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Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh

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Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 1614–1620, Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_181 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR THE GROUNDWATER IN VADDESWARAM, ANDHRA PRADESH Sridhar K, Lakshman A B. Tech, Department of Civil Engineering, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India Sree Lakshmi V Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KL University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT The water quality index (WQI) is an important parameter for determining the drinking water quality for the end users. The study for the same has been carried on the groundwater by collecting groundwater samples from Vaddeswaram village in Guntur district Andhra Pradesh. In order to develop WQI the samples were subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical and biological analysis of parameters such as pH, turbidity, acidity, alkalinity, fluorides, chloride, electrical conductivity, total hardness, BOD. Geographical information system has been used to map the sampling area. WQI index were plotted from the values obtained by the analysis of various parameters by using empirical method and online software method. The WQI index for the same has been calculated and the values ranged from 53.078 to 293.146. The WQI values from present study indicate the very poor quality water in the area dominated by industrial and construction activities. Poor water quality has been observed in commercial zone of the study area. The analysis reveals the fact that the ground water of the Vaddeswaram needs a degree of treatment before consumption and needs to be protected from further contamination. Key words: Water Quality Index (WQI), Ground Water, pH, Alkalinity, Acidity, BOD. Cite this Article: Sridhar K, Lakshman A and Sree Lakshmi V, Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 1614–1620. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=4 1. INTRODUCTION Pollution and water quality degradation interfere with vital and legitimate water uses at any scale, i.e. local, regional or international. All biological reactions occur in water and it is the integrated system of biological metabolic reaction in an aqueous solution that is essential for http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1614 [email protected] Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh the maintenance of life. Most human activities involve the use of water in many way. It may be noted that early habitation and civilization sprang up in bank rivers. Although the surface of our planet is nearly 71%water, only 3% of it is fresh. Of these 3%about 75% is tied up in glaciers and polar icebergs, 24% in ground water and 1% is available in the form of fresh water in rivers, lakes and ponds suitable for human consumption. Due to increasing industrialization and population the demands of water supply have been increasing day by day. Moreover the quality of water is polluted by sewage, industrial waste and a wide range of synthetic chemicals. Fresh water which is a precious and limited resources needs to be protected. But unfortunately it was not in that case, polluting lakes, rivers and streams throughout the world. Accordingly national environmental engineering research all fresh water bodies are inter-connected with the atmosphere through the hydrological cycle. Thus water continuum, with different stages ranging from rainwater to marine salt waters. These are closely inter-connected. The quality of the earth’s water is vital to our existence. We need a clean water to our thirst, irrigate our fields, and sustain all life forms in the environment, our homes, communities, business, industries, and in nature. Clean water today and we will need it tomorrow. We use clean water in almost every aspect of our lives for drinking, bathing, cooking, and swimming. We use on it for growing and processing our food and nourishing the plant and animals. Unfortunately we have no guarantee that clean water, relied on so heavily, will always be available. The supply of clean water on the earth is finite, and it is being polluted by water pollution. Water pollution is a serious problem today. Water will be suffering the effects of indirect or diffuse discharge of pollutants associated with storm water runoff from adjacent lands. We call this type of water pollution non-point source pollution to differentiate it from direct or point source discharge of pollutants into water ways from pipes and outfalls. The polluted water in the United States includes our major water ways and their tributes. Water quality degradation caused by erosion and sedimentation, municipal and industrial discharges, and agricultural runoff its fish and wildlife. Having safe drinking water and basic sanitation is a human need and right for every man, woman and child. People need clean water and sanitation to maintain their healthy and dignity. Ground Water: Ground water is the water present under the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the cracks of rocks. An aquifer is a unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit when it yields useable quantity of water. The fractures and voids of the soil in rock becomes saturated with water is called water table recharged and eventually flows to the surface naturally. Natural discharge occurs in springs and seeps can form wetlands. For agricultural, municipal, and industrial uses also this ground water is used by constructing wells and bores. The study of movement and distribution of groundwater is called groundwater hydrology. Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain soil moisture, permafrost, immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water. It is likely that much of Earth's subsurface contain some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances. Groundwater may not be confined only to Earth. The formation of some of the landforms observed on Mars may have been influenced by groundwater. There is also evidence that liquid water may also exist in the subsurface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to pollution than surface water. Therefore, it is commonly used for public water supplies. For example, groundwater provides the largest source of usable water storage in the United States, and California annually withdraws the largest amount of groundwater of all the states. Underground reservoirs contain far more water than the capacity of all surface reservoirs and lakes in the US, including the Great Lakes. Many municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater. Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1615 [email protected] Sridhar K, Lakshman A and Sree Lakshmi V disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems. 1.1. Study Area Vaddeswaram is the part of Guntur district 160 26’ 46”N to 160 28’ 30”N and 800 35’ 6” E to 800 38’ 6” and it is located at a distance of 5km from Krishna river, in Tadepalle Mandal. Its area spread over a 3.30 km2(1.2 Sq. mi ). According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Vaddeswaram village is 589981. Vaddeswaram village is located in Tadepalle of Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh, India. 2. OBJECTIVES • To assess the ground water quality in Vaddeswaram region by using the water quality index through manual calculation process and software method. • To suggest the adequate treatment process for ground water Vaddeswaram. 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1. Sampling Area Stations In Vaddeswaram region we have selected these stations for sampling and the type of soil in this region is black cotton soil. Table 1 Sampling stations and their names. Station no Sampling area 1 Vaddeswaram quarry 2 Vijayawada-Guntur highway 3 Kolanukonda area 4 Kolanukunda railway station 5 Kunchanapalli bridge 6 Klu road ending 3.2. Parameters Considered There are so many of physio-chemical parameters from those we have selected these parameters pH, turbidity, acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, fluorides, total hardness, electrical conductivity. 퐩퐇value: pH value is determined by measurement of the electromotive force of a cell consisting of an indicator electrode immersed in the test solution and a reference electrode, contact between the test solution and a references electrode is usually achieved by means of a liquid junction, which forms part of the reference electrode. Turbidity:It is based on comparison of the intensity of light scattered by the sample under defined conditions with the intensity of light scattered reference suspension under the same conditions. Acidity: Acidity interferes in the treatment of water (as in softening). It corrodes pipes (zinc coating of G.I. pipes got dissolved). Aquatic life will be affected. pH is critical factor for bi- chemical reaction. The favourable pH is 6.8 to 7.5. Waters contain mineral acidity are so unpalatable. Waters having acidity more than 50 mg/l cannot be used in R.C.C. works. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1616 [email protected] Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh Alkalinity: Highly alkaline waters are usually unpalatable and consumer acceptance decreases. Water having an alkalinity of less than 200 mg/l as CaCO3 is desirable for drinking.
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