From the Kitchen to the Podium

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From the Kitchen to the Podium “The First Lady: From the kitchen to the podium How the gender equality revolution and the media forged a new political actor in democratic systems” EWA WIDLAK TESI DOCTORAL/2016 DIRECTORS DE LA TESI: DR JAUME GUILLAMET LLOVERAS DR CARLES PONT SORRIBES DEPARTAMENT DE COMUNICACIÓ Dedicat a en Marc, el meu suport més lleial ABSTRACT The first ladyship is nowadays one of the most mediatized, yet scientifically neglected unofficial institutions to be found in contemporary states. It is a figure which raises a number of questions regarding the nature of modern relations between politics and the media, politics and the citizens or the evolution of the public imaginary about womanhood, family and marriage within contemporary societies. The presented PhD thesis contains results of an investigation analyzing the role of the modern first lady and its evolution in Poland, France and Spain. It examines how major social and political processes, such as women’s empowerment and the development of mass media, influenced the figure of the first lady. The study, presented as a thesis by compilation of articles, is composed of four papers, published previously in scientific journals, addressing different issues about the first ladyship. The evidence suggests that the rise of the first lady in the studied countries would not have been possible without a greater visibility of women on the public stage, or without the media spotlight put on this legally unwritten office. Nevertheless, there lays a risk that a gendered outlook on the first ladyship may jeopardize future attempts to empower it. Key words: First ladyship, political communication, public image, media-politics relations, media influence, political celebrity, women’s empowerment, gendered frame, gender stereotypes. i RESUM La institució de la primera dama es avui una de les més mediatitzades de l’estat contemporani i, no obstant, menys investigades per la comunitat científica. Planteja qüestions sobre la naturalesa de les relacions modernes entre política i mitjans de comunicació o entre política i ciutadans, així com l’evolució de l’imaginari col·lectiu sobre la feminitat, la família i el matrimoni a les societats contemporànies. Aquesta tesi doctoral conté els resultats d’una investigació que analitza el paper de la primera dama moderna i la seva evolució a Polònia, França i Espanya. S’examina així la manera en què grans processos polítics i socials com l’empoderament de la dona i el desenvolupament dels mitjans de comunicació de masses han influenciat la figura de la primera dama. L’estudi, presentat en forma de tesi per compendi d’articles, el composen quatre articles, prèviament publicats a revistes científiques, que examinen una sèrie de matèries determinades sobre la institució de la primera dama. Els resultats suggereixen que l’actual importància de la primera dama als països estudiats no hauria estat una realitat sense una major visibilitat de la dona a la vida pública i l’atenció mediàtica que ha rebut aquest càrrec jurídicament inarticulat. Amb tot, existeix el risc que una visió estereotipada de gènere sobre la primera dama comprometi el seu empoderament en el futur. Paraules clau: primera dama, comunicació política, imatge pública, relacions entre política y mitjans, celebritat política, empoderament de la dona, marc de gènere, estereotips de gènere ii RESUMEN La institución de la primera dama es hoy una de las más mediatizadas del estado contemporáneo y, sin embargo, menos investigadas por la comunidad científica. Plantea cuestiones sobre la naturaleza de las relaciones modernas entre política y medios de comunicación o entre política y ciudadanos, así como la evolución del imaginario colectivo sobre la feminidad, la familia y el matrimonio en las sociedades contemporáneas. La presente tesis doctoral contiene los resultados de una investigación que analiza el papel de la primera dama moderna y su evolución en Polonia, Francia y España. El trabajo examina el modo en que grandes procesos políticos y sociales como el empoderamiento de la mujer y el desarrollo de los medios de comunicación de masas han influenciado la figura de la primera dama. El estudio, presentado en forma de tesis doctoral por compendio de artículos, está compuesto por cuatro artículos, previamente publicados en revistas científicas y que examinan una serie de materias determinadas sobre la institución de la primera dama. Los resultados sugieren que la actual importancia de la primera dama en los países estudiados no habría sido posible sin una mayor visibilidad de la mujer en la vida pública ni sin la atención mediática recibida por este cargo jurídicamente inarticulado. No obstante, existe el riesgo de que una visión estereotipada de género sobre la primera dama comprometa su empoderamiento en el futuro. Palabras clave: primera dama, comunicación política, imagen pública, relaciones entre política y medios, celebridad política, empoderamiento de la mujer, marco generizado, estereotipos de género iii RESUME L’institution de la première dame est aujourd’hui l’une des plus médiatisées et en même temps, scientifiquement négligées dans les Etas modernes. Elle soulève des questions concernant la nature des relations actuelles entre la politique et les médias, la politique et les citoyens ou encore l’évolution de l’imaginaire collectif sur la perception de la féminité, la famille et le mariage au sein des sociétés contemporaines. Ce travail doctoral contient les résultats d’une recherche analysant le rôle actuel de la première dame et son évolution en Pologne, France et Espagne. Il examine comment des changements sociaux et politiques majeures, tels que l’autonomisation de la femme et le développement des médias de masse, ont influencé le personnage de la première dame. L’étude, présentée en tant que thèse en forme de compilation d’articles, est composée de quatre articles scientifiques, publiés auparavant dans de revues scientifiques et répondant à de différentes questions sur l’institution de la première dame. Les résultats suggèrent que la montée de la première dame dans les pays concernés n’aurait pas été possible sans une plus grande visibilité donnée aux femmes sur la scène publique ou sans les médias qui ont mis en lumière cette institution non-régulée au niveau juridique. Cependant, il existe toujours un risque que la perception genrée sur l’institution puisse compromettre les prochaines tentatives de son renforcement. Mots clés: première dame, communication politique, image publique, relations entre les médias et la politique, influence des médias, célébrité politique, autonomisation des femmes, cadrage genré, stéréotypes du genre. iv STRESZCZENIE Instytucja pierwszej damy jest dzisiaj jedną z najbardziej medialnych i jednocześnie naukowo zaniedbanych instytucji nowoczesnych państw. Porusza ona wiele kwestii dotyczących natury relacji między polityką i mediami, polityką i obywatelami oraz ewolucji współczesnych społecznych wyobrażeń na temat kobiecości, rodziny i ślubu. Niniejsza praca doktorancka zawiera wyniki badań na temat roli współczesnej pierwszej damy oraz jej ewolucji w Polsce, Francji i Hiszpanii. Bada ona jak ważne procesy społeczne i polityczne, takie jak wzmocnienie równouprawnienia kobiet i rózwój mediów masowych, wpłynęły na instytucję pierwszej damy. Praca, skonstruowana jako praca doktorska w formie artykułów naukowych, zawiera cztery artykuły, opublikowane w gazetach naukowych i zawierające elementy odpowiedzi na różne pytania dotyczące zagadnienia pierwszej damy. Wyniki sugerują, że wzmocnienie roli pierwszej damy w wymienionych państwach nie byłoby możliwe bez wzmocnienia przez kobiety swojej obecnośni na scenie publicznej lub bez mediów, które rzuciły światło na tą prawnie nieuregulowaną funkcję. Istnieje niemniej ryzyko, że pełne stereotypów spojrzenie na rolę pierwszej damy może zaszkodzić dalszym próbom zwmocnienia instytucji. Słowa kluczowe: pierwsza dama, komunikacja polityczna, wizerunek publiczny, stosunki między polityką i mediami, wpływy medialne, celebryta polityczny, równouprawnienie kobiet, stereotypowy przekaz medialny, stereotypy płciowe. v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This PhD was an intense and passionate journey. Although it is authored only by one person, without support of many people this investigation would have probably not seen the light of day. Voldria agrair, en primer lloc, a la persona que sempre va creure en mi i que em va mostrar el seu suport i amor incondicional, no només durant, però també abans de començar el meu projecte de tesi. Marc, no t'ho podré agrair mai prou. Sempre has estat la meva roca en aquest mar perturbat, no ho hagués pogut fer sense tu. Agraeixo de manera particular als meus dos tutors Jaume Guillamet i Carles Pont pel seu suport científic i humà durant tot el procès d'elaboració d'aquesta tesi. Heu estat per a mi uns guies inestimables en aquest viatge acadèmic i sempre us estaré agraïda per tota la vostra ajuda i saviesa. Chciałabym też serdecznie podziękować moim rodzicom, którzy nauczyli mnie marzyć i spełniać te marzenia. I którzy pokazali mi i mojej siostrze, że nasze miejsce jest przy biurku, a nie przy garnkach. Chciałabym podziękować róznież babci Rózi, mojej bohaterce, która przez całe życie pokazywała mi, że nie ma rzeczy niemożliwych, jeśli się włoży w nie trochę wysiłku. Mojej siostrze Monice, która nie tylko wspierała mnie przez łącza telefoniczne, ale również pomogła wygrać w nierównej walce przeciwko Excelowi. Mil agraïments també a l'Eli, a l'Alex i al Jordi que em van donar suport durant tot aquest període, però sobretot
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