula/ 1998) which is clearly reflected in most pollen Pinus forests existed which were later invaded by diagrams as a zone with high values of Pinus Corylus. This resulted in a distinct Be t u l a /Pi n u s and Picea pollen.There is a long-debated que- zone and a Co r y l u s zone in the early Holocene stion whether Picea in the Vosges Mountains sections of the various pollen diagrams. Probably occurs naturally, or has been introduced during populations of other deciduous tree species ex- the plantations after 1830/1840 (cf. St r o h m e y e r , panded gradually during this time-frame, includ- 1913, Ba r t s c h & Ba r t s c h 1929, Ob e r d o r f e r ing Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia and Fraxinus. The Co- 1937, Fi r b a s et al. 1948, Zo l l e r 1956, Oc h - r y l u s zone in many pollen diagrams thus grades s e n b e i n 1963, Po l g e 1963, Bo g e n r i e d e r 2001, into the overlying Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / De Kl e r k & Hö l z e r 2009/2010). The studies by Fr a x i n u s zone. Although these pollen types show Ka l i s (1984a/b), Ka l i s et al. (2006) and Ed e l m a n a clear succession in many pollen diagrams (1985) demonstrated unambiguously that Pi- (cf. fig. 3), the related vegetation changes were cea has been present since several millennia, strongly asynchronous at various altitudes and in probably predominantly on mires. However, it different landscape regions (Vi s s e t et al. 1996). seems that the natural Picea populations had It is thus not practicable to identify more palyno a considerably lower pollen production than the stratigraphic zones than a general Co r y l u s /Qu e r - planted specimens and their descendants (De c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s /Fr a x i n u s zone. Kl e r k & Hö l z e r 2009/2010). ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 21 (1979). a n s s e n et al. (1976) and J et al. u i l l e t G Figure 3. Theoretical pollen diagram of the Vosges Mountains and the inferable palynostratigraphic zones; modified after zones; palynostratigraphic Mountains and the inferable Vosges of the Theoretical pollen diagram Figure 3. ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
22 Carolinea 72 (2014)
4 Palynological research in the Vosges cades various palynological studies appeared. Mountains: a historical overview The work of Le m é e (1963) provides many scientific statements that are, however, hardly supported by Figs. 4 and 5 and table 1 show the palynologi- his pollen diagrams. Dr e s c h et al. (1966) present cally analysed sites from the Vosges Mountains four pollen diagrams from the Grand Ballon regi- known to the present author. on that allow a good reconstruction of the Holo- The first palynological analyses from the area cene vegetation history. The study of Te u n i s s e n & originate from the Champ-du-Feu mire and were Sc h o o n e n (1973) presents a high-resolution pol- published around 85 years ago (Du b o i s & Ha t t len diagram covering the Weichselian Lateglacial. 1930a). In a publication of the same year, Du b o - Du r a n d & Gu i l l e t (1966) – although presenting re- is & Ha t t (1930b) also refer to investigations of lative coarse pollen diagrams – bring the research the Tourbière de la Maxe and of Sutt (Soutte), of vegetation history of the Vosges Mountains to however without presenting the pollen diagrams. a higher level by introducing the use of radiocar- Seven years later three further papers appeared bon dates. Other research by Gu i l l e t (1968, 1970, (Du b o i s & Du b o i s 1937, Ha t t 1937, Ob e r d o r f e r 1971a/b) concentrates on the development of ter- 1937). In those early days, palynological research restrial soils. Due to differences in pollen preser- focussed on forest history, and pollen diagrams vation processes, it is difficult to directly compare displayed only few pollen types attributable to pollen diagrams of soils with those of peat (cf. trees and incidentally some types attributable to Mu n a u t 1967, Ha v i n g a 1974, An d e r s e n 1986), but, herbs. The sample interval was generally large, on the other hand, soil profiles provide valuable resulting in a low temporal resolution. Excep- information on local vegetation history of dry soils tions are the diagrams from the Ohnenheim and that cannot be inferred from the regional pollen Urbis sites by Ob e r d o r f e r (1937), which partly deposition in the centres of large wetlands. have a resolution of 2-5 cm. Although the value In 1966, an interdisciplinary study group (“Werk- of these early pollen diagrams seems somewhat groep Vogezen”) from Utrecht University started a restricted compared to the present-day scientific long-term palynological research project in order standard, they provide valuable information on to study vegetation history at different altitudes and phases of mire development. indifferent landscape units (Ja n s s e n 1974, Ja n s s e n In the 1940-ies, six mires were studied by a re- et al. 1985). The research concentrated on a ca. 70 search group headed by Fr a n z Fi r b a s , of which km long and 30-40 km wide belt across the moun- the results were published after World War II (Fir- tains, yet also some sites further to the north have b a s et al. 1948). This research represents a ma- been investigated. Under the motto “The present is jor breakthrough in the development of palyno- the key to the past”, the project also included the logical science: a considerable amount of pollen study of present-day vegetation in order to better types, including types produced by herbaceous understand and interpret fossil pollen sequences. plant taxa, was presented with a high temporal An important tool was the analysis of palynological resolution. The pollen curves were displayed as surface samples from various vegetation types on single curves next to each-other in contrast to the a micro- (small typical areas) and a macro-scale general use at that time of crossing and overlap- (the various vegetation types of the complete ping lines. This resulted in a clear picture of re- mountain range) (Ja n s s e n et al. 1974, Ta m b o e r -Va n gional vegetation development since the Weich- d e n He u v e l & Ja n s s e n 1976, Ja n s s e n 1981, De Va l k selian Lateglacial. For the first time, Fi r b a s used 1981, Ed e l m a n 1985, Ka l i s 1985). Also geomor- his concepts of pollen zones which he shortly phology and other abiotic landforming parame- afterwards described elaborately in his books on ter were taken into account (Sa l o m é 1968, 1970, the forest development north of the Alps (Fi r b a s 1973, 1974, Sa l o m é & We i s s 1970). Three major 1949, 1952). Detailed descriptions of sediment/ PhD studies dealt with the present-day and past sedentate layers and their macrofossil content vegetation of the Kastelberg area (De Va l k 1981), provide additionally valuable data on local mire the Goutte Loiselot mire (Ed e l m a n 1985) and the development. In this sense, the publication of Fir- Foret de la Bresse (Ka l i s 1985), whereas a fourth b a s et al. (1948) was probably the most advanced PhD-thesis described in great detail actual mire palynological study of its time. vegetation (Bi c k 1985). Apart from these, a large From the nineteenfifties, no publications on the variety of smaller publications appeared (table 1). vegetation history in the Vosges Mountains are Also a number of MSc-theses from Utrecht Univer- known to the present author. In the following de- sity deal with the vegetation history of the Vosges ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 23
Figure 4. Location of palynologically analysed sites in the Vosges Mountains; indicated is the area of Figure 5. Site code see tab. 1 (p. 29 ff.). ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
24 Carolinea 72 (2014) Figure 5. Palynologically analysed sites in the Central Vosges Mountains. Site code see tab. 1 (p. 29 ff.). 1 (p. Site code see tab. Mountains. Vosges analysed sites in the Central Palynologically Figure 5. ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 25
Mountains (table 1, cf. Ja n s s e n & Pu n t 1998), but are the result of palynological research since these data are not yet widely available to the sci- 1930. Thus, an extremely detailed dataset exists entific audience. A summary of the results of the on the vegetation history of this mountain ran- “Werkgroep Vogezen” was published by Vi s s e t et ge, although not all studies are currently easily al. (1996). After his retirement, C. R. Ja n s s e n (pers. accessible. Most studies up to now deal with com.) started preparing a book on the work of the the reconstruction of vegetation history of single research group which will provide access to many sites, with only few trying to place this vegeta- currently still unpublished pollen diagrams. After tion history in a regional context. Especially the the study of the Vosges Mountains, the aim was to work by the Utrecht group under supervision of continue similar research in other mountain belts, C. R. Ja n s s e n provided data on vegetation and on including the Mont-du-Forez, Sierra Cabrera Baja vegetation history in a large spatial context. Buil- and Galicia, and the Serra da Estrela (Ja n s s e n & ding on the available data, future studies could Pu n t 1998). focus on special research questions beyond the Apart from the work of the Utrecht research group, frame of vegetation history in general. a number of other studies were carried out during the nineteenseventies and -eighties that concen- trated on various regions of the Vosges Moun- Acknowledgments tains, e.g. Da r m o i s -Th e o b a l d et al. (1976), Sc h l o s s I wish to thank Ad a m Hö l z e r , Si m o n e La n g and Si e g f r i e d (1979), and Da r m o i s -Th e o b a l d & De n è f l e (1981). Sc h l o s s for various valuable comments on the dataset The study of Wo i l l a r d (1975) concentrated on the and the text of this paper. Pleistocene and provides valuable information on the vegetation history since the late Saalian, in- References cluding the well-known “Grande Pile” site (cf. Wo i - An d e r s e n , S. T. (1986): Palaeoecological studies of ter- l l a r d 1978, De Be a u l i e u & Re i l l e 1992). restrial soils. – In: Be r g l u n d , B. E. (ed.): Handbook of Hardly any studies appeared in the nineties (cf. Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology: 165- table 1). From the first 14 years of the 21th cen- 177; Chichester (Wiley). tury, the studies of Su d h a u s (2005) and Ka l i s et Ba r t h , A. (1988): Prolégomène à l’histoire des mines de al. (2006) are noteworthy. The paper of Wa l t e r - la vallée de Munster. – Annuaire de la Société d’his- Si m m o n e t et al. (2008) shows the occurrence of se- toire du Val et de la Ville de Munster 42: 27-35. veral tephra layers in the Vosges Mountains that Ba r t s c h , J. & Ba r t s c h , M. (1929): Buche, Tanne und may be useful for dating and correlation of sites Fichte im Südschwarzwald und in den Südvogesen. – Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins der Provinz in the future. Charcoal investigations from former Brandenburg 71: 131-142. fire sites (“Kohlenmeiler”) provide additional infor- Bi c k , H. (1985): Die Moorvegetation der zentralen Hoch- mation on the species-composition of forests and vogesen. – Dissertationes Botanicae 91: 1-288. on forestry since the Medieval (e.g. Nö l k e n 2005). Bi c k , H., Ed e l m a n , H. J., Ja n s s e n , C. R., Ka l i s , A. J., Va n Research in progress by the University of Inns- d e r Kn a a p , W. O. & Va n Le e u w e n , J. F. N. (1988): Moor- bruck concentrates on a site in the northern part Exkursion mire excursion veenekskursie Vogesen of the Vosges Mountains (J. N. Ha a s , pers. com.). Vosges Vogezen. – 82 pp; Utrecht (Laboratory of Pa- Research from a team at the Staatliches Muse- laeobotany and Palynology). um für Naturkunde Karlsruhe started in 2006 and Bo g e n r i e d e r , A. (2001): Schwarzwald und Vogesen – ein vegetationskundlicher Vergleich. – Mitteilungen deals with the Tourbière Chaume Thiriet and the des Badischen Landesvereins für Naturkunde und Cirque de Frankenthal. These studies focus on Naturschutz N.F. 17: 745-792. high resolution pollen analysis of the last 1000- Bu n n i k , F. P. M. (1978): Een pollenanalytisch onderzoek 2000 years in combination with geochemistry and van twee venen in de noordelijke Vogezen (Champ macrofossil analysis, and on the identification of du Feu, Col de Prayé). – 24 pp; Utrecht (MSc-thesis short-distance variation in local mire vegetation Utrecht University). and peatland development (De Kl e r k & Hö l z e r Ca r b i e n e r , R. (1963): Les sols du Massif du Hohneck 2009/2010). leurs rapports avec le tapis végétal. – In: Le Hoh- neck. Aspects physiques biologiques et humains: 103-154; Strasbourg (L’association Philomathique d’Alsace et de Lorraine). 5 Concluding remarks Cl a u d e l , F. (1963): Les forêts du versant oriental. – In: Le Hohneck. Aspects physiques biologiques et hu- A total of over 180 pollen diagrams exist from mains: 379-382; Strasbourg (L’association Philoma- around 90 sites in the Vosges Mountains, which thique d’Alsace et de Lorraine). ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
26 Carolinea 72 (2014)
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(1937): Zur spät- und nacheiszeitliche Fichte (Picea excelsa Lk.) in den Vogesen. – Natur- Vegetationsgeschichte des Oberelsasses und der Vo- wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Forst- und Landwirt- gesen. – Zeitschrift für Botanik 30: 513-572. schaft 11: 143-151. Oc h s e n b e i n , G. (1963): La végétation du Hohneck. – In: Su d h a u s , D. (2005): Paläoökologische Untersuchungen Le Hohneck. Aspects physiques biologiques et hu- zur spätglazialen und holozänen Landschaftsgenese mains: 157-184; Strasbourg (L’association Philomathi- des Ostschwarzwaldes im Vergleich mit den Bunt- que d’Alsace et de Lorraine). sandsteinvogesen. – Freiburger Geographische Hefte Po l g e , H. (1963): Les forêts du versant occidental. – In: 64: 1-153. Le Hohneck. Aspects physiques biologiques et hu- Ta m b o e r -Va n d e n He u v e l , G. & Ja n s s e n , C. R. (1976): mains: 361-377; Strasbourg (L’association Philomathi- Recent pollen assemblages from the crest region of que d’Alsace et de Lorraine). the Vosges Mountains (France). – Review of Palaeo- Ro t h é , J.-P. & Herrenschneider , A. (1963): Climatologie du botany and Palynology 21: 219-240. Massif du Hohneck. – In: Le Hohneck. Aspects physi- Te u n i s s e n , D. & Sc h o o n e n , J. M. C. P. (1973): Vegetations- ques biologiques et humains: 63-93; Strasbourg (L’As- und sedimentationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen sociation Philomathique d’Alsace et de Lorraine). am Grand Étang bei Gérardmer (Vogesen). – Eiszeit- Sa l o m é , A. I. (1968): A geomorphological study of the alter und Gegenwart 23/24: 63-75. drainage area of the Moselotte and upper Vologne in Tr i c a r t , J. (1963): Aspects et problèmes géomorpho- the Vosges (France). – Utrecht (PhD-thesis, Utrecht logiques du Massif du Hohneck. – In: Le Hohneck. University). Aspects physiques biologiques et humains: 43-62; Sa l o m é , A. I. (1970): Enige glaciale vormen in het Strasbourg (L’Association Philomathique d’Alsace et stroomgebied van de Moselotte, Vogezen. – K.N.A.G. de Lorraine). Geografisch Tijdschrift n.s.4 : 238-245. Va n d e n Ho e k Os t e n d e , L. (1986): Een pollenanalytisch Sa l o m é , A. I. (1973): Het sneeuwdek in de Hoge Vogezen onderzoek van het Étang d’Orong (Vosges, France), en de invloed hiervan op een geomorfologisch proces. met nadruk op de Laatglaciale vegetatiegeschiede- – K.N.A.G. Geografisch Tijdschrift7 : 21-28. nis. – Utrecht (MSc-thesis, Utrecht University). ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 29
Va n Wa v e r e n , I. M. (1982): Laat-Holocene pollen stra- M., Si m o n n e t , J.-P., d e Be a u l i e u , J.-L., Va n n i è r e , B., tigrafie van het Lac Retournemer en Laat-Glaciale Th i v e t , M., Mi l l e t , L., Re g e n t , B. & Wa c k e n h e i m , C. pollen stratigrafie van het Lac Longemer, Vogezen. (2008): Chronologie et spatialisation de retombées – Utrecht (MSc-thesis, Utrecht University). de cendres volcaniques tardiglaciaires dans les Ve r g n e , V. (2004): Les premiers indices d’impact de massifs des Vosges et du Jura et le plateau Suisse. l’homme sur le couvert végétal des Vosges. Apport de – Quaternaire 19: 117-132. la Bibliographie. – In: Ri c h a r d , H. (ed.): Néolithisation We s t e r , M. A. (1979): Een palynologisch onderzoek van précoce. Premières traces d’anthropisation du couvert Les Grands Faings (zuidelijke Vogezen). – Utrecht végétal à partir des données polliniques. – 127-133; (MSc-thesis, Utrecht University). Franc-Comtoises (Presses Universitaires Franc-Com- Wi l l e r s , A. F. M. (1979): Faigne Lac Forlet, een pollen- toises). analytisch verslag van het onderste deel van het pro- Vi s s e t , L., Au b e r t , S., Be l e t , J. M., Da v i d , F., Fo n t u g n e , M., fiel FLF. – Utrecht (MSc-thesis, Utrecht University). Ga l o p , D., Ja l u t , G., Ja n s s e n , C. R., Vo e l t z e l , D. & Hu- Wo i l l a r d , G. (1975): Recherches palynologiques sur a u l t , M. F. (1996): France. – In: Be r g l u n d , B. E., Bi r k s , H. le Pleistocene dans l’est de la Belgique et dans les J. B., Ra l s k a -Ja s i e w i c z o w a , M. & Wr i g h t , H. E. (eds): Pa- Vosges Lorraines. – Acta Geographica Lovaniensia laeoecological events during the last 15000 years: Re- 14: 1-118. gional syntheses of palaeoecological studies of lakes Wo i l l a r d , G. M. (1978): Grande Pile peat bog: a continu- and mires in Europe. – 575-645; Chichester (Wiley). ous pollen record for the last 140.000 years. – Quater- Wa l t e r , R. (1992): Geologie von Mitteleuropa. – 5. Auf- nary Research 9: 1-21. lage; 561 pp.; Stuttgart (Schweizerbart). Zo l l e r , H. (1956): Die Höhenstufen, Wälder, Trockenra- Wa l t e r -Si m o n n e t , A.-V., Bo s s u e t , G., De v e l l e , A.-L., Bé- sen, Hochweiden und Moore der Vogesen. – Ber. der g e o t , C., Ru ff a l d i , P., Ma g n y , M., Ad a t t e , T., Ro s s y , Schweiz. Bot. Gesell. 66: 342-354.
Table 1. List of palynologically analysed sites in the Vosges Mountains (cf. figs. 4, 5). DAT = Number of 14C-dates/ occurrence of the Laacher See Tephra (LST); * sites studied by Bi c k (1985); blanks in the collumns „palynostratigra- phic zones“ and „DAT“ signify that this information was not available. Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
ALN Tourbière des Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 500 m asl. Early Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone - Aulnouses
ALT Altenweiher I De Va l k (1981) Artificial lake within Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / 8 terrestrialised cirque; Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / 926 m asl. Ju g l a n s zone
BAR Barembach I Gu i l l e t (1968) Soil profiles; 527 m Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - asl. Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
Barembach II Gu i l l e t (1968) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Pi c e a zone
Barembach Gu i l l e t (1968) Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone -
Barembach III Gu i l l e t (1971b) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Pi c e a zone
BEB * Belbriette Da r m o i s -Th e o b a l d & Peatland; Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone - Fa g u s / - De n è f l e (1981) 810-820 m asl. Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / Ju g l a n s zone
BEL Belmont II Gu i l l e t (1971a) Soil profile; 650 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Pi c e a zone
BIF Biffontaine I Gu i l l e t (1971a) Soil profile; 520 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Pi c e a zone CDA Sol humique au Palynological Soil profile col de Falimont analyses suggested by Le m é e (1963) ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
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Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
CDF Tourbière du Du b o i s & Ha t t (1930) Bog (“Sattelmoor”) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone - Champ-du-Feu 1030-1040 m asl. sondage 1
Tourbière du Du b o i s & Ha t t (1930), Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Champ-du-Feu Ha t t (1937) Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a sondage 2 dia- zone gram 1c
Tourbière du Du b o i s & Ha t t (1930), Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Champ-du-Feu Ha t t (1937) Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s sondage 3 dia- zone or later gram 1b
Tourbière du Du b o i s & Ha t t (1930), Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Champ-du-Feu Ha t t (1937) Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s sondage 4 zone or later
Tourbière du Du b o i s & Ha t t (1930) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Champ-du-Feu Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s sondage 5 zone or later
Tourbière du Du b o i s & Ha t t (1930) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Champ-du-Feu Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s sondage 6 zone or later
Tourbière du Du b o i s & Ha t t (1930) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Champ-du-Feu Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s sondage 7 zone or later
Tourbière du Du b o i s & Ha t t (1930) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Champ-du-Feu Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s sondage 8 zone or later
Hochfeld Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
Champ du Feu Bu n n i k (1978)
CDP Tourbière du Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 760 m asl. Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Col de Prayé Ab i e s zone or later diagramme 4a
Tourbière du Ha t t (1937) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Col de Prayé Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s diagramme 4b zone
Col de Prayé Bu n n i k (1978) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Pi c e a zone
CDS Col de Surce- Da r m o i s -Th e o b a l d et Peatland; 810 m asl. Co r y l u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s - neux al. (1976) zone
CHA Chajoux Ja n s s e n & Br a b e r Peatland; 850 m asl. Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - (1987), Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s / Bi c k et al. (1988) Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
CHE Grand Chemin I Wo i l l a r d (1975) Terrestrialised lake; Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - 680 m asl. Ab i e s zone ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 31
Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
CHE Grand Chemin Wo i l a r d (1975) Weichselian Lateglacial – - IIIb Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone
Grand Chemin IV Wo i l l a r d (1975) Weichselian Lateglacial – - Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone
CSQ Cirque Squainfa- Da r m o i s -Th e o b a l d et Terrestrialised cirque; Co r y l u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s - ing al. (1976) 800-850 m asl. zone
EDB Étang du Boffy Wo i l l a r d (1975) Floating vegetation Weichselian Lateglacial – - mat in lake; 540 m asl. Co r y l u s zone
EDM Étang de Mach- Ha t t (1937) Peatland underlain by Basal samples: Be t u l a /Pi n u s - ais lake sediments; zone; floating mat on water Peat: Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone underlain by peat; Floating mat: Fa g u s /Ab i e s 980 m asl. zone (or later)
ERG Étang de Rocha- Sc h o b e r & Wa s s e n a a r lins (1979)
ETO * Étang d’Orong Va n d e n Ho e k Os t e n d e 660 m asl. (1986)
FAG La Fagne de la Dr e s c h et al. (1966) Peatland; Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Savoureuse ca. 1000 m asl. Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / Ju g l a n s zone
FAR * Feignes Ha t t (1937) Bog; 1100 m asl. Co r y l u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a - d’Ortimont zone (Pi c e a not displayed in diagram)
Feigne/Faigne Ja n s s e n (1974), Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / 8 d’Artimont (also Ja n s s e n et al. (1974, Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / macrofossil 1975), Ka l i s (1985), Ju g l a n s zone diagram) Bi c k et al. (1988)
FDL * Feignes de la Ha t t (1937) Bog; 1050 m asl. Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Londe diagram- Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s me 18a zone or later
Feignes de la Ha t t (1937) Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Londe diagram- Ab i e s zone or later me 18b
FJO Frère Joseph I Wo i l l a r d (1975) Terrestrialised cirque; Weichselian Lateglacial – - 850 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
Frère Joseph II Wo i l l a r d (1975) Weichselian Lateglacial
FRT * Tourbière du Ha t t (1937) Terrestrialised cirque; Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Frankenthal 1030 m asl. Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later
Étang du Frank- Ha t t (1937) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - enthal Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later
2 unpublished Mentioned by Ha t t pollen diagrams (1937) ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
32 Carolinea 72 (2014)
Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
FRT * Frankental I Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - (including Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / macrofossils) Ju g l a n s zone
Frankental II Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - (including Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s / macrofossils) Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
Frankental III Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone - (including macrofossils)
Frankenthal Ka u ff m a n n (1994) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s / Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
Tourbière de De Kl e r k & Hö l z e r , Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / Plan- l’Étang noir 1 research in progress Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone – ned Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
Tourbière de De Kl e r k & Hö l z e r , Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / Plan- l’Étang noir 2 research in progress Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone – ned Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
Tourbière de De Kl e r k & Hö l z e r , Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / Plan- l’Étang noir 3 research in progress Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone – ned Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
GBA * Grande Basse Ka l i s (1984), Bi c k et Peatland; Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Pi n u s / 6 al. (1988), selected 910-950 m asl. Pi c e a zone depth trajectory dis- played by Ka l i s (2014)
Grande Basse Ka l i s et al. (2006) Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s - 4 t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone – Pi n u s / Pi c e a zone
GDF * Gazon du Faing Ha t t (1937) Bog; 1250 m asl. unclear - diagramme 13a
Gazon du Faing Ha t t (1937) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - diagramme 13b Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later
Tourbière du Le m é e (1963) Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Gazon de Faing Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / Ju g l a n s zone
Gazon du Faing Ko o l (1978), Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Bi c k et al. (1988) Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
GET * Grand Étang Te u n i s s e n & Sc h o o n e n Lake; 790 m asl. Weichselian Pleniglacial – - (1973) Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
GGO La Grande Dr e s c h et al. (1966) Peatland; 1080 m asl. Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Goutte G1 Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s / Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 33
Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
GGO La Grande Dr e s c h et al. (1966) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Goutte G3 Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s / Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone GLO * La Goutte Loi- Bog; 835 m asl. selot
Glo α (also ma- Ed e l m a n (1985) (outside peatland) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - crofossils) Pi c e a zone
GLo B (also Ed e l m a n (1985) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - macrofossils) Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
GLo E (also Ed e l m a n (1985), Co r y l u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a 8 macrofossils) Bi c k et al. (1988) zone
GLo F (also Ed e l m a n (1985) Co r y l u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a 2 macrofossils) zone
GLo G (also Ed e l m a n (1985) Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / - macrofossils) Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
GLo H (also Ed e l m a n (1985) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - macrofossils) Pi c e a zone
Glo I (also ma- Ed e l m a n (1985) Upper part of Fa g u s /Ab i e s / 1 crofossils) Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
GLo J (also Ed e l m a n (1985), Weichselian Lateglacial – 6 macrofossils) Vi s s e t et al. (1996) Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
GLo KL (also Ed e l m a n (1985) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / 1 macrofossils) Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
GLo M (also Ed e l m a n (1985) Weichselian Lateglacial – - macrofossils) Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
GOR Saint-Gorgon I Gu i l l e t (1968, 1970) Soil profiles; 320 m Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - asl. Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
Saint-Gorgon II Gu i l l e t (1970) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later -
Saint-Gorgon III Gu i l l e t (1970) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later -
Saint-Gorgon IV Gu i l l e t (1970) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later -
GPI Tourbière Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 550 m asl. Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - des Grandes Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s Piéraches zone
GPR Grands Prés I Wo i l l a r d (1975) Floating vegetation Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - mat; 460 m asl. Ab i e s zone
Grands Prés IIa Wo i l l a r d (1975) Weichselian Lateglacial -
Grands Prés IIb Wo i l l a r d (1975) Weichselian Lateglacial – - Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / Fr a x i n u s zone ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
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Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
GPR Grands Prés IIc Wo i l l a r d (1975) Probably the later part of the - Holocene
GRF Les Grands We s t e r (1979) Faings
GRP Grande Pile I Wo i l l a r d (1975) Peatland, at greater Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – - depth lake sediments; Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone 330 m asl.
Grande Pile II Wo i l l a r d (1975) Late Saalian – Betula/Pinus - zone
Grande Pile III Wo i l l a r d (1975) Saalian – Weichselian - Pleniglacial
Grande Pile IV Wo i l l a r d (1975) Weichselian Pleniglacial -
Grande Pile VI Wo i l l a r d (1975) Weichselian Pleniglacial -
Grande Pile VII Wo i l l a r d (1975) Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Co r y l u s - zone
Grande Pile X Wo i l l a r d (1975, 1978) Late Saalian – Be t u l a /Pi n u s - zone
Grande Pile XX De Be a u l i e u & Re i l l e Late Saalian – Co r y l u s zone - (1992)
HAV Tourbière des Ha t t (1937) Bog; 875 m asl. Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Hauts-Viaux Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later
Hauts-Viaux Ja n s s e n & Br a b e r Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Fa g u s / - (1987), Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a /Ju g - Bi c k et al. (1988) l a n s zone
Tourbière des Ka l i s (2014) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Fa g u s / - Hautes Viaux Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / Ju g l a n s zone
HEL Sainte-Hélène I Gu i l l e t (1970) Soil profile; 320 m asl. Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
Sainte-Hélène II Gu i l l e t et al. (1972) Bog Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone 4
HIR * Hirschsteinried Ha t t (1937) Bog; 1004 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - ou Tourbière de Pi c e a zone l’Altenberg
Hirschsteinried Ob e r d o r f e r (1937) Ending of Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s / - Tilia/Ul m u s /Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
KA1 Kabo I De Va l k (1981) Soil profile; 1325 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - asl. Pi c e a zone
KA2 Kabo II De Va l k (1981) Soil profile; 1290 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - asl. Pi c e a zone
KA3 Kabo III De Va l k (1981) Soil profile; 1280 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - asl. Pi c e a zone ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 35
Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
KA4 Kabo IV De Va l k (1981) Soil profile; 1150 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - asl. Pi c e a zone
KA5 Kabo V De Va l k (1981) Soil profile; 1250 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - asl. Pi c e a zone
KA6 Kabo VI De Va l k (1981) Soil profile; 1290 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - asl. Pi c e a zone
KA7 Kabo VII De Va l k (1981) Soil profile; 1290 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - asl. Pi c e a zone
LDF Fainge Lac Forlet Ko o l (1978), ca. 1080 m asl. Wi l l e r s (1979)
LDR * Lac de Ha t t (1937) Terrestrialisation zone Fa g u s -Ab i e s zone or later - Retournemer of lake; 780 m asl.
Lac de Bi c k et al. (1988) Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – - Retournemer Fa g u s -Ab i e s zone or later
LME La Mer Sc h o b e r & Wa s s e n a a r (1978)
LON Lac Longemer Va n Wa v e r e n (1982) Lake; ca. 730 m asl.
MAC * Machey I Wo i l l a r d (1975) Terrestrialised cirque Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Co r y l u s - 980-993 m asl. zone
Machey II Wo i l l a r d (1975) Weichselian Lateglacial – - Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone
Machey Da r m o i s -Th e o b a l d & Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Fa g u s / - De n è f l e (1981) Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / Ju g l a n s zone
MAR Tourbière de Ha t t (1937) Terrestrialised lake, Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Pinéfaing partly with bog; Ab i e s zone or later 770 m asl.
Marirose Bi c k et al. (1988) Weichselian Lateglacial – - Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone
MAX Tourbière de la Ha t t (1937) Strongly degraded Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Maxe ou de Salm peatland; 625 m asl. Ab i e s zone or later diagramme 2a
Tourbière de la Ha t t (1937) Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Maxe ou de Salm Ab i e s zone or later diagramme 2b
Maxmoor Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - (including Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / macrofossils) Ju g l a n s zone Marais de la Mentioned by Weichselian Lateglacial – - Maxe F. Bu n n i k (pers. com.) Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
Marais de la Ge v e l a a r (1982) Maxe
Marais de la J.-N. Ha a s (pers. com.; Maxe research in progress) ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
36 Carolinea 72 (2014)
Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
MFB Tourbière de la Ha t t (1937), Du r a n d Bog; 615 m asl. Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Morte-Femme & Gu i l l e t (1966) Ab i e s zone (probably older part)
Tourbière du Du r a n d & Gu i l l e t Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Co r y l u s / 4 Beillard (1966) Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s /Fr a x i n u s zone
MO1 Moselotte I De Va l k (1979, 1981), Small bog; 1290 m Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / 7 *? Bi c k et al. (1988), asl. Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a Vi s s e t et al. (1996) zone
MO2 Moselotte II De Va l k (1979, 1981) Small bog; 1260 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - *? asl. Pi c e a zone
MOT Tourbière des Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 500 m asl. Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Mottes Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone
RAH Tourbière du Dr e s c h et al. (1966) terrestrialised cirque; Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Rahin/Vallée du 916 m asl. Ab i e s zone Rahin
RDC Tourbe de la Du b o i s & Du b o i s Bog; 1190-1215 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone - *? route des Crêtes (1937) asl. Fig. 1
Tourbe de la Du b o i s & Du b o i s Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone - route des Crêtes (1937) Fig. 2
RDF Roche des Fées Gu i l l e t (1971a) Soil profile; 640 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Pi c e a zone
RDK Route de Kli- Gu i l l e t (1971b) Soil profile; 750 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Fa g u s / - genthal I Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / Ju g l a n s zone
Route de Gu i l l e t (1971b) Soil profile; 790 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later - Kligenthal II
RDL Route de Gu i l l e t (1971b) Soil profile; 920 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Liaucourt Pi c e a zone
RFA * Rouge Faigne Ka l i s (1984a), Bog (“Sattelmoor”); Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone or Co r y l u s 5 selected depth 1145 m asl. zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone trajectory displayed by Ka l i s (2014)
RJA Tourbière du Ha t t (1937) Degraded peatland Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - rond Jardin près Ab i e s zone Corcieux
RON * Le Ronfaing Ja n s s e n & Sa l o m é Bog; 610 m asl. Weichselian Lateglacial – 5 (1974), Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone (pre- Bi c k et al. (1988) sent- ed by Ja n s - s e n 1974) ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 37
Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
ROT * Rothried Ha t t (1937) Bog developed on a Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - terrestrialised cirque; Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s 835 m asl. zone or later
Rotried Ob e r d o r f e r (1937) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
ROT * Rotried I Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - (including Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a macrofossils) zone
Rotried II Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - (including Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a macrofossils) zone
Rotried III Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone - (including macrofossils)
RPS Rond Pertuis Bu n n i k (1978) Terrestrialised cirque; Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone - Supérieure II 690 m asl.
Tourbière du Su d h a u s (2005) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / 4 Rond Pertuis Fr a x i n u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a supérieure zone
SAP * Col de Sapois Ko n i n g s (1978) Peatland; 830 m asl.
SBE Schneeberg I Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Peatland; 900 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / - (loca- Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone tion un- Schneeberg II Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / - clear) Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone Schneeberg III Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / - Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
SDH Soil tourbeux des Le m é e (1963) Peatland; 1290 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later - Hautes Chaumes
SEW Sewen (including Fi r b a s et al. (1948) Carr covering lake Early Weichselian Lateglacial - macrofossils) sediments; 500 m asl. – Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone
Sewensee SI-3 Sc h l o s s (1979) Peatland covering Early Weichselian Lateglacial LST lake sediments – Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
Sewensee SII-3 Sc h l o s s (1979) Peatland Early Weichselian Lateglacial - and (above an hiatus) Fa g u s / Ab i e s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r - p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
Sewensee SIV-1 Sc h l o s s (1979) Peatland covering Early Weichselian Lateglacial - (including lake sediments – Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a - macrofossils) n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
Sewensee SIV-3 Sc h l o s s (1979) Peatland covering Early Weichselian Lateglacial - lake sediments – Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a - n e a /Ju g l a n s zone ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
38 Carolinea 72 (2014)
Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
SEW Sewensee SIV-4 Sc h l o s s (1979) Lake sediments Early Weichselian Lategla LST (including cial – Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/ macrofossils) Ul m u s /Fr a x i n u s zone
Sewensee SIV-6 Sc h l o s s (1979) Peatland covering Early Weichselian Lateglacial LST (including lake sediments – Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / macrofossils) Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone
Sewensee TI-4 Sc h l o s s (1979) Lake sediments Early Weichselian Lateglacial LST – Co r y l u s zone
SZW Schmeltzwasen Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 504 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone and/or later -
TAI Taintrux I Gu i l l e t (1971a) Soil profile; 530 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Pi c e a zone
TAN * Tourbière du Ha t t (1937) Bog; 1250 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later - Tanet ou Taneck
Tanneckmoor Ob e r d o r f e r (1937) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Pi c e a zone
Tourbière du Ja n s s e n & Ja n s s e n - Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / 5 Tanet Ke t t l i t z (1972), Pi c e a zone Ja n s s e n (1974), Ja n s s e n et al. (1974), De Va l k (1974), Bi c k et al. (1988)
TBK Tourbière du Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 960 m asl. Single sample from Be t u l a / - Brunnkesselloch Pi n u s zone or lower Co r y l u s ou de Stillenbach zone, overlain by Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later
TBR Tête de Blanche F. Bu n n i k , pers. comm. Mire; 810 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - Roches Pi c e a zone TCC Tourbière de Palynological la chaume du analyses suggested Chitelet by Le m é e (1963)
TCT Tourbière De Kl e r k & Hö l z e r Sloping mire; ca. 1100 Ending of Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Plan- Chaume Thiriet 1 (2009/2010) m asl. Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone ned
Tourbière De Kl e r k & Hö l z e r Fa g u s /Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s / Plan- Chaume Thiriet 2 (2009/2010) Ca s t a n e a /Ju g l a n s zone – ned Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
TDE Tourbière de la Ha t t (1937) Bog/Peatland, at Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Demoiselle greater depth lake Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s sediments; 545 m asl. zone or later
La Demoiselle I Wo i l l a r d (1975) Co r y l u s zone – Co r y l u s /Qu e r - - c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s /Fr a x i n u s zone
La Demoiselle II Wo i l l a r d (1975) Weichselian Lateglacial – - Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone
La Demoiselle III Wo i l l a r d (1975) Weichselian Lateglacial -
TDS Tourbière de la Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 925 m asl. Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Soutte Ab i e s zone or later ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at d e Kl e r k : Palynological research of the Vosges Mountains 39
Site Diagram name Source Site description Palynostratigraphic zones DAT code covered by the pollen diagram
TED Tourbière de Ha t t (1937) Terrestrialised cirque; Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Pi n u s / - l’Étang du Devin 929 m asl. Pi c e a zone (Pi c e a not ou Hexenweier displayed in diagram)
TLB * Tourbière du Lac Ha t t (1937) Terrestrialised cirque, Co r y l u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s - de Blanchemer floating mat with zone or later (basal peat); below the water more single sample from floating peat; 970 m asl. mat difficult to judge
TLC Tourbière du Ha t t (1937) terrestrialised cirque; Co r y l u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s - Lac Sec ou 1010 m asl. zone or later Trockensee
TLI Tourbière de Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 900 m asl. Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – Fa g u s / - Lispach Ab i e s zone or later
TLL * Tourbe du Lac de Ha t t (1937) Bog; 900 m asl. Co r y l u s zone – Fagus/Ab i e s - Lispach zone or later
TLR Tourbe du Lac de Ha t t (1937) Terrestrialisation zone Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later - Retournemer of lake; 780 m asl.
TPA * Tête du Petit De Va l k (1974), Peatland; 1230 m asl. Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Fa g u s / 4 Artimont Ka l i s (1985) Ab i e s /Ca r p i n u s /Ca s t a n e a / Ju g l a n s zone
TPC Tourbière du Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 585 m asl. Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Pré-Champ Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone or later
TRF * Trois Fours De Va l k (1981) Small bog 1230 m asl. Co r y l u s zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a - zone
URB Urbis Fig. 3 Ob e r d o r f e r (1937) Terrestrialised glacial Early Weichselian Lateglacial - valley, 450 m asl. – beginning Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone
Urbis Fig. 4 Ob e r d o r f e r (1937) Weichselian Lateglacial -
Urbis Fig. 6 Ob e r d o r f e r (1937) Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/ - Ul m u s /Fr a x i n u s zone – Fa g u s / Ab i e s zone and probably later (relevant pollen types not displayed/counted)
Urbis Fig. 7 Ob e r d o r f e r (1937) Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone and prob- - ably later (relevant pollen types not displayed/counted)
VET Vallée de L’Étang Da r m o i s -Th e o b a l d Peatland; 805 m asl. Be t u l a /Pi n u s zone – beginning - et al. (1976) of Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone
WOR Wormsawald A Ja n s s e n et al. (1974), Small bog; 1040 m Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone – Pi n u s / - * De Va l k (1981) asl. Pi c e a zone
Wormsawald B De Va l k (1981) Small bog; 1060 m Slightly before Fa g u s /Ab i e s - asl. zone – Pi n u s /Pi c e a zone
XON Tourbe de Ha t t (1937) Peatland; 720 m asl. Co r y l u s /Qu e r c u s /Tilia/Ul m u s / - Xonrupt Fr a x i n u s zone – beginning of Fa g u s /Ab i e s zone ©Staatl. Mus. f. Naturkde Karlsruhe & Naturwiss. Ver. Karlsruhe e.V.; download unter www.zobodat.at
40 Carolinea 72 (2014)