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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Elemente ritueller Handlungen in den Elija-Elischa-Erzählungen“ Untersuchungen zur literarischen Umsetzung ritueller Handlungselemente im Vergleich zur mesopotamischen keilschriftlichen Tradition. Verfasser Mag. theol. Gerhard Karner angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Theologie (Dr. theol.) Wien, Dezember 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 082 041 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Evangelische Fachtheologie Betreuerin / Betreuer: O. Univ. Prof. Dr. DDr. Dr. h.c. James Alfred Loader Meiner Familie in Dankbarkeit zugeeignet VORWORT Viele Personen hatten direkt oder indirekt Anteil an der Entstehung dieser Studie. An erster Stelle möchte ich meinem Betreuer O. Univ. Prof. Dr.DDr. Dr. h.c. James Afred Loader für seine unermüdliche Gesprächsbereitschaft von Herzen Dank sagen. Der wissenschafltiche Austausch mit ihm und seine immer konstruktive Kritik waren stets Anregung und Ermutigung zugleich. Zu Dank verpflichtet bin ich der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, die das Dissertationsprojekt vom Juni 2006 bis November 2007 durch ein DOC-Stipendium finanziell unterstützt hat und damit die Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen hat, dass dieser Zeitraum zu einer Periode produktiven Schaffens werden konnte. Mein Dank gilt weiters Prof. Dr. Jürgen van Oorschot (Erlangen), an dessen Lehrstuhl ich von Dezember 2007 bis September 2009 als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter tätig sein durfte und Gelegenheit hatte, neben meiner Arbeit an der Dissertation wichtige Er- fahrungen in der akademischen Lehre zu sammeln. Bedanken will ich mich zudem bei meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen der beiden alttestamentlichen Lehrstühle am Fachbereich Theologie der Friedrich-Alexander- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Delia Klingler, Jonathan M. Robker, Sarah Schulz und Dr. Lars Allolio-Näcke für ihre kollegiale Unterstützung, die stets anregenden fach- lichen Diskussionen und so manchen Zuspruch. Nicht zuletzt gebührt mein Dank Herrn Pfarrer Dr. Manuel Dubach (Burgdorf, Schweiz). Die ständige Begegung mit ihm hat meine Zeit als DOC-Stipendiat an der Evangelisch-Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Wien nicht allein in wissen–schaft- licher Hinsicht bereichert. Dankbar bin ich auch allen meinen Freunden, die sich trotz der geographischen Distanz als treue Weggefährten erwiesen haben. Abschließend möchte ich mich bei meiner Lebensgefährtin Mag. Judith Starecek sowie meiner Familie bedanken, die zu jeder Zeit ein verlässlicher Rückhalt waren und deren uneingeschränkter Unterstützung ich mir stets gewiss sein konnte. Als freilich nur höchst unzureichender Ausdruck meiner Dankbarkeit sei Ihnen die vorliegende Arbeit gewidmet. Wien, Weihnachten 2009 INHALT INHALT..................................................................................................................................................................... i TECHNISCHE HINWEISE............................................................................................................................iii ZUR EINFÜHRUNG........................................................................................................................................... 1 KAPITEL I WAS IST MAGIE? – PERSPEKTIVEN ZU EINEM UMSTRITTENEN BEGRIFF............ 7 I.1 ZENTRALE POSITIONEN DER MAGIEDISKUSSION....................................................................................... 10 I.1.1 E. B. Tylor – Magie als „Pseudowissenschaft“ ........................................................................... 10 I.1.1 J. G. Frazer – Die „Grundregeln“ der Magie ............................................................................. 11 I.1.2 E. Durkheim – Die soziale Funktion der Religion ....................................................................... 13 I.1.3 H. Hubert/ M. Mauss – Magie als soziologisches Phänomen.................................................... 14 I.1.4 L. Lévy-Bruhl – Das „Gesetz der Teilhabe“ ................................................................................ 15 I.1.5 B. Malinowski – Magie und Religion als Kompensation in emotionalen Ausnahmesituationen. ...................................................................................................................... 16 I.1.6 E. E. Evans-Pritchard – Die Kohärenz magischen Denkens. .................................................... 18 I.1.7 S. J. Tambiah – Magie als „performativer Akt“......................................................................... 20 I.2 ZUR MAGIEDISKUSSION IN DER ALTTESTAMENTLICHEN WISSENSCHAFT UND DER ALTORIENTALISTIK ....................................................................................................................................... 22 I.2.1 S. Mowinckel – Magie als „magisches Weltbild“........................................................................ 23 I.2.2 Jean Bottéro – Klassifikation magischer Handlungen................................................................ 28 I.2.3 Ch. Daxelmüller und M.-L. Thomsen – Magie als fragwürdiges Konzept............................... 29 I.2.4 W. van Binsbergen & F. Wiggermann – It’s all about control!................................................. 30 I.2.5 R. Schmitt – Magie als ritualsymbolische Handlung................................................................... 31 I.3 DIE APORIE(N) DES MAGIEBEGRIFFS .......................................................................................................... 36 I.3.1 Zusammenfassende Bemerkungen.................................................................................................. 36 I.3.2 Der Abschied von einer liebgewonnen Unterscheidung ............................................................. 37 I.4 EINE KOGNITIVE THEORIE RITUELLER HANDLUNGSFORMEN: DER WEG AUS DER APORIE................. 47 KAPITEL II ASPEKTE RITUELLER PRAXIS IM KONTEXT DES MESOPOTAMISCHEN WIRKLICHKEITSVERSTÄNDNISSES..................................................................................... 57 II.1 DEFINITIONEN ................................................................................................................................................ 58 II.2 WELTBILD UND RITUELLE PRAXIS IM ALTEN MESOPOTAMIEN............................................................... 60 II.2.1 Rituelle Weltvergewisserung: Die Ordnung der Welt und die Bestimmung des Menschen .. 62 II.2.2 Rituelle Welterschließung: Notizen zur Omenpraxis in Mesopotamien ................................... 69 Die Mythologie des bārû.................................................................................................................. 75 II.2.3 Rituelle Weltbewältigungsstrategien.............................................................................................. 76 Das Wort: Beschwörungen............................................................................................................... 81 Die Handlung: Ritualanweisungen................................................................................................... 85 Weltbild und Ritual aus kognitiver Perspektive ............................................................................... 89 Göttliche Präfiguration ritueller Praxis am Beispiel von KAR 114 || LKA 143 .............................. 98 Göttliche Intervention am Beispiel der mesopotamischen Handerhebungsgebete............................. 105 Erwartungshaltung und Wirksamkeit rituellen Handelns............................................................... 106 II.2.4 Die Ritualspezialisten bārû und āšipu ......................................................................................... 108 i KAPITEL III ELEMENTE RITUELLER HANDLUNGEN IN DEN ELIJA-ELISCHA- ERZÄHLUNGEN..................................................................................................................................115 III.1 ZUM LITERARISCHEN KONTEXT DER ELIJA-ELISCHA-ERZÄHLUNGEN .................................................115 III.1.1 Tendenzen der Forschung zu den Elija-Elischa-Erzählungen .................................................116 III.1.2 Bemerkungen zum Deuteronomistischen Geschichtswerk (DtrG)...........................................120 III.1.3 Zum weiteren Vorgehen..................................................................................................................125 III.1.4 Ahab und sein Haus als negativer Höhepunkt der Geschichte Israels....................................126 III.1.5 Das Wirken von Elija und Elischa im Spannungsfeld von Verheißung und Erfüllung.........131 III.2 DIE ELIJA- UND ELISCHAÜBERLIEFERUNGEN...........................................................................................136 III.2.1 Elija in der Dürre-Komposition (1Kön 17-18*).........................................................................138 III.2.1.1 Die Ankündigung der Dürre (1Kön 17,1) ...............................................................138 III.2.1.2 Die wunderbare Versorgung Elijas (1Kön 17,2-6*)................................................142 III.2.1.3 Elija vermehrt Mehl und Öl (1Kön 17,7-16*).........................................................144 III.2.1.4 Elija erweckt den Sohn der Witwe (1Kön 17,17-24*) ............................................146 III.2.1.5 Die Wiedergewinnung des Regens (1Kön 18,41-46*)............................................149 III.2.2 Feuer vom Himmel – Elija in 1Kön 18,19-40* und 2Kön 1,9-16. ..........................................155 III.2.3 Die Götterbefragungen in 2Kön 1,1-16* und 8,7-15*...............................................................160
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