International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

Satellite and AWS Based Scrutiny of Heat Wave over A.P N. Umakanth, G.Ch. Satyanarayana, Ch. Lakshmi Harika, Ch. Shweta, N. Akhil Chowdary

 over Nellore district and 66 over Krishna district. Study by Abstract: Extreme events related to heat waves have been Venkata B. Dodla and Satyanarayana. G.Ch et al. 2017 have increasing day by day in recent years over . To achieve this, discussed breifly about the occurrence of heat wave over we took the help of the satellite data. In this paper, we analysed India in 2015 and the related thermo dynamics behind it. They maximum temperatures of the heat wave episode which happened also explained that a sudden rise in temperatures in mid May during 23 – 26 May, 2015 over . Five stations month have caused more deaths in AP. such as nandigama, Kavali, Darsi, Rajamundry and were selected and presented in this paper. The reason for selecting these According to some recent studies by Kunkel et al. 2009 and five stations was due to high death rate in this episode. On Larsen 2006 [4-5], the phenomenon of heat waves will comparing the both satellite and automatic weather station(AWS) increase in future and deaths may even double in the next temperature data, the corelation coefficient was 0.80 . There was a decade. The occurrence of heat waves differ globally. In sudden increase in the temperatures of about 8 – 130C in the 2003, European heat wave lasted for 3 months of June, July, morning hours. Almost 8 – 10 hours with temperatures above and August [6-7] whereas the american heat wave lasted for 400C lasted causing people expose to high temperatures causing few days of july in 1995 and 1999 [8-9]. Usually heat waves more deaths. occur for few days [10]. Studies by [11-13] have shown the

heat wave genesis and its impacts on Indian region. The Keywords: Heat wave, automatic weather station, satellite, INSAT-3D, Temperature. Application of satellite in heatwave events has shown better indication of risks caused by heat stress and high temperatures I. INTRODUCTION [14]. INSAT-3D is an advanced weather satellite of India which was designed and launched by the Indian Space In recent times, heat waves have been considered as one of the Research Organisation. It has 6-channel imager and a major natural hazards of our country. Heat wave is refered as 19-channel sounder. It is used in search and rescue a period of abnormal high temperatures, which is more than information. the normal maximum temperatures. This period occurs during There are four seasons in India. (a). winter summer season i.e March to May. These extreme season(December - February), (b). summer season or temperatures and prevailing atmospheric conditions affect the pre-monsoon (March - May), (c). rainy season or South-west people lives. Globally, many human deaths occur due to heat monsoon (June - September) and (d). post-monsoon season waves [1]. Some of the heat wave events mentioned below (October–November). Out of all months, May month indicates the heat wave impact on human deaths. In 2003, frequently records maximum temperatures more than 40 0 C. 70,000 people were dead due to heat waves [2]; In 2010, Most of the Heat waves that occur over India take place in the 11,000 people were dead in Russia whereas 1718 people were month of May. Andhra Pradesh & Telangana regions are dead in japan [3]. The heat wave deaths in India are 1425, mainly exposed to these heat waves. In 2015, Andhra Pradesh 1393, and 2500 during 2003, 2013, and 2015 respectively. In experienced high temperatures more than 44 °C during May these deaths, majority of human loss occurred in Andhra 23-27. So we have taken these dates for our study. In this pradesh. Out of 2500 deaths, 2320 deaths alone took place in paper, we analysed maximum temperatures of the heat wave the regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. So, the two episode which happened during 23 – 26 May, 2015 over regions account for 92.8% of the total Andhra pradesh. Five stations such as nandigama, Kavali, deaths.(http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/8- Darsi, Rajamundry and Bapatla were selected and presented of-10-heat-wave-deaths-in-andhra-pradesh-odisha/). In those in this paper. The reason for selecting these five stations was 2320 deaths, 1735 deaths occurred in Andhra Pradesh due to high death rate in this episode. The location of this whereas 585 deaths were recorded in Telangana. According stations as give below in Table 1. Later, we have collected to National Disaster Management Authority report(NDMA automatic weather stations (AWS) data every hour at the same 2016), there are 305 deaths occurred over Prakasam district, station. We tried to compare the both satellite and AWS 197 over district, 158 over East Godavari district, 102 temperature data and calculated the statistical metrics for both the datasets.

Revised Manuscript Received on November 19, 2019 N. Umakanth, Department of Atmospheric Science, K L University, II. DATA & METHODOLOGY Vaddeswaram–522502, India. The present study was carried out over the area covering G. Ch. Satyanarayana, Department of Atmospheric Science, K L University, Vaddeswaram–522502, India. Andhra Pradesh extending from 12-20 N and 75-85 E . The Ch. Lakshmi Harika, Department of ECE, K L University, following data sets were used for analysis. Vaddeswaram–522502, India. 1. The data from INSAT-3D satellite are collected at Ch. Shweta, Department of ECE, K L University, http://www.mosdac.gov.in/. Vaddeswaram–522502, India. N. Akhil Chowdary, Department of ECE, K L University, 2. The IMD- AWS data is Vaddeswaram–522502, India.. purchased and collected at

Published By: Retrieval Number: D8593118419/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D8593.118419 4719 & Sciences Publication

Satellite and AWS Based Scrutiny of Heat Wave over A.P http://dsp.imdpune.gov.in/ for the present study.

III. METHODOLOGY: Statistical metrics comprises of correlation coefficient (CC), the root mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error(MAE), root-mean-square error (RMSE), index of agreement (IOA) and BIAS. These were computed to evaluate the INSAT-3d satellite performance with WRF model performance in the prediction of thunderstorms during the period of study. formulae (Wilks, 2006) are as follows:

- (1)

- (2)

Figure 1: Time Series plot of Temperature plotted from AWS & INSAT 3D satellite data for May 23rd to May 26th 2015 over Nandigama Station. - 2. Rajamundry station:- It is present in East Godavari (3) district. From 23rd - 26th May, shown in Figure 2 there was almost 8-9 hours (from 3UTC to 12UTC) recording temperature greater than 40oC. The maximum temperature from AWS was 45.30C where as from INSAT-3D it was - 44.70C. The minimum temperature from AWS was 28.50C (4) where as from INSAT-3D it was 29.70C. When we have calculated statistical metrics for two datasets, the CC was - 80% which is reasonbale good. The BIAS value was -1.96. (5) The RMSE was 3.05. where and correspond to observations and forecast values.

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS: The results explain the maximum temperatures of the heat wave episode which happened during 23 – 26 May, 2015 over Andhra pradesh. Five stations such as nandigama, Kavali, Darsi, Rajamundry and Bapatla were selected and presented in this paper. The reason for selecting these five stations was due to high death rate in this episode. The location of this stations as give below in Table 1. The Time series analysis of mean maximum surface temperature for May, over the 5 stations was computed using INSAT-3D daily 0.10 temperature data at every 30 minutes time interval for the period 23 – 26 May, 2015. Later, we have collected the automatic weather station data for the same 5 stations. We have made an attempt to compare the INSAT-3D satellite data and AWS data. Results of the five stations are presented as follows: 1. Nandigama station:- It is present in Krishna district. From 23rd - 26th May, shown in Figure 1 there was almost 10 hours (from 5UTC to 14UTC) recording temperature greater than 40oC. This temperatures has created discomfort for the human 0 Figure 2: Time Series plot of Temperature plotted from lives. The maximum temperature from AWS was 45.9 C rd th where as from INSAT-3D it was 46.30C. The minimum AWS & INSAT 3D satellite data for May 23 to May 26 temperature from AWS was 31.50C where as from 2015 over Rajamundry Station. INSAT-3D it was 31.20C. When we have calculated statistical metrics for two datasets, the CC was 90% which is reasonable good. The BIAS value was -0.31. The RMSE was 1.67.

Published By: Retrieval Number: D8593118419/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D8593.118419 4720 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

3. Kavali station:- It is present in nellore district. From 23rd 5. Bapatla station:- It is present in . From 23rd - 26th May, shown in Figure 1 there was almost 9 hours (from - 26th May, shown in Figure 1 there was almost 10 hours (from 6UTC to 14UTC) recording temperature greater than 40oC. 5UTC to 14UTC) recording temperature greater than 40oC. This temperatures has created discomfort for the human lives. This temperatures has created discomfort for the human lives. The maximum temperature from AWS was 44.80C where as The maximum temperature from AWS was 450C where as from INSAT-3D it was 43.30C. The minimum temperature from INSAT-3D it was 43.90C. The minimum temperature from AWS was 32.50C where as from INSAT-3D it was from AWS was 30.50C where as from INSAT-3D it was 28.90C. When we have calculated statistical metrics for two 31.20C. When we have calculated statistical metrics for two datasets, the CC was 68% which is reasonbale good. The datasets, the CC was 84% which is reasonbale good. The BIAS value was -2.9. The RMSE was 3.5. BIAS value was -1.36. The RMSE was 2.12.

Figure 3: Time Series plot of Temperature plotted from AWS & INSAT 3D satellite data for May 23rd to May 26th 2015 over Kavali Station. 4. Darsi station:- It is present in Prakasham district. From 23rd - 26th May, shown in Figure 1 there was almost 7-8 hours (from 6UTC to 14UTC) recording temperature greater than 40oC. This temperatures has created discomfort for the human lives. The maximum temperature from AWS was 440C where as from INSAT-3D it was 43.40C. The minimum temperature 0 from AWS was 34.6 C where as from INSAT-3D it was Figure 5: Time Series plot of Temperature plotted from 0 29.1 C. When we have calculated statistical metrics for two AWS & INSAT 3D satellite data for May 23rd to May 26th datasets, the CC was 87% which is reasonbale good. The 2015 over Bapatla Station. BIAS value was -1.73. The RMSE value is 1.87. Table-1 Loctaion of the Stations. Station District Latitude Longitude

Darsi Prakasham 15.780 N 79.65 0E

Bapatla Guntur 15.920 N 80.49 0E

Rajamundry East godavari 17.100 N 81.62 0E

Kavali Nellore 14.910 N 79.99 0E

Nandigama Krishna 16.770 N 80.28 0E

Figure 4: Time Series plot of Temperature plotted from

AWS & INSAT 3D satellite data for May 23rd to May 26th

2015 over Darsi Station.

Published By: Retrieval Number: D8593118419/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D8593.118419 4721 & Sciences Publication

Satellite and AWS Based Scrutiny of Heat Wave over A.P

Table-2 Statistical metrics. 8. Kunkel KE, Changnon SS, Reike B, Arritt RW (1996) The July 1995 heat wave in the midwest: a climatic perspective and critical weather BIAS MAE RMSE CC IOA factors. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:1507–1518. 9. Palecki MA, Changnon SA, Kunkel KE (2001) The nature and impacts of the July 1999 heat wave in the midwestern United States: learning 23-May -0.93 1.9 2.67 0.84 0.91 from the lessons of 1995. B Am Meteorol Soc 82:1353–1367. 10. Khaliq MN, St-Hilaire A, Ouarda TBMJ, Bobee B (2005) Frequency 24-May -1.73 2.9 3.06 0.85 0.84 analysis and temporal pattern of occurrences of southern Quebec heatwaves. Int J Climatol 25:485–504 11. Raghavan K (1966) A climatological study of sever heat wave in India. 25-May -1.4 2.11 2.4 0.9 0.81 Indian J Met Geophys 17(4):581–586 12. Subbaramayya I, Suryanaryana Rao DA (1976) Heat wave and cold wave days in different states in India. Indian J Met Hydrol Geophys 26-May -0.31 1.48 1.77 0.94 0.97 27(4):436. 13. Desai DS et al (1999) Heat wave conditions during March to June for the year 1972, 1979 and 1987 and their comparison with year 1990–1995. Mausam 50(2):211–218. V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: 14. Dousset, B., Gourmelon, F., Laaidi, K., Zeghnoun, A., Giraudet, E., Bretin, P., ... & Vandentorren, S. (2011). Satellite monitoring of In this paper, we analysed maximum temperatures of the summer heat waves in the Paris metropolitan area. International heat wave episode which happened during 23 – 26 May, Journal of Climatology, 31(2), 313-323. 2015 over Andhra pradesh. Five stations such as nandigama, Kavali, Darsi, Rajamundry and Bapatla were selected and presented in this paper. The reason for selecting these five stations was due to high death rate in this episode. We tried to compare the both satellite and AWS temperature data and calculated the statistical metrics for both the datasets as shown in Table-2. On comparing the both satellite and AWS temperature data, the corelation coefficient was 0.80 . Out of all four days, 25th & 26th May temperatures have shown good correlation between AWS and INSAT-3D. There was a sudden increase in the temperatures of about 8 – 130C in the morning hours. Almost 8 – 10 hours with temperatures above 400C lasted causing people expose to high temperatures causing more deaths. This study reveals the possibilities of increased utilisation of satellite data especially from INSAT 3D for heatwave analysis over Andhra pradesh.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors acknowledge the data sources: INSAT-3D satellite data from SAC, ISRO, India; Part of the research is funded by CSIR-SRF, Govt. of India under sanction no. - 09/1068(0001)/2018-EMR-I. Part of the research is funded by SERB, Govt. of India under grant no. ECRA/2016/001295.

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Published By: Retrieval Number: D8593118419/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI:10.35940/ijrte.D8593.118419 4722 & Sciences Publication