International Space Exploration Coordination Group Human Exploration of the Lunar Surface

International Architecture Working Group

Future In-Space Operations Telecon September 20, 2017 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Human Exploration in Cislunar Space The Mission Scenario chart from GER2 notionally connects the Gateway (labeled as the Evolvable Deep Space Habitat) and the lunar surface scenarios together. Thus the IAWG sought to address the question: How would the Gateway be used to support human lunar surface missions? Potential functions for the Gateway in a lunar surface scenario include:

1 Storage and refueling of a ISECG&Mission&Scenario&

reusable ascent module 2020 2030 Low- Orbit International Space Station 2 Safe haven for crew Robotic Mission Commercial or Government-Owned Platforms Human Mission aborting from the surface Beyond Low-Earth Orbit Cargo Mission Test Missions

Asteroid Redirection 3 Communications relay to Rosetta Hayabusa-2 OSIRIS-REx (Sample Return) (Sample Return) Explore Near Earth Asteroid Near-Earth Objects Apophis Extended Staging Post for Crew Earth from the lunar far Duration to Lunar Surface Lunar Vicinity Crew side Missions Potential Commercial Opportunities

LADEE Luna 26 RESOLVE SELENE-2 Luna 28/29 SELENE-3 Human-Assisted 4 (Sample Sample Return Humans to Lunar Surface Teleoperations of robotic Chandrayaan-2 Return) Potential Commercial Opportunities

systems (on the far side) Human-Assisted Sample Return Sustainable Human MAVEN ISRO Mars ExoMars InSight ExoMars Mars JAXA Mars Sample Return Mission Missions to the Orbiter Mission 2016 2018 2020 Mars Opportunities Mars System 5 Access to medical and Mars Precursor Human Scale EDL Test Mission Opportunities

exercise equipment for Multi-Destination Small Human Transportation Cargo Surface Capabilities Initial Lander Mobility reconditioning. (Planned and Conceptual) Cargo Delivery

Evolvable Russian Advanced Deep Space Orion Orion & Icon indicates first use opportunity. & Piloted Electric & SLS Crewed SLS 6 Commercial/Institutional launchers not shown. Habitat SLS Propulsion (Upgrade) Lunar (Upgrade) Act as a hub for refueling System Lander spacecraft consumables.

2/16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary ISECG Principles

The GER has identified 6 exploration principles that are helpful metrics for devising a comprehensive architecture:

3/16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Architecture Driven by ISECG Principles

The combined principles could be summarized as an endeavor to maximize partnership opportunities by prioritizing modular systems while at the same time minimizing cost and complexity, ultimately favoring minimum mass solutions.

1 GER derived strategic principles A↵ordability, Exploration Value, International Partnerships,! Capability Evolution, Human-Robotic Partnership

2 GER derived goals and objectives 5 missions, 4 crew and 28+ days on surface !

3 Capability based constraints as framed by international participants. Currently featuring ESA, CSA, JAXA and NASA contributions!

4/16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Cislunar Orbit Options

While,the preferred orbit from a lander standpoint would be LLO, NASA’s Orion doesn’t have enough fuel to get in and out. Reduced round-trip times on the order of 85% to 95% to the surface from the NRHO compared to DRO or larger L2 Halos directly correlates to decrease in the mass of supplies, air and associated systems that in turn result in a multiplied increase in lander propellant mass.

5/16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Final Trade Space

Acompletelymobilebasedsystemwasselectedasthepreferredimplementation for the crewed stays. Two pressurized rovers provide full habitation for 2 crew members each for 42 days (2 lunar days + 1 lunar night). Amobilesystem maximizes landing site diversity while simultaenously minimizing surface infrastructure.

6/16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Design Reference Mission

Initial 3Launchscenario. Subsequent missions require 1.5 launches.

7/16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Two Stage Lander

Reusable Ascent Module Main function: deliver 4 crew safely to the lunar surface and back. 3-4 day lifetime capability required for abort modes Reduced pressurized volume to 10 m3 to save mass Pump-fed storable fuel-based engines

LO2/CH4 Descent Module

LO2/CH4 was selected for the descent module for ISRU potential and increased performance Key features of descent module given below:

Item Descent Module Main Propellants LO2/CH4 # Engines 3 Engine Thrust >80 kN Engine Isp 370 s RCS 40 x 220 N Power Solar Panels

8/16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Reusable Surface Rovers

Notional Rover Design Small Pressurized Rovers 2reusableroverscarry2crew members each Yearly missions will require small cargo resupply Volumetric challenge to fit 2 rovers atop a descent module in launch vehicle shroud The rover has 4 main systems: 1 The rover platform/chassis 2 The radioisotope power/thermal source Notional Launch Configuration 3 The airlock 4 The pressurized module Unique hybrid power system includes: 1 Partially deployable solar panels 2 Multiple radioisotope power systems 3 Rechargeable batteries or regenerative fuel cells.

9/16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Element Co-Development

Envisioned co-development approach

Aprogrammaticanalysiswas performed on how to realize a lunar surface architecture.

The study found that: 1 Asub-scalerobotic demonstrator version of the human is the The time scale on the top of the figure most a↵ordable solution indicates years to Human Lunar Return. 2 System components would be implemented based on the Relationship between demonstrator and partnership roles in the human elements human architecture 3 Demonstrator mission should be between 4 and 6 years before human lunar return 4 Ademonstratordoesnot significantly delay human lunar return.

10 / 16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Key Technology Challenges Radioisotope-Solar Hybrid Life support and EVA for Power (Lunar Night survival) extended lunar stay (LSS atmosphere choices, dust mitigation, radiation, exercise requirements)

Zero-boil-o↵ LO2/CH4 propulsion

11 / 16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Landing Sites to Connect 5 Consecutive Missions Coordinates of Notional Sites Notional Sites in SPAB # Site Lon. Lat. 1MalapertMassif0 -85 2ShackletonPlateau126-89 3Schr¨odingerBasin139-75 4Antoniadi172-70 5SPABInterior160-60

Detailed Example SPAB Landing Site

Theme Objective Geological Features Geological Exploration as wide area of SPAB Water or Ice Lunar Water/Ice or Volatile component exploration for ISRU Observation Moonquake observation. Astronomical Observatory on lunar surface.

The five example SPAB sites are useful for addressing the feasibility of the architecture concept driving power, thermal, and communication subsystem designs, as well as the assumptions on the terrain environment for surface landing and mobility. 12 / 16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Crew Concept of Operations

1st Lunar Day (14 Earth Days) Lunar Night (14 Earth Days) 2nd Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)

DSG

DSG

Ascending

Landing Public Engagement 40th day -Remote Operation EVA Task -Education -Sampling 2nd day EVA Task -Sampling Ascent Prep -Packing -Separation -Check Out 1st day 3rd day 41st day Initial Checkout Overnight IVA Task Unpackaging Traverse 42nd day Traverse -Sample Analysis

13 / 16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Sub-Scale Demonstrator Mission Aconceptforthedemonstratormissionscenariohasbeenadvancedto phase-0 level by the participating agencies CSA, ESA, and JAXA Once landed, surface rover is envisioned to collect up to 15 kg of samples from previously unexplored regions of the Moon. The first operational concept will allow significant advances in preparing for human missions to Mars and sustained While reliance on ISRU has been excluded for the DRM, it is nevertheless an objective of the campaign to deploy a to-be-defined ISRU pilot plant

14 / 16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary Gateway Enabled Human Surface Summary

Lunar surface concept is logical combination of: Planned components (SLS and Orion) + Conceptual Components (Human Lander and Pressurized Rovers)

Key is a↵ordability: minimizing heavy lift launches, maximize reusability and minimize new developments

Approval of the demonstrator mission for development is vital to make human lander project a↵ordable.

15 / 16 Introduction Mission Architecture Lunar Exploration Elements Surface Operations Concept Summary

http://www.globalspaceexploration.org

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